Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief contents
Table of contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author Notes
Part I Archaeology
	1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
		How Archaeology Began
			Lost Civilizations
			But How Old Was Humanity?
		A Pause for Definitions
		Prehistory and History
		Why Is Archaeology Important?
			Identifying Our Similarities
			Identifying Our Diversity
			Exploring Big Issues
				Climate Change
				Social Inequality
				Writing Unwritten History
			Oral Traditions
			Experiencing the Past
		Who Needs the Past?
			Archaeology as a Political Tool
			An Objective Past?
			Archaeology and Economic Development
			Community Archaeology and Stakeholders
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	2 The Record of the Past
		The Goals of Archaeology
			Constructing Culture History
			Reconstructing Ancient Lifeways
				Subsistence
				Environmental Modeling
				Human Interactions
				Social Organization and Religious Beliefs
			Explaining Cultural Change
			Stewardship: Preserving the Past
		The Process of Archaeological Research
			Research Design
			Data Acquisition
			Analysis
			Interpretation
			Publication and Curation
		What Is Culture?
		The Archives of the Past: The Archaeological Record
		Preservation Conditions
			A Waterlogged Site: Must Farm, England
			Dry Sites: Huanchaquito-Les Llamas and Puruchucho-Huaquerones, Peru
			Cold Conditions: Nevado Ampato, Peru
			Volcanic Ash: Cerén, El Salvador
		Context
			Time and Space
			The Law of Association
			The Law of Superposition
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Note
		Further Reading
	3 Acquiring the Record
		How Do You Find Archaeological Sites?
			Accidental Discoveries
			Remote Sensing: Google Earth and Other Delights from Above
		Back to (Real) Earth: Ground Survey
			Settlement Patterns and Settlement Archaeology
		How Do You Dig Up the Past?
			The Ethical Responsibilities of the Excavator
			Research Design and Problem-Oriented Excavation
				Koster, Illinois
				Shiloh Mound A, Southwestern Tennessee
				Dust Cave, Alabama
			Types of Excavation
			Vertical and Horizontal Excavation
			Excavation as Recording
		How Old Is It?
			Relative Chronology
			Chronometric Dating
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	4 How Did People Live?
		Technologies of the Ancients
			Stone
			Bone, Antler, and Ivory
			Wood
			Clay (Ceramics)
			Metals and Metallurgy
				Copper
				Bronze
				Gold
				Iron
				Metal Technologies
			Basketry and Textiles
		Subsistence: Making a Living
			Animal Bones
				Bone Identification
				Killing Patterns
			Plant Remains
			Fishing and Fowling
			Reconstructing Ancient Diet
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Part II Ancient Interactions
	5 Individuals and Interactions
		An Individual: Ötzi the Ice Man
		Social Ranking
		Gender: Men and Women
			Grinding Grain at Abu Hureyra, Syria
			The Engendered Past
			Losing the Gender Baggage
		Ethnicity and Inequality
			Ideologies of Domination
			Artifacts, Social Inequality, and Resistance
		Trade and Exchange
			Types of Exchange and Trade
				Gift Exchange
				Markets
			Sourcing
			A Unique Portrait of Ancient Trade: The Uluburun Ship
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	6 Studying the Intangible
		A Framework of Common Belief?
		Ethnographic Analogy and Rock Art
		The Archaeology of Death
		Artifacts: The Importance of Context
		Artifacts and Art Styles
		Sacred Places
			Cahokia and Ancient Cosmology
			Astroarchaeology and Stonehenge
			Southwestern Astronomy and Chaco Canyon
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	7 Explaining the Past
		Culture History
		Constructing Culture History
			Synthesis
			A Hierarchy of Archaeological Units
			Descriptive Models of Cultural Change
				Inevitable Variation
				Cultural Selection
				Invention
				Diffusion
				Migration
		Analogy
		Archaeology by Observation and Experiment
			Ethnoarchaeology
			Experimental Archaeology
		Explaining Cultural Change
			Cultural Systems and Cultural Processes
			Processual Archaeology
				General Systems Theory
				Cultural Ecology
				Multilinear Cultural Evolution
		People, Not Systems
			Cognitive-Processual Archaeology
			The Issue of Complexity
		Change and No Change
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Part III The World of the First Humans
	8 Human Origins
		Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation
			The Primate Order
			“Coming Down from the Trees”
		The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (c. 6 Million to 1.5 Million Years Ago)
			The Earliest Known Hominin: Toumaï, Sahelanthropus tchadensis
			What Is Australopithecus?
			Ardipithecus ramidus
			Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis
			Gracile Australopithecines: Australopithecus africanus
			Robust Australopithecines: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, and A. robustus
			Australopithecus garhi
		Early Homo: Homo habilis (c. 2.5 Million to 1.6 Million Years Ago)
			A Burst of Rapid Change?
		Defining Homo
		The Earliest Human Technology
		Hunters or Scavengers?
		Plant Foraging and Grandmothering
		The Earliest Human Mind
		The Development of Language and Speech
		The Earliest Social Organization
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	9 African Exodus
		Ice Age Background
		Homo erectus in Africa
		Homo erectus Outside Africa (c. 1.8 Million to Possibly 100,000 Years Ago)
			Radiating Out of Africa
			Homo erectus in Asia
		The Lifeway of Homo erectus
			Hand Axes and Choppers
				Hand Axes
				Bamboo and Choppers
		After, and Alongside, Homo erectus
			Homo antecessor (1.2 Million to 500,000 Years Ago)
			Homo heidelbergensis (600,000 to 200,000 Years Ago)
		The Neanderthals (c. 350,000 to c. 30,000 Years Ago)
		Early Homo sapiens (c. 300,000 to 120,000 Years Ago)
			Continuity or Replacement?
			Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens
			Ecology and Homo sapiens
		Out of Africa
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World
	10 The Great Diaspora
		The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
		The AMH Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (by 50,000 Years Ago)
		Late Ice Age Europe: The Cro-Magnons (c. 45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
			Subsistence
			Cro-Magnon Technology
			Cro-Magnon Art
		Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
		East Asia (c. 35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
			Sinodonty and Sundadonty
		AMH Settlement of Siberia (Before 20,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
		The First Americans (Before 15,000 Years Ago to 13,000 Years Ago)
			Settlement Before 30,000 Years Ago?
			Settlement after 15,000 Years Ago?
		The Clovis People (c. 13,200 to 12,900 Years Ago)
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Part V The First Farmers and Civilizations
	11 The Earliest Farmers
		After the Ice Age
		Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies
			Social Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers
		Origins of Food Production
		Consequences of Food Production
		The First Farmers in Southwestern Asia
			Egypt and the Nile Valley
			Early Agriculture in Anatolia
			European Farmers
		Early Agriculture in South and East Asia
			The Indus Valley
			Rice Cultivation in Southern China
			The First Farmers in Northern China
		Navigators and Chiefs in the Pacific (2000 b.c. to Modern Times)
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	12 The First Civilizations
		What Is a State-Organized Society?
			Cities
		Theories of the Origins of States
		The Collapse of Civilizations
		Early Civilization in Mesopotamia (5500 to 3100 b.c.)
			The First Cities: Uruk
			The Sumerians (c. 3100 to 2334 b.c.)
		Ancient Egyptian Civilization (c. 3100 to 30 b.c.)
			Predynastic Egypt: Ancient Monopoly? (5000 to 3100 b.c.)
			Dynastic Egyptian Civilization (c. 3100 to 30 b.c.)
				Archaic Egypt and the “Great Culture” (3000 to 2575 b.c.)
				Old Kingdom (c. 2575 to 2134 b.c.)
				Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 b.c.)
				New Kingdom (1530 to 1075 b.c.)
				Late Period (1070 to 30 b.c.)
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	13 Early Asian Civilizations
		South Asia: The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2700 to 1700 b.c.)
			Mature Indus Valley Civilization
		South Asia after the Indus Valley Civilization (1700 to 180 b.c.)
		The Origins of Chinese Civilization (2600 to 1100 b.c.)
			Royal Capitals
			Royal Burials
			Bronze Working
			Shang Warriors
		The War Lords (1100 to 221 b.c.)
		Southeast Asian Civilization (a.d. 1 to 1500)
			The Angkor State (a.d. 802 to 1430)
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Part VI The Ancient Americas
	14 North America
		North America after First Settlement
		The Story of Maize
			Mesoamerica: Guilá Naquitz and Early Cultivation
			The Earliest Maize
			Andean Farmers
		The Southwest (300 b.c. to Modern Times)
			Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Pueblo
		Eastern North America (2000 b.c. to a.d. 1650)
			Adena and Hopewell
			The Mississippian Tradition
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	15 Mesoamerican Civilizations
		The Olmec (1500 to 500 b.c.)
		Ancient Maya Civilization (Before 1000 b.c. to a.d. 300)
			Beginnings
			Kingship
		Classic Maya Civilization (a.d. 300 to 900)
			The Classic Maya Collapse
		The Rise of Highland Civilization (1500 to 200 b.c.)
		Teotihuacán (200 b.c. to a.d. 750)
		The Toltecs (a.d. 650 to 1200)
		Aztec Civilization (a.d. 1200 to 1521)
			Tenochtitlán
			The World of the Fifth Sun
			The Aztec State
			The Spanish Conquest
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
	16 Andean Civilizations
		The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
		Coastal Foundations (3000 to 900 b.c.)
			El Paraíso
		The Early Horizon and Chavín de Huántar (900 to 200 b.c.)
		The Initial Period: Inland Developments (1800 b.c. to a.d. 100)
			Irrigation Agriculture Inland (after 1800 b.c.)
			The Lake Titicaca Basin: Chiripa and Pukara (1000 b.c. to a.d. 100)
		The Moche State (a.d. 1–800)
		The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari (a.d. 600 to 1000)
			Tiwanaku
			Wari
		The Late Intermediate Period: Sicán and Chimu (a.d. 700 to 1460)
		The Late Horizon: The Inca State (a.d. 1476 to 1534)
		The Spanish Conquest (a.d. 1532 to 1534)
		Summary
		Key Terms and Sites
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Part VII Finale
	17 What Remains to Be Done: Archaeology and You
		The Future of the Past
		Conservation and Mitigation
		Public Archaeology, aka Public Outreach
		Our Responsibilities to the Past
		So You Want to Become an Archaeologist?
		Summary
		Critical-Thinking Questions
		Further Reading
Glossary
References
Index