Ancient Kings of Peru. The Reliability of the Chronicle of Fernando de Montesinos; Correlating the Dynasty Lists with Current Prehistoric Periodization in the Andes

Preface and acknowledgements 11
List of maps and tables 18
PART ONE: The nature of historical research
I. INTRODUCTION 20
1. The problems and the goals of the study 20
1.1. Analytic frameworks 21
1.2. World view and the concept of time 23
1.3. Dynasties and elite tradition 25
1.4. The data base 30
1.5. Summary of contents 31
2. Primary historical sources 34
2.1. Grouping of chronicles 34
2.2. Interdependence of sources 35
2.3. Principal sources 37
2.4. The nature of Peruvian documentary sources 41
2.5. Strategy of approach to Andean-Spanish sources 42
2.6. Comparative primary sources 44
3. History as testimonial evidence 48
3.1. Testimonial vs. circumstantial evidence 49
3.2. The reliability of testimony 51
4. Historical fables and disinformation 53
The case of Saxo Grammaticus 55
5. The history of studies on Montesinos 56
5.1. Summary of commentary sources up to 1946 57
5.2. Post-1950 additions to Montesinos commentary and research 64
5.3. Montesinos\' redivivus 66
PART TWO: Historiographical setting and data base
II. DYNASTIES AND PERIODIZATION-DATING 72
1. Ethnohistory: documented testimonial evidence on prehistory 72
1.1. Oral tradition and its veracity 75
Veracity of oral tradition: testimonies from prehistory 80
1.2. Andean quipu-information 83
2. Cosmology, time, and history 93
2.1. Cyclical vs. linear thinking 94
2.2. Relative dating and episodic chronologies 99
72.3. Andean cosmology and the concept of history 101
The concept of pachacuti 114
3. The chronology of oral tradition 118
3.1. Genealogies, pedigrees, and regnal lists 123
New chronological parameters for validation of dynastic
recording (acc. Hiltunen) 127
Absolute dating of prehistory 128
3.2. The Incaic Canon 129
III. FERNANDO DE MONTESINOS AND HIS TIMES 147
1. The Reformation Era (1500-1650) 147
1.1. The political world 148
The Spanish empire in the colonies and the Viceroyalty
of Peru 149
1.2. Colonial writing 151
1.3. World view, time, and history 154
1.4. Scholasticism and the discovery of America 157
1.5. The role of the Societas Jesu 160
2. Licentiate Fernando de Montesinos and his works 166
2.1. Montesinos\' works 173
2.2. Ophir and the long list of kings 176
3. Montesinos\' sources 181
Potential sources for the kinglist: three Jesuit testimonies 183
4. Montesinos and the manipulation of the documents 200
PART THREE: Correlation of historical (testimonial
evidence) with circumstantial (e.g. archaeological) evidence
in the Andes
IV. THE CORRELATION OF NON- AND INCA
DYNASTIC TRADITIONS WITH ABSOLUTE DATING 212
1. Ethnohistorical testimonial evidence in the Andes 212
1.1. The Incas 214
1.2. Coastal dynasties 221
1.3. Other spheres 227
2. Circumstantial evidence in the Andes 238
2.1. Archaeology of the Middle-Horizon and Late Intermediate
Periods 238
2.1.1. Tiahuanaco — Wari spheres 240
2.1.2. Late Intermediate period polities and spheres 251
2.2. Linguistic Prehistory and glottochronology in the Andes 256
2.3. Tentative circumstantial evidence 270
Extraordinary astronomical phenomena 271
Diagnostic artefacts: ancestral idols and elite burials 274
8V. PRE-15TH CENTURY RECONSTRUCTION OF 278
INCA PREDECESSORS
1. Montesinos\' testimony vs. conservative perception 278
2. A proposed ethnohistorical setting for `Montesinian\' kings 296
2.1. Possible authentic portions in Montesinos\' narrative 296
2.2. The dynasty of Tampu-Tocco and the Aucaruna Age 312
2.3. The Incan connection 320
3. Possible Pre-Inca scenarios 339
3.1. The most plausible scenario 340
3.2. Other scenarios and critical questions 345
The Pirua problem 347
PART FOUR: Reference matter
VI. CONCLUSION 354
VII. APPENDICES 364
1. La Capaccuna de Montesinos 364
2. Canonic Inca dynasty 366
2b. Inca dynastic usurpation 367
3. Important chroniclers on Inca and pre-Incan history 369
3b. Grouping of chronicles into `canonic\' and `divergent\'
`schools\' 370
4. Methods of dynastic propaganda and tradition corruption 371
4b. Ten-formulas in sacred original dynasties 371
5. Methods and motivation for forgery 372
6. New chronological parameters for dynastic recording
(an application from Hiltunen\'s M.A. thesis) 375
6b. The average regnal span for calculation purposes 377
6c. Extended father-son succession in dynastic histories 379
6d. Extended regnal spans in dynastic lists 380
7. Principles of life and survival of oral narratives (A. Olrik) 381
7b. The case of Saxo Grammaticus 384
8a. Structural analysis of the names in Montesinos\' list 388
8b. Lexical comparison of the names in Montesinos\' list 390
8c. Analysis of the given regnal spans in Montesinos\' list 396
The king list of Manetho compared with the list of Montesinos 398
9. The Yarovilca-dynasty of Guaman Poma. 399
10. Comparison of World Eras from different chronicles 401
World Ages of Guaman Poma 402
10b. Los Pachacutis 403
11. A tentative list of pre-Incan kings 404
1lb. Coastal dynasties: an ethnohistoric scenario 405
12. Evaluation of Montesinos by various authors 407
913. Reproduction of MEANS\'s (1920) Tables VI and VII 434
14. Testimonies from prehistory 435
14b. Mnemonic devices 445
15. Absolute chronology 449
16a.A reference from Anello Oliva\'s chronicle 454
16b.Reference to a new-found Naples-document (Historia et
Rudimenta...) 455
17. A specimen of text from Ophir de Espana (Lib.ii.cap.xiv) 458
GLOSSARY 462
BIBLIOGRAPHY 466
Primary sources 466
Maps and atlases 471
Secondary sources 472
INDEX 501