Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road

Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 16
1. Outline of the Study of Ancient Chinese Glass......Page 22
2. Development of Ancient Chinese Glass and Evolution of Its Chemical Compositions......Page 28
2.1. Early Chinese faience and frit (from the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn period, 1100–800 BC)......Page 30
2.2. Early Chinese alkali lime silicate glass (pre-Qin Dynasty, 500–400 BC)......Page 34
2.3. Early Chinese lead barium silicate glass and potash silicate glass (the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty, 400 BC–200 AD)......Page 41
2.4. Early Chinese high lead silicate glass and potash lead silicate glass (Six Dynasties to Northern Song Dynasty, 200–1200 AD)......Page 47
2.5. Early Chinese potash lime silicate glass (Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1200–1900 AD)......Page 55
3. Conclusion......Page 58
References......Page 59
2. The Silk Road and Ancient Chinese Glass Gan Fuxi......Page 62
1. The Ancient Silk Road and Glass Exchange......Page 63
1.1. The Northern (Steppe) Silk Route......Page 65
1.2. The Northwestern (Oasis) Silk Road......Page 75
1.3 The Southwestern (Buddhist) Silk Road......Page 88
1.4. The Southern (Sea) Silk Road......Page 101
2. The Ancient Silk Road Promoted the Development and Spread of Ancient Chinese Glass Technology......Page 108
2.1. Import of glass products and techniques from the West......Page 109
2.2. The ancient Chinese glass and technique spread outside......Page 118
3. Conclusion......Page 124
References......Page 126
3. Opening Remarks and Setting the Stage: Lecture at the 2005 Shanghai International Workshop on the Archaeology of Glass Along the Silk Road Robert H. Brill......Page 130
1. Chemical Analysis......Page 131
2. Lead-Isotope Analysis......Page 135
3. Some Glasses Excavated by Early Explorer–Archaeologists......Page 137
Acknowledgments......Page 158
Bibliography......Page 159
1. Introduction......Page 170
2. Results of Analyses......Page 171
3. Discussion of Results......Page 176
4. Strontium-Isotope Analyses......Page 181
References......Page 183
1. The Silk Road – Maritime Trade Route in the Early Christian Era......Page 186
2. Bead Trade Along Asia’s Maritime Trade Route......Page 194
References......Page 201
1. Introduction......Page 204
2.1. Lead glass......Page 205
2.2. Potash glass......Page 206
2.3. Soda glass......Page 207
2.6. Cornerless cube beads, gold-foil glass beads and melon beads......Page 208
References......Page 209
1. Introduction......Page 212
2. Experimental......Page 213
3. Results and Discussion......Page 214
4. Conclusions......Page 219
References......Page 220
1. Introduction......Page 222
3. Results and Discussion......Page 223
References......Page 239
1. Introduction......Page 242
2. Experimental......Page 243
3. Results......Page 245
4. Conclusion......Page 249
References......Page 250
1. Introduction......Page 252
2.2. XRF analysis......Page 254
3. Results......Page 256
4.1. Chemical composition of the glass vessel......Page 258
4.3. Comparison of the glass vessel with the glass objects excavated in Ra-ya, Egypt......Page 259
References......Page 261
1. Introduction......Page 264
2. The Metallurgical Origin of Glass Technology......Page 265
3. Analysis of the Glass Unearthed at the Kiziltur Cemetery in Baicheng......Page 267
4. A Study of the Slag Unearthed from Smelting Ruins Near the Kiziltur Cemetery......Page 273
5. The Relationship Between Glassmaking and Metallurgy......Page 274
6. New Researches on the Origin of Chinese Glass Technology......Page 276
7. Methodologies of the Research on the Origin of Chinese Glass Technology......Page 279
8. Conclusions......Page 281
References......Page 282
1. The Silk Road Opened the Glass Road......Page 286
2. The Impact of the Silk Road on Chinese Antique Glass......Page 288
2.1. Transformation of the glass chemical composition......Page 290
2.2. The importation of the blowing technique......Page 291
3. The Inspiration of the Silk Road for Contemporary Chinese Glass Art......Page 292
References......Page 293
1. Introduction......Page 296
2.1. Objects investigated......Page 297
2.3. Micro-Raman spectroscopy......Page 298
3.1. Manufacturing technology for faience......Page 299
3.2. Determination of chemical compositions......Page 301
3.3. Determination of microelements in faience......Page 306
4. Conclusions......Page 309
References......Page 310
1. Introduction......Page 312
2. Sample Description......Page 313
3.1. Chemical components......Page 314
3.2. Microstructure and weathering......Page 316
References......Page 318
15. Glass Artifacts Unearthed from the Tombs at the Zhagunluke and Sampula Cemeteries in Xinjiang Wang Bo and Lu Lipeng......Page 320
1.1.1. Glass beads......Page 321
1.2. Glass beads unearthed at the No. 1 graveyard in 1998......Page 322
1.3. Glass beads unearthed at the No. 2 graveyard in 1996......Page 324
2. Glassware Unearthed at the Sampula Cemetery......Page 326
2.1. Glass beads......Page 327
3.1. Date, type and related issues......Page 344
3.3. Historical background probing......Page 346
References......Page 349
1. Introduction......Page 352
2. Samples and Experiment......Page 353
3.1. From the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn Period (about 1100–500 BC)......Page 355
3.2. The Warring States Period (475–221 BC)......Page 365
3.4. From the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty (206 BC–1279 AD)......Page 366
4. Discussion......Page 369
Appendix: Sample Descriptions......Page 370
References......Page 376
1. Introduction......Page 380
2.1. Glasses......Page 382
2.1.3. Incompletely melted glass material ingots......Page 383
3. Discussion......Page 384
4. Conclusion......Page 386
References......Page 387
1. Introduction......Page 388
2. Glassware Discovered in the Grassland......Page 390
3. Ancient Glass in the Grassland and Cultural Exchange......Page 393
References......Page 397
2. Materials......Page 400
3. Methods and Results......Page 404
4. Discussion......Page 406
20. Glass Vessels of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties Found in Guangzhou An Jiayao......Page 408
References......Page 415
1. Introduction......Page 418
2.1. Samples......Page 419
2.2. Experimental......Page 421
4. Results and Discussions......Page 423
References......Page 431
1. Introduction......Page 434
3.1. PIXE experimental procedure......Page 436
3.3. Evaluation on Na2O and MgO......Page 437
4. Multivariate Statistical Analysis......Page 439
5.1. Cluster analysis......Page 442
5.2. Factor analysis......Page 445
6. Conclusions......Page 448
Appendix 1......Page 449
References......Page 458
1. Introduction......Page 460
2.2. Method of the experiment......Page 461
2.3. Experimental Results......Page 469
3. Results and Discussion......Page 472
4. Conclusions and Suggestions......Page 475
References......Page 476
24. Study of the Earliest Eye beads in China Unearthed from the Xu Jialing Tomb in Xichuan of Henan Province Gan Fuxi, Cheng Huansheng, Hu Yongqing, Ma Bo and Gu Donghong......Page 478
2. Description of the Ancient Eye Beads and the Excavation Situation......Page 479
3. Method of the Experiments......Page 480
4. Experimental Result......Page 483
5. Discussion......Page 485
6. Conclusion......Page 489
References......Page 490
Biographies......Page 492
Index......Page 494