Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation

Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation......Page 1
Dedication......Page 5
Rationale......Page 6
Description of the Chapters......Page 7
Features......Page 9
The Author......Page 11
Table of Contents......Page 13
1.2 Sources of Endogenous Bioelectric Signals......Page 20
1.3 Nerve Action Potentials......Page 21
1.4.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.4.2 The Origin of EMGs......Page 25
1.5.1 Introduction......Page 28
1.5.2 ECG Amplifiers......Page 29
1.6.1 Introduction......Page 30
1.6.2 EEGs......Page 31
1.8 Electrical Properties of Bioelectrodes......Page 32
1.9 Exogenous Bioelectric Signals......Page 36
1.10 Chapter Summary......Page 39
2.1 Introduction......Page 41
2.2.2 The pn Diode’s Volt–Ampere Curve......Page 42
2.2.3 High-Frequency Behavior of Diodes......Page 46
2.2.4 Schottky Diodes......Page 48
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 51
2.3.2 Mid-Frequency Small-Signal Models for BJTs......Page 53
2.3.3 Amplifiers Using One BJT......Page 58
2.3.4 Simple Amplifiers Using Two Transistors at Mid-Frequencies......Page 62
2.3.5 The Use of Transistor Dynamic Loads To Improve Amplifier Performance......Page 71
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 74
2.4.2 JFETs at Mid-Frequencies......Page 75
2.4.3 MOSFET Behavior at Mid-Frequencies......Page 78
2.4.4 Basic Mid-Frequency Single FET Amplifiers......Page 80
2.4.5 Simple Amplifiers Using Two FETs at Mid-Frequencies......Page 83
2.5.1 Introduction......Page 89
2.5.2 High-Frequency SSMs for BJTs and FETs......Page 92
2.5.3 Behavior of One-BJT and One-FET Amplifiers at High Frequencies......Page 96
2.5.4 High-Frequency Behavior of Two-Transistor Amplifiers......Page 107
2.5.5 Broadbanding Strategies......Page 112
2.6.1 Introduction......Page 115
2.6.2 PIN Photodiodes......Page 117
2.6.3 Avalanche Photodiodes......Page 123
2.6.4 Signal Conditioning Circuits for Photodiodes......Page 126
2.6.5 Photoconductors......Page 131
2.6.6 LEDs......Page 133
2.6.7 Laser Diodes......Page 135
2.7 Chapter Summary......Page 144
Home Problems......Page 145
References......Page 
3.1 Introduction......Page 158
3.2 DA Circuit Architecture......Page 159
3.3 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)......Page 162
3.4.2 High-Frequency Behavior of AC and AD for the JFET DA......Page 164
3.4.3 High-Frequency Behavior of AD and AC for the BJT DA......Page 169
3.5 Input Resistance of Simple Transistor DAs......Page 170
3.6 How Signal Source Impedance Affects Low-Frequency CMRR......Page 174
3.7.1 Introduction......Page 177
3.7.2 Two-OP AMP DA Designs......Page 178
3.8 Chapter Summary......Page 179
Home Problems......Page 180
4.2 Classification of Electronic Feedback Systems......Page 190
4.3.1 Reduction of Output Resistance......Page 192
4.3.2 Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion......Page 194
4.3.3 Increase of NFB Amplifier Bandwidth at the Cost of Gain......Page 196
4.3.4 Decrease in Gain Sensitivity......Page 198
4.4 Effects of Negative Current Feedback......Page 200
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 204
4.5.2 Amplifier with Capacitance Neutralization......Page 205
4.6 Chapter Summary......Page 207
Home Problems......Page 208
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 216
5.2.2 Bode Plots......Page 217
5.3 What Stability Means......Page 222
5.4 Use of Root Locus in Feedback Amplifier Design......Page 231
5.5.1 Introduction......Page 240
5.5.2 The Phase-Shift Oscillator......Page 242
5.5.3 The Wien Bridge Oscillator......Page 245
5.6 Chapter Summary......Page 247
Home Problems......Page 248
6.1.1 Introduction......Page 256
6.1.3 Some Examples of OP Amp Circuits Analyzed Using IOAs......Page 257
6.2.2 Functional Categories of Real Op Amps......Page 262
6.3.1 The GBWP of an Inverting Summer......Page 265
6.3.2 The GBWP of a Noninverting Voltage-Feedback OA......Page 267
6.4.1 The Noninverting Amplifier Using a CFOA......Page 268
6.4.2 The Inverting Amplifier Using a CFOA......Page 269
6.4.3 Limitations of CFOAs......Page 270
6.5.1 Introduction......Page 273
6.5.2. Applications of Voltage Comparators......Page 276
6.5.3 Discussion......Page 278
6.6.2 Analog Integrators and Differentiators......Page 280
6.6.3 Charge Amplifiers......Page 284
6.6.4 A Two-Op Amp ECG Amplifier......Page 285
6.7 Chapter Summary......Page 287
Home Problems......Page 288
7.1 Introduction......Page 297
7.2.1 Introduction......Page 298
7.2.2 Sallen and Key Controlled-Source AFs......Page 299
7.2.3 Biquad Active Filters......Page 304
7.2.4 Generalized Impedance Converter AFs......Page 308
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 313
7.3.2 The Tunable Two-Loop Biquad LPF......Page 315
7.3.3 Use of Digitally Controlled Potentiometers To Tune a Sallen and Key LPF......Page 317
7.4 Filter Applications (Anti-Aliasing, SNR Improvement, etc.)......Page 319
7.5.2 Choice of AF Components......Page 320
Home Problems......Page 321
8.1 Introduction......Page 327
8.2 Instrumentation Amps......Page 328
8.3.1 Introduction......Page 330
8.3.2 Common Types of Medical Isolation Amplifiers......Page 332
8.3.3 A Prototype Magnetic IsoA......Page 335
8.4.1 Introduction......Page 338
8.4.2 Certification Criteria for Medical Electronic Systems......Page 340
8.6 Chapter Summary......Page 345
9.1 Introduction......Page 347
9.2.2 The Probability Density Function......Page 348
9.2.3 The Power Density Spectrum......Page 350
9.2.4.1 Noise from Resistors......Page 354
9.2.4.2 The Two-Source Noise Model for Active Devices......Page 357
9.2.4.3 Noise in JFETs......Page 358
9.2.4.4 Noise in BJTs......Page 360
9.3 Propagation of Noise through LTI Filters......Page 362
9.4.1 Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers......Page 363
9.4.2 Spot Noise Factor and Figure......Page 365
9.4.3 Transformer Optimization of Amplifier NF and Output SNR......Page 367
9.5.1 Introduction......Page 369
9.5.2 The SNR of Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers......Page 370
9.6.1 Introduction......Page 371
9.6.2 Calculation of the SNRO of the DA......Page 372
9.7.2 Calculation of SNR0 of an Amplifier with NVFB......Page 373
9.8.2 Calculation of the Minimum Resolvable AC Input Voltage to a Noisy Op Amp......Page 375
9.8.3 Calculation of the Minimum Resolvable AC Input Signal to Obtain a Specified SNR0 in a Transformer-Coupled Amplifier......Page 377
9.8.4 The Effect of Capacitance Neutralization on the SNR0 of an Electrometer Amplifier Used for Glass Micropipette Intracellular Recording......Page 379
9.8.5.1 Introduction......Page 381
9.8.5.2 Bridge Sensitivity Calculations......Page 382
9.8.6 Calculation of the SNR Improvement Using a Lock-In Amplifier......Page 383
9.8.7.1 Introduction......Page 387
9.8.7.2 Analysis of SNR Improvement by Averaging......Page 389
9.9 Some Low-Noise Amplifiers......Page 393
9.10.1 Introduction......Page 394
9.11 Chapter Summary......Page 397
Home Problems......Page 398
10.2.1 Introduction......Page 406
10.2.2 The Sampling Theorem......Page 407
10.3.2 DAC Designs......Page 412
10.3.3 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of DACs......Page 417
10.4 Hold Circuits......Page 420
10.5.1 Introduction......Page 421
10.5.2 The Tracking (Servo) ADC......Page 422
10.5.3 The Successive Approximation ADC......Page 423
10.5.4 Integrating Converters......Page 425
10.5.5 Flash Converters......Page 429
10.5.6 Delta–Sigma ADCs......Page 433
10.6 Quantization Noise......Page 437
10.7 Chapter Summary......Page 442
Home Problems......Page 443
11.1 Introduction......Page 446
11.2 Modulation of a Sinusoidal Carrier Viewed in the Frequency Domain......Page 447
11.3.1 Introduction......Page 449
11.3.2 Some Amplitude Modulation Circuits......Page 450
11.4.1 Introduction......Page 456
11.4.2 NBFM Generation by Phase-Locked Loop......Page 457
11.4.3 Integral Pulse Frequency Modulation as a Means of Frequency Modulation......Page 459
11.5.2 Detection of AM......Page 462
11.5.3 Detection of FM Signals......Page 466
11.5.4 Demodulation of DSBSCM Signals......Page 468
11.6.1 Introduction......Page 472
11.6.2 Delta Modulation......Page 474
11.7 Chapter Summary......Page 476
Home Problems......Page 477
12.2.1 Introduction......Page 481
12.2.2 The Analog Multiplier/LPF PSR......Page 482
12.2.4 The Chopper PSR......Page 483
12.2.5 The Balanced Diode Bridge PSR......Page 484
12.3.2 The Analog Multiplier Phase Detector......Page 486
12.3.3 Digital Phase Detectors......Page 489
12.4.2 An Analog VCO......Page 496
12.4.3 Switched Integrating Capacitor VCOs......Page 498
12.4.4 The Voltage-Controlled, Emitter-Coupled Multivibrator......Page 499
12.4.5 The Voltage-to-Period Converter and Applications......Page 504
12.5.1 Introduction......Page 509
12.5.3 PLL Applications in Biomedicine......Page 511
12.6.1 Introduction......Page 516
12.6.2 True RMS Circuits......Page 517
12.7.1 Introduction......Page 522
12.7.2 IC Temperature Transducers......Page 523
12.8.2 A Self-Nulling Microdegree Polarimeter......Page 525
12.8.3 A Laser Velocimeter and Rangefinder......Page 536
12.8.4 Self-Balancing Impedance Plethysmographs......Page 542
12.8.5 Respiratory Acoustic Impedance Measurement System......Page 547
12.9 Chapter Summary......Page 551
References......Page 553