Analog Circuit Design, Volume 2: Immersion in the Black Art of Analog Design

Frontmatter
Copyright
Dedication 1
Dedication 2
Publisher’s Note
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Foreword
Part 1
Section 1
1 Performance enhancement techniques for three-terminal regulators
2 Load transient response testing for voltage regulators
	Introduction
		Basic load transient generator
		Closed loop load transient generators
		FET based circuit
		Bipolar transistor based circuit
		Closed loop circuit performance
		Load transient testing
		Capacitor’s role in regulator response
		Load transient risetime versus regulator response
		A practical example – Intel P30 embedded memory voltage regulator
	Appendix A
		Capacitor parasitic effects on load transient response
	Appendix B
		Output capacitors and loop stability
		Tantalum and polytantalum capacitors
		Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
		Ceramic capacitors
		“Free” resistance with pc traces
	Appendix C
		Probing considerations for load transient response measurements
	Appendix D
		A trimless closed loop transient load tester
	References
3 A closed-loop, wideband, 100A active load
	Introduction
	Basic load transient generator
	Closed-loop load transient generator
	Detailed circuitry discussion
	Circuit testing
	Layout effects
	Regulator testing
	Appendix A
		Verifying current measurement
	Appendix B
		Trimming procedure
	Appendix C
		Instrumentation considerations
	References
Section 2
4 Some thoughts on DC/DC converters
	Introduction
	5V to ±15V converter circuits
		Low noise 5V to ±15V converter
		Ultralow noise 5V to ±15V converter
		Single inductor 5V to ±15V converter
		Low quiescent current 5V to ±15V converter
	Micropower quiescent current converters
		Low quiescent current micropower 1.5V to 5V converter
	200mA output 1.5V to 5V converter
	High efficiency converters
		High efficiency 12V to 5V converter
		High efficiency, flux sensed isolated converter
	Wide range input converters
		Wide range input −48V to 5V converter
		3.5V to 35VIN–5VOUT converter
		Wide range input positive buck converter
		Buck-boost converter
		Wide range switching pre-regulated linear regulator
	High voltage converters
		High voltage converter—1000VOUT, nonisolated
		Fully floating, 1000VOUT converter
		20,000VCMV breakdown converter
	Switched-capacitor based converters
		High power switched-capacitor converter
	Appendix A
		The 5V to ±15V converter—a special case
	Appendix B
		Switched capacitor voltage converters—how they work
	Appendix C
		Physiology of the LT1070
	Appendix D
		Inductor selection for flyback converters
	Appendix E
		Optimizing converters for efficiency
	Appendix F
		Instrumentation for converter design
		Probes
		Oscilloscopes and plug-ins
		Voltmeters
	Appendix G
		The magnetics issue
	Appendix h
		LT1533 ultralow noise switching regulator for high voltage or high current applications
		High voltage input regulator
		Current boosting
	References
Theoretical considerations for buck mode switching regulators
	Introduction
	Absolute maximum ratings
	Package/order information
	Block diagram description
	Typical performance characteristics
	Pin descriptions
		VIN pin
	Ground pin
	Feedback pin
		Frequency shifting at the feedback pin
	Shutdown pin
		Undervoltage lockout
	Status pin (available only on LT1176 parts)
	ILIM pin
	Error amplifier
	Definition of terms
	Positive step-down (buck) converter
		Inductor
		Output catch diode
		LT1074 power dissipation
		Input capacitor (buck converter)
		Output capacitor
		Efficiency
		Output divider
		Output overshoot
		Overshoot fixes that don’t work
	Tapped-inductor buck converter
		Snubber
		Output ripple voltage
		Input capacitor
	Positive-to-negative converter
		Input capacitor
		Output capacitor
		Efficiency
	Negative boost converter
		Output diode
		Output capacitor
		Output ripple
	Inductor selection
		Minimum inductance to achieve a required output power
		Minimum inductance required to achieve a desired core loss
	Micropower shutdown
		Start-up time delay
	5-pin current limit
	Soft-start
	Output filters
	Input filters
	Oscilloscope techniques
		Ground loops
		Miscompensated scope probe
		Ground “clip” pickup
		Wires are not shorts
	EMI suppression
	Troubleshooting hints
		Low efficiency
		Alternating switch timing
		Input supply won’t come up
		Switching frequency is low in current limit
		IC blows up!
		IC runs hot
		High output ripple or noise spikes
		Poor load or line regulation
		500kHz-5MHz oscillations, especially at light load
Section 3
6 High efficiency linear regulators
	Introduction
	Regulation from stable inputs
	Regulation from unstable input—AC line derived case
	SCR pre-regulator
	DC input pre-regulator
	10A regulator with 400mV dropout
	Ultrahigh efficiency linear regulator
	Micropower pre-regulated linear regulator
	Appendix A
		Achieving low dropout
	Appendix B
		A low dropout regulator family
	Appendix C
		Measuring power consumption
	References
Section 4
7 High voltage, low noise, DC/DC converters
	Introduction
	Resonant royer based converters
	Switched current source based resonant royer converters
	Low noise switching regulator driven resonant royer converters
	Controlled transition push-pull converters
	Flyback converters
	Summary of circuit characteristics
	Appendix A
		Feedback considerations in high voltage dC/dC converters
	Appendix B
		specifying and measuring something called noise
		Measuring noise
		Low frequency noise
		Preamplifier and oscilloscope selection
		Auxillary measurement circuits
	Appendix c
		Probing and connection techniques for low level, wideband signal integrity
			Ground loops
			Pickup
			Poor probing technique
			Violating coaxial signal transmission—felony case
			Violating coaxial signal transmission—misdemeanor case
			Proper coaxial connection path
			Direct connection path
			Test lead connections
			Isolated trigger probe
			Trigger probe amplifier
	Appendix D
		Breadboarding, noise minimization and layout considerations
			Noise minimization
			Noise tweaking
			Capacitors
			Damper network
			Measurement technique
	Appendix e
		Application note E101: EMI “sniffer” probe
		Sources of EMI
		Probe response characteristics
		Principles of probe use
		Typical dl/dt EMI problems
			Rectifier reverse recovery
			Ringing in clamp zeners
			Paralleled rectifiers
			Paralleled snubber or damper caps
			Ringing in transformer shield leads
			Leakage inductance fields
			External air gap fields
			Poorly bypassed high speed logic
			Probe use with a “LISN”
		Testing the sniffer probe
		Conclusion
		Summary
		Sniffer probe amplifier
	Appendix F
		About ferrite beads
	Appendix G
		Inductor parasitics
	References
Section 5
8 A fourth generation of LCD backlight technology
	Preface
	Introduction
	Perspectives on display efficiency
		Cold cathode fluorescent lamps (ccfls)
		Ccfl load characteristics
		Display and layout losses
		Considerations for multilamp designs
		Ccfl power supply circuits
		Low power ccfl power supplies
		High power ccfl power supply
		“Floating” lamp circuits
		Ic-based floating drive circuits
		High power floating lamp circuit
		Selection criteria for CCFL circuits
			Display characteristics
			Operating voltage range
			Auxiliary operating voltages
			Line regulation
			Power requirements
			Supply current profile
			Lamp current certainty
			Efficiency
			Shutdown
			Transient response
			Dimming control
			Open lamp protection
			Size
			Contrast supply capability
			Emissions
		Summary of circuits
		General optimization and measurement considerations
		Electrical efficiency optimization and measurement
		Electrical efficiency measurement
		Feedback loop stability issues
	Appendix A
		“Hot” cathode fluorescent lamps
	Appendix B
		Mechanical design considerations for liquid crystal displays
			Introduction
			Flatness and rigidity of the bezel
			Avoiding heat buildup in the display
			Placement of the display components
			Protecting the face of the display
	Appendix C
		Achieving meaningful electrical measurements
			Current probe circuitry
			Current calibrator
			Voltage probes for grounded lamp circuits
			Voltage probes for floating lamp circuits
			Differential probe calibrator
			RMS voltmeters
			Calorimetric correlation of electrical efficiency measurements
	Appendix D
		photometric measurements
	Appendix E
		Open lamp/overload protection
			Overload protection
	Appendix F
		Intensity control and shutdown methods
			About potentiometers
			Precision PWM generator
	Appendix G
		Layout, component and emissions considerations
			Circuit segmenting
			High voltage layout
			Discrete component selection
			Basic operation of converter
			Requisite transistor characteristics
			Additional discrete component considerations
			Emissions
	Appendix H
		Operation from high voltage inputs
	Appendix I
		Additional circuits
			Desktop computer ccfl power supply
			Dual transformer ccfl power supply
			Hene laser power supply
	Appendix J
		Lcd contrast circuits
			Dual output lcd bias voltage generator
			LT118X Series Contrast Supplies
	Appendix K
		Who was royer and what did he design?
	Appendix L
		A lot of cut off ears and no van goghs
			Some not-so-great ideas
			Not-so-great backlight circuits
			Not-so-great primary side sensing ideas
	References
9 Simple circuitry for cellular telephone/camera flash illumination
	Introduction
	Flash illumination alternatives
	Flashlamp basics
	Support circuitry
	Flash capacitor charger circuit considerations
	Detailed circuit discussion
	Lamp layout, RFI and related issues
		Lamp considerations
		Layout
		Radio frequency interference
	Appendix A
		A monolithic flash capacitor charger
	References
Section 6
10 Extending the input voltage range of powerpath circuits for automotive and industrial applications
	Introduction
	Extending the voltage range
	Circuit for large negative input voltages
	Circuit for large positive input voltages
	Conclusion
PART 2
Section 1
11 Circuitry for single cell operation
	10kHz V→F converter
	10-bit A/D converter
	Sample-hold amplifier
	Fast sample-hold amplifier
	Temperature compensated crystal clock
	Voltage boosted output amplifier
	5V output switching regulator
Component and measurement advances ensure 16-bit DAC settling time
	Introduction
	DAC settling time
	Considerations for measuring DAC settling time
	Practical DAC settling time measurement
	Detailed settling time circuitry
	Using the sampling-based settling time circuit
	Compensation capacitor effects
	Verifying results—alternate methods
	Alternate method i—bootstrapped clamp
	Alternate method ii—sampling oscilloscope
	Alternate method iii—differential amplifier
		Summary of results
		About this chart
	Thermally induced settling errors
	Appendix A
		A history of high accuracy digital-to-analog conversion
	Appendix B
		Evaluating oscilloscope overdrive performance
	Appendix C
		Measuring and compensating residue-amplifier delay
	Appendix D
		Practical considerations for DAC-amplifier compensation
	Appendix E
		A very special case—measuring settling time of chopper-stabilized amplifiers
	Appendix F
		Settling time measurement of serially loaded dacs
	Appendix G
		Breadboarding, layout and connection techniques
			Ohm’s law
			Shielding
			Connections
	Appendix H
		Power gain stages for heavy loads and line driving
			Booster circuits
	References
13 Fidelity testing for A→D converters
	Introduction
	Overview
	Oscillator circuitry
	Verifying oscillator distortion
	A→D testing
	Appendix A
		Tools for A→D fidelity testing
Section 2
14 Applications for a new power buffer
	Buffered output line driver
	Fast, stabilized buffer amplifier
	Video line driving amplifier
	Fast, precision sample-hold circuit
	Motor speed control
	Fan-based temperature controller
15 Thermal techniques in measurement and control circuitry
	Temperature controller
	Thermally stabilized pin photodiode signal conditioner
	50MHz bandwidth thermal RMS→DC converter
	Low flow rate thermal flowmeter
	Thermally-based anemometer (air flowmeter)
	Low distortion, thermally stabilized Wien Bridge oscillator
	References
16 Methods of measuring op amp settling time
	References
High speed comparator techniques
	Introduction
	The LT1016—an overview
	The Rogue’s gallery of high speed comparator problems
	Oscilloscopes
	Applications section
		1Hz to 10MHz V→F converter
		Quartz-stabilized 1Hz to 30MHz V→F converter
		1Hz to 1MHz voltage-controlled sine wave oscillator
		200ns-0.01% sample-and-hold circuit
	Fast track-and-hold circuit
		10ns sample-and-hold
		5µs, 12-Bit A/D converter
		Inexpensive, fast 10-bit serial output A/D
		2.5MHz precision rectifier/AC voltmeter
		10MHz fiber optic receiver
		12NS circuit breaker
		50MHz trigger
	Appendix A
		About bypass capacitors
	Appendix B
		About probes and oscilloscopes
	Appendix C
		About ground planes
	Appendix D
		Measuring equipment response
	Appendix E
		About level shifts
	References
18 Designs for high performance voltage-to-frequency converters
	Ultra-high speed 1hz to 100mhz v→f converter
	Fast response 1hz to 2.5Mhz v→f converter
	High stability quartz stabilized v→f converter
	Ultra-linear v→f converter
	Single cell v→f converter
	Sine wave output v→f converter
	1/X transfer function v→f converters
	Ex transfer function v→f converter
	→frequency converter
	References
Unique IC buffer enhances op amp designs, tames fast amplifiers
	Acknowledgement
	Introduction
	Design concept
	Basic design
	Follower boost
	Charge storage PNP
	Isolation-base transistor
	Complete circuit
	Buffer performance
	Bandwidth
	Phase delay
	Step response
	Output impedance
	Capacitive loading
	Slew response
	Input offset voltage
	Input bias current
	Voltage gain
	Output resistance
	Output noise voltage
	Saturation voltage
	Supply current
	Total harmonic distortion
	Maximum power
	Short circuit characteristics
	Isolating capacitive loads
	Integrators
	Impulse integrator
	Parallel operation
	Wideband amplifiers
	Track and hold
	Bidirectional current sources
	Voltage regulator
	Voltage/current regulator
	Supply splitter
	Overload clamping
	Conclusions
	Appendix
		Supply bypass
		Power dissipation
		Overload protection
		Drive impedance
		Equivalent circuit
		Connection diagrams
Power gain stages for monolithic amplifiers
	150mA output stage
	High current booster
	UltraFast™ fed—forward current booster
	Simple voltage gain stages
	High current rail-to-rail output stage
	±120V output stage
	Unipolar output, 1000V gain stage
	±15V powered, bipolar output, voltage gain stage
	References
21 Composite amplifiers
A simple method of designing multiple order all pole bandpass filters by cascading 2nd order sections
	Introduction
	Designing bandpass filters
	Example 1—design
	Hardware implementation
	Designing bandpass filters—theory behind the design
	Cascading identical 2nd order bandpass sections
	Example 2—design
	Hardware implementation
		Mode 1 operation of ltc1060, ltc1061, ltc1064
	Mode 2 operation of ltc1060 family
	Cascading more than two identical 2nd order BP sections
	Using the tables
	Example 3—design
	Example 3—frequency response estimation
	Example 3—implementation
23 FilterCAD user’s manual, version 1.10
	What is filtercad?
	License agreement/disclaimer
	Filtercad download
		Before you begin
		Procedure for filtercad installation in win7 PC
	Hardware requirements
	What is a filter?
	Step one, the basic design
		Custom filters
	Step two, graphing filter response
		Plotting to the screen
		The zoom feature
		Plotting to a plotter, hpgl file, or text file
	Implementing the filter
		Optimization
		Implementation
	Saving your filter design
	Loading a filter design file
	Printing a report
	Quitting filtercad
	A Butterworth lowpass example
	A Chebyshev bandpass example
	Two elliptic examples
	A custom example
	Editing cascade order
		Optimizing for noise
		Optimizing for harmonic distortion
	More practical examples
	Notches…the final frontier
	Appendix 1
		The filtercad device-parameter editor
	Appendix 2
		Bibliography
30 nanosecond settling time measurement for a precision wideband amplifier
	Introduction
	Settling time defined
	Considerations for measuring nanosecond region settling time
	Practical nanosecond settling time measurement
	Detailed settling time circuitry
	Using the sampling-based settling time circuit
	Compensation capacitor effects
	Verifying results—alternate method
	Summary and results
	Appendix A
		Evaluating oscilloscope overdrive performance
	Appendix B
		Subnanosecond rise time pulse generators for the rich and poor
	Appendix C
		Measuring and compensating settling circuit delay
	Appendix D
		Practical considerations for amplifier compensation
	Appendix E
		Breadboarding, layout and connection techniques
		Ohm’s law
		Shielding
		Connections
	References
25 Application and optimization of a 2GHz differential amplifier/ADC driver
	Introduction
		LTC6400 features
		Internal gain/feedback resistors
	Low distortion
		Actual bandwidth vs usable bandwidth
		Low-frequency distortion performance
		Distortion performance guaranteed
	Low noise
		Noise and nf vs source resistance
		Noise and gain circles
		Signal-to-noise ratio vs bandwidth
	Gain and power options
		Gain, phase and group delay
		Gain of 1 configuration
	Input considerations
		Input impedance
		Ac coupling vs DC coupling
		Ground-referenced inputs
		Impedance matching
		Input transformers
		Resistor termination
	Dynamic range and output networks
		Resistive loads
		VOCM requirements
		Unfiltered and filtered outputs
		Output filters and ADC driving networks
		Output recovery and line driving
	Stability
		Limitations of stability analysis
	Layout considerations
		Thermal layout considerations
		Operating with a negative voltage supply
	Conclusion
	Appendix a Terms and definitions
		Noise figure (NF)
		3rd order intercept point (IP3)
		1dB compression point (P1dB)
	Appendix B Sample noise calculations
		Noise analysis for arbitrary source resistance
		DC987B demo board noise analysis
		SNR calculation and aliasing example
	Appendix COptimizing noise performance by calculation of voltage and current noise correlation
	References
26 2 nanosecond, 0.1% resolution settling time measurement for wideband amplifiers
	Introduction
	Settling time defined
	Considerations for measuring nanosecond region settling time
	Practical nanosecond settling time measurement
	Detailed settling time circuitry
	Using the sampling-based settling time circuit
	Verifying results—alternate method
	Summary of results and measurement limits
	Appendix A
		Measuring and compensating settling circuit delay and trimming procedures
		Bridge drive trims
		Delay determination and compensation
		Sample gate pulse purity adjustment
		Sample gate path optimization
		Measurement Limits and Uncertainties
	Appendix B
		Practical considerations for amplifier compensation
	Appendix C
		Evaluating oscilloscope overdrive performance
	Appendix D
		About Z0 probes
			When to roll your own and when to pay the money
	Appendix E
		Connections, cables, adapters, attenuators, probes and picoseconds
	Appendix F
		Breadboarding, layout and connection techniques
		Ohm’s Law
		Shielding
		Connections
	Appendix G
		How much bandwidth is enough?
	Appendix H
		Verifying rise time and delay measurement integrity
	References
27 An introduction to acoustic thermometry
	Introduction
	Acoustic thermometry
	Practical considerations
	Overview
	Detailed circuitry
	Appendix A
		Measurement path calibration
	Appendix B
	References
Section 3
Low noise varactor biasing with switching regulators
	Introduction
	Varactor biasing considerations
	Low noise switching regulator design
	Layout issues
	Level shifts
	Test circuit
	Noise performance
	Effects of poor measurement technique
	Frequency-domain performance
	Appendix A
	Zetex variable capacitance diodes
		Background
		Important parameters
	Appendix B
		Preamplifier and oscilloscope selection
	Appendix C
		Probing and connection techniques for low level, wideband signal integrity1
			Ground loops
			Pickup
			Poor probing technique
			Violating coaxial signal transmission—felony case
			Violating coaxial signal transmission—misdemeanor case
			Proper coaxial connection path
			Direct connection path
			Test lead connections
			Isolated trigger probe
			Trigger probe amplifier
	References
29 Low cost coupling methods for RF power detectors replace directional couplers
	Introduction
		Alternate coupling solutions for use with an LTC power controller
			Method 1
			Method 2
		Theory of operation
		Considerations
		Test setup and measurement
		Coupling solution for ltc5505 power detector2
		Conclusion
Improving the output accuracy over temperature for RMS power detectors
	Introduction
	Ltc5583 temperature compensation design
	2nd Iteration calculation
	LTC5582 single detector
	Conclusion
PART 3
31 Circuit techniques for clock sources
	Noncrystal clock circuits
Measurement and control circuit collection
	Introduction
	Low noise and drift chopped bipolar amplifier
	Low noise and drift-chopped FET amplifier
	Stabilized, wideband cable driving amplifier with low input capacitance
	Voltage programmable, ground referred current source
	5V Powered, fully floating 4mA to 20mA current loop transmitter
	Transistor ΔVBE based thermometer
	Micropower, cold junction compensated thermocouple-to-frequency converter
	Relative humidity signal conditioner
	Inexpensive precision electronic barometer
	1.5V Powered radiation detector
	9ppm Distortion, quartz stabilized oscillator
	1.5V Powered temperature compensated crystal oscillator
	90μA Precision voltage-to-frequency converter
	Bipolar (AC) input V-F converter
	1.5V Powered, 350ps rise time pulse generator
	A simple ultralow dropout regulator
	Cold cathode fluorescent lamp power supply
	References
33 Circuit collection, volume I
	Introduction
	A-to-D converters
		Ltc1292: 12-bit data acquisition circuits
			Temperature-measurement system
			Floating, 12-bit data acquisition system
			Differential temperature measurement system
		Micropower so8 packaged adc circuits
			Floating 8-bit data acquisition system
			0°C–70°C thermometer
	Interface
		Low dropout regulator simplifies active scsi terminators
	Power
		Lt1110 supplies 6 volts at 550ma from 2 aa nicad cells
		50 watt high efficiency switcher
	Filters
		Cascaded 8th-order butterworth filters provide steep roll-off lowpass filter
		DC-Accurate, programmable-cutoff, fifth-order butterworth lowpass filter requires no on-board clock
	Miscellaneous circuits
		A single cell laser diode driver using the LT1110
		LT1109 generates VPP for flash memory
		RF leveling loop
		High accuracy instrumentation amplifier
		A fast, linear, high current line driver
34 Video circuit collection
	Introduction
	Video cable drivers
		AC-coupled video drivers
		DC-coupled video drivers
		Clamped AC-input video cable driver
		Twisted-pair video cable driver and receiver
	Video processing circuits
		ADC driver
		Video fader
		Color matrix conversion
		Video inversion
		Graphics overlay adder
		Variable gain amplifier has ±3dB range while maintaining good differential gain and phase
		Black clamp
		Video limiter
		Circuit for gamma correction
		LT1228 sync summer
	Multiplexer circuits
		Integrated three-channel output multiplexer
		Integrated three-channel input multiplexer
		Forming RGB multiplexers from triple amplifiers
			Stepped gain amp using the LT1204
		Lt1204 amplifier/multiplexer sends video over long twisted pair
		Fast differential multiplexer
		Misapplications of CFAs
	Appendix A
		A temperature-compensated, voltage-controlled gain amplifier using the lt1228
	Appendix B
		Optimizing a video gain-control stage using the lt1228
		Optimizing for differential gain
	Appendix C
		Using a fast analog multiplexer to switch video signals for ntsc “picture-in-picture” displays
		Using the LT1204
		Video-switching caveats
	Conclusion
Practical circuitry for measurement and control problems
	Introduction
		Clock synchronized switching regulator
		High power 1.5V to 5v converter
		Low power 1.5V to 5v converter
		Low power, low voltage cold cathode fluorescent lamp power supply
		Low voltage powered lcd contrast supply
		Hene laser power supply
		Compact electroluminescent panel power supply
		3.3V powered barometric pressure signal conditioner
		Single cell barometers
		Quartz crystal-based thermometer
		Ultra-low noise and low drift chopped-fet amplifier
		High speed adaptive trigger circuit
		Wideband, thermally-based rms/dc converter
		Hall effect stabilized current transformer
		Triggered 250 picosecond rise time pulse generator
		Flash memory programmer
		3.3V powered v/F converter
		Broadband random noise generator
		Switchable output crystal oscillator
	Appendix A
		Precision wideband circuitry…then and now
	Appendix B
		Symmetrical white Gaussian noise
	References
36 Circuit collection, volume III
	Introduction
	Data conversion
		Fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system using the LTC1390 and LTC1410
		12-bit DAC applications
			System autoranging
			Computer-controlled 4 – 20ma current loop
			Optoisolated serial interface
		LTC1329 micropower, 8-bit, current output DAC used for power supply adjustment, trimmer pot replacement
			Power supply voltage adjustment
			Trimmer pot replacement
		12-bit cold junction compensated, temperature control system with shutdown
		A 12-bit micropower battery current monitor
			Introduction
			The battery current monitor
	Interface
		V.35 transceivers allow 3-chip v.35 port solution
		Switching, active GTL terminator
			Introduction
			Circuit operation
			Performance
		RS232 transceivers for DTE/DCE switching
			Switched DTE/DCE port
		Active negation bus terminators
			Active negation bus terminator using linear voltage regulation
			Switching power supply, active negation network
		RS485 repeater extends system capability
		An LT1087-based 1.2V GTL terminator
		LTC1145/LTC1146 achieve low profile isolation with capacitive lead frame
			Applications
		LTC485 line termination
	Filters
		Sallen and key filters use 5% values
			How to design a filter from the tables
		Low power signal detection in a noisy environment
			Introduction
			An ultraselective bandpass filter and a dual comparator build a high performance tone detector
			Theory of operation
			Conclusion
		Bandpass filter has adjustable q
		An ultraselective bandpass filter with adjustable gain
			Introduction
			One op amp and two resistors build an ultraselective filter
			Signal detection in a hostile environment
		LT1367 builds rail-to-rail butterworth filter
			Single supply 1kHz, 4th order butterworth filter
		DC accurate, clock tunable lowpass filter with input antialiasing filter
			Definitions
			Component Calculations
			Example
		The LTC1066-1 DC accurate elliptic lowpass filter
			Clock tunability
			Dynamic range
			Aliasing and antialiasing
		Clock tunable bandpass filter operates to 160khz in single supply systems
		A linear-phase bandpass filter for digital communications
	Instrumentation
		Wideband RMS noise meter
			Coaxial measurements
		LTC1392 micropower temperature and voltage measurement sensor
			Conclusion
		Humidity sensor to data acquisition system interface
			Introduction
			Design considerations
			Circuit description
		A single cell barometer
	Noise generators for multiple uses
		A broadband random noise generator
		Symmetrical white gaussian noise
	Noise generators for multiple uses
		A diode noise generator for “eye diagram” testing
	Video/op amps
		LT1251 circuit smoothly fades video to black
		Luma keying with the LT1203 video multiplexer
		LT1251/LT1256 video fader and DC gain controlled amplifier
			The video fader
			Applications
		Extending op amp supplies to get more output voltage
			High voltage, high frequency amplifier
			If one is good, are two better?
			Ring-tone generator
			How it works
		Using super op amps to push technological frontiers: an ultrapure oscillator
			An ultralow distortion, 10khz sine wave source for calibration of 16-bit or higher a /d converters
			Circuit operation and circuit evolution
			Super gain block oscillator circuitry
		Fast video mux uses lt1203/lt1205
		Using a fast analog multiplexer to switch video signals for ntsc “picture-in-picture” displays
			Introduction
			Using the LT1204
			Video switching caveats
		Applications for the LT1113 dual JFET op amp
		Lt1206 and lt1115 make low noise audio line driver
		Driving mulitple video cables with the LT1206
		Optimizing a video gain control stage using the LT1228
			Optimizing for differential gain
		LT1190 family ultrahigh speed op amp circuits
			Introduction
			Small-signal performance
			Fast peak detectors
			Pulse detector
			Instrumentation amplifier rejects high voltage
			Crystal oscillator
		An LT1112 dual output buffered reference
		Three op amp instrumentation amp using the LT1112/LT1114
		Ultralow noise, three op amp instrumentation amplifier
		A temperature compensated, voltage-controlled gain amplifier using the lt1228
		The LTC1100, LT1101 and LT1102: a trio of effective instrumentation amplifiers
			Applications considerations
	Miscellaneous circuits
		Driving a high level diode ring mixer with an operational amplifier
37 Circuitry for signal conditioning and power conversion
	Introduction
	Micropower voltage-to-frequency converters
	Micropower a/d converters
	10-bit, micropower a/d converter
	Differential input, 10mhz rms/dc converter
	Nanosecond coincidence detector
	15 nanosecond waveform sampler
	5.5µA powered, 0.05µv/°c chopped amplifier
	Pilot light flame detector with low-battery lockout
	Tip-acceleration detector for shipping containers
	32.768khz “watch crystal” oscillator
	Complementary output, 50% duty cycle crystal oscillator
	Nonoverlapping, complementary output crystal oscillator
	High power ccfl backlight inverter for desktop displays
	Ultralow noise power converters10
	Low noise boost regulator
	Low noise bipolar supply
	Ultralow noise off-line power supply
	Appendix A
		Some guidelines for micropower design and an example
	Appendix B
		Parasitic effects of test equipment on micropower circuits
	References
38 Circuit collection, volume V
	Introduction
	Data converters
		The LTC1446 and LTC1446L: world’s first dual 12-bit DACs in SO-8 packages
			Dual 12-bit rail-to-rail performance in a tiny SO-8
				An autoranging 8-channel ADC with shutdown
				A wide-swing, bipolar-output DAC with digitally controlled offset
		Multichannel A/D uses a single antialiasing filter
		LTC1454/54l and LTC1458/58l: dual and quad 12-bit, rail-to-rail, micropower DACs
			Dual and quad rail-to-rail DACs offer flexibility and performance
			5V and 3V single supply and micropower
			Flexibility allows a host of applications
				A 12-bit DAC with digitally programmable full scale and offset
				A single-supply, 4-quadrant multiplying DAC
		Micropower ADC and DAC in SO-8 give PC 12-bit analog interface
		The LTC1594 and LTC1598: micropower 4- and 8-channel 12-bit ADCs
			Micropower ADCs in small packages
			MUXOUT/ADCIN loop economizes signal conditioning
			Using MUXOUT/ADCIN loop as PGA
			8-Channel, differential, 12-bit A/D system using the LTC1391 and LTC1598
		Mux the LTC1419 without software
		The LTC1590 dual 12-bit DAC is extremely versatile
		New 16-bit SO-8 DAC has 1LSB max INL and DNL over industrial temperature
			0V-10V and ±10V output capability
				Precision 0V-10V outputs with one op amp
				Precision ±10V outputs with a dual op amp
		LTC1659, LTC1448: smallest rail-to-rail 12-bit DACs have lowest power
		An SMBus-controlled 10-bit, current output, 50μA full-scale DAC
			Digitally controlled LCD bias generator
	Interface circuits
		Simple resistive surge protection for interface circuits
			Surges and circuits
			Designing for surge tolerance
			Resistive surge protection
		The LTC1343 and LTC1344 form a software-selectable multiple-protocol interface port using a DB-25 connector
			Introduction
			Review of interface standards
				V.10 (RS423) interface
				V.11 (RS422) interface
				V.28 (RS232) interface
				V.35 interface
			LTC1343/LTC1344 mode selection
			Loop-back
			Enabling the single-ended driver and receiver
			Multiprotocol interface with DB-25 or μDB-26 connectors
			Conclusion
		The LT1328: A low cost IrDA receiver solution for data rates up to 4Mbps
			IrDA SIR
			IrDA FIR
			4ppm
			LT1328 functional description
			Conclusion
		LTC1387 single 5V RS232/RS485 multiprotocol transceiver
			Introduction
		A 10MB/s multiple-protocol chip set supports Net1 and Net2 standards
			Introduction
				Typical application
				DTE vs DCE operation
				Cable-selectable multiprotocol interface
				Adding optional test signal
				Compliance testing
				Conclusion
		Net1 and net2 serial interface chip set supports test mode
	Operational amplifiers/video amplifiers
		LT1490/LT1491 over-the-top dual and quad micropower rail-to-rail op amps
			Introduction
			An over-the-top® application
		The LT1210: a 1-ampere, 35MHz current feedback amplifier
			Introduction
			Twisted pair driver
			Matching 50Ω systems
			Conclusion
		The LT1207: an elegant dual 60MHz, 250mA current feedback amplifier
			Introduction
			LT1088 differential front end
			CCD clock driver
		Micropower, dual and quad JFET op amps feature C-load™ capability and picoampere input bias currents
			Introduction
			Applications
			Conclusion
		The LT1210: high power op amp yields higher voltage and current
			Introduction
			Fast and sassy—telescoping amplifiers
			Extending power supply voltages
			Gateway to the stars
			Boosting output current
			Boosting both current and voltage
			Thermal management
			Summary
		New rail-to-rail amplifiers: precision performance from micropower to high speed
			Introduction
			Applications
				100kHz 4th order Butterworth filter for 3V operation
				Multiplexer
			Conclusion
		LT1256 voltage-controlled amplitude limiter
		The LT1495/LT1496: 1.5μA rail-to-rail op amps
			Introduction
			Applications
				Nanoampere meter
				6th order, 10Hz elliptic lowpass filter
				Battery-current monitor with over-the-top operation
			Conclusion
		Send camera power and video on the same coax cable
		200μA, 1.2MHz rail-to-rail op amps have Over-The-Top inputs
			Introduction
			Battery current monitor
		Low distortion rail-to-rail op amps have 0.003% THD with 100kHz signal
			Introduction
			Applications
				400kHz 4th order butterworth filter for 3V operation
				40dB gain, 550kHz instrumentation amplifier
		The LT1167: precision, low cost, low power instrumentation amplifier requires a single gain-set resistor
			Introduction
			Applications
				Single-supply pressure monitor
				ADC signal conditioning
				Current source
				Nerve-impulse amplifier
			Conclusion
		Level shift allows cfa video amplifier to swing to ground on a single supply
		LT1468: an operational amplifier for fast, 16-bit systems
			Introduction
			16-bit DAC current-to-voltage converter with 1.7µs settling time
			ADC buffer
	Telecommunications circuits
		How to ring a phone with a quad op amp
			Requirements
			An open-architecture ring-tone generator
			Not your standard bench supply
			Quad op amp rings phones
			Square wave plus filter equals sine wave
			Mapping out the ring-tone generator in block form
			What’s wrong with this picture (figure 38.123)
			Building high voltage amplifiers
			Inverting op amp circuit gets morphed
			Ring-trip sense
			Conclusion
		A low distortion, low power, single-pair hdsl driver using the LT1497
			Introduction
			Low distortion line driver
			Performance
			Conclusion
	Comparators
		Ultralow power comparators include reference
			Undervoltage/overvoltage detector
			Single-cell lithium-ion battery supply
			Conclusion
		A 4.5ns, 4mA, single-supply, dual comparator optimized for 3V/5V operation
		Introduction
			Applications
				Crystal oscillators
				Timing skews
				Fast waveform sampler
				Coincidence detector
				Pulse stretcher
			Conclusion
	Instrumentation circuits
		LTC1441-based micropower voltage-to-frequency converter
		Bridge measures small capacitance in presence of large strays
		Water tank pressure sensing, a fluid solution
			Introduction
			Circuit description
			Conclusion
		05μV/°C chopped amplifier requires only 5μA supply current
		4.5ns dual-comparator-based crystal oscillator has 50% duty cycle and complementary outputs
		LTC1531 isolated comparator
			Introduction
			Applications
			Conclusion
	Filters
		The LTC1560-1: a 1MHz/500kHz continuous-time, low noise, elliptic lowpass filter
			Introduction
			Applications and experimental results
				Highpass-lowpass filter
				Delay-equalized elliptic filter
			Conclusion
		The LTC1067 and LTC1067-50: universal 4th order low noise, rail-to-rail switched capacitor filters
			LTC1067 and LTC1067-50 overview
			Some LTC1067 and LTC1067-50 applications
				High dynamic-range Butterworth lowpass filter with built-in track-and-hold challenges discrete designs
				Elliptic lowpass filter
				Narrow-band bandpass filter design extracts small signals buried in noise
				Narrow-band notch filter design reaches 80dB notch depth
		Universal continuous-time filter challenges discrete designs
			Dual 4th order 100kHz Butterworth lowpass filter
			8th order 30kHz Chebyshev highpass filter
			50kHz, 100dB elliptic lowpass filter
			Quadruple 3rd order 100kHz Butterworth lowpass filter
			Conclusion
		High clock-to-center frequency ratio LTC1068-200 extends capabilities of switched capacitor highpass filter
		Clock-tunable, high accuracy, quad 2nd order, analog filter building blocks
			Introduction
			LTC1068-200 ultralow frequency linear-phase lowpass filter
			LTC1068-50 single 3.3V low power linear-phase lowpass filter
			LTC1068-25 selective bandpass filter is clock tunable to 80kHz
			LTC1068 square-wave-to-quadrature oscillator filter
	Miscellaneous
		Biased detector yields high sensitivity with ultralow power consumption
		Zero-bias detector yields high sensitivity with nanopower consumption
		Transparent class-d amplifiers featuring the lt1336
			Introduction
			The electric heater—a simple class-d amplifier
			Quadrants of energy transfer
			1-Quadrant class-d converter
			Introducing the lt1336 half-bridge driver
			4-Quadrant class-d amplifier
			Class-d for motor drives
			Managing the negative energy flow
			The 2-quadrant class-d converter
			A trip over the great divide
			Conclusion
		Single-supply random code generator
			That fuzz is noise
			Some thoughts on automatic threshold adjustment
		Appendix A Component vendor contacts
Signal sources, conditioners and power circuitry
	Introduction
	Voltage controlled current source—ground referred input and output
	Stabilized oscillator for network telephone identification
	Micro-mirror display pulse generator
	Simple rise time and frequency reference
	850 picosecond rise time pulse generator with <1% pulse top aberrations
	20 picosecond rise time pulse generator
	Nanosecond pulse width generator
	Single rail powered amplifier with true zero volt output swing
	Milliohmmeter
	0.02% accurate instrumentation amplifier with 125vcm and 120db cmrr
	Wideband, low feedthrough, low level switch
	5V powered, 0.0015% linearity, quartz-stabilized v→f converter
	Basic flashlamp illumination circuit for cellular telephones/cameras
	0V to 300v output dc/dc converter
	Low ripple and noise 0v to 300v output dc/dc converter
	5V to 200v converter for apd bias
	Wide range, high power, high voltage regulator
	5V to 3.3V, 15a paralleled linear regulator
	Appendix a
		How much bandwidth is enough?
	Appendix b
		Connections, cables, adapters, attenuators, probes and picoseconds
	References
40 Current sense circuit collection
	Introduction
		Circuits organized by general application
	Current sense basics
	Low side current sensing (Figure 40.1)
		Low side advantages
		Low side disadvantages
	High side current sensing (Figure 40.2)
		High side advantages
		High side disadvantages
	Full-range (high and low side) current sensing (Figure 40.3)
		Full-range advantages
		Full-range disadvantages
	High side
		LT6100 load current monitor (Figure 40.4)
		“Classic” positive supply rail current sense (Figure 40.5)
		Over-the-Top current sense (Figure 40.6)
		Self-powered high side current sense (Figure 40.7)
		High side current sense and fuse monitor (Figure 40.8)
		Precision high side power supply current sense (Figure 40.9)
		Positive supply rail current sense (Figure 40.10)
		Precision current sensing in supply rails (Figure 40.11)
		Measuring bias current into an avalanche photo diode (APD) using an instrumentation amplifier (Figures 40.12a and 40.12b)
		Simple 500V current monitor (Figure 40.13)
		Bidirectional battery-current monitor (Figure 40.14)
		LTC6101 supply current included as load in measurement (Figure 40.15)
		Simple high side current sense using the LTC6101 (Figure 40.16)
		High side transimpedance amplifier (Figure 40.17)
		Intelligent high side switch (Figure 40.18)
		48V supply current monitor with isolated output and 105v survivability (Figure 40.19)
		Precision, wide dynamic range high side current sensing (Figure 40.20)
		Sensed current includes monitor circuit supply current (Figure 40.21)
		Wide voltage range current sensing (Figure 40.22)
		Smooth current monitor output signal by simple filtering (Figure 40.23)
		Power on reset pulse using a timerblox device (Figure 40.24)
		Accurate delayed power on reset pulse using timerblox devices (Figure 40.25)
	Low side
		“Classic” high precision low side current sense (Figure 40.26)
		Precision current sensing in supply rails (Figure 40.27)
		−48V hot swap controller (Figure 40.28)
		−48V low side precision current sense (Figure 40.29)
		Fast compact −48V current sense (Figure 40.30)
		−48V current monitor (Figures 40.31a and 40.31b)
		−48V hot swap controller (Figure 40.32)
		Simple telecom power supply fuse monitor (Figure 40.33)
	Negative voltage
		Telecom supply current monitor (Figure 40.34)
		−48V Hot swap controller (Figure 40.35)
		−48V low side precision current sense (Figure 40.36)
		Fast compact −48V current sense (Figure 40.37)
		−48V current monitor (Figures 40.38a and 40.38b)
		Simple telecom power supply fuse monitor (Figure 40.39)
	Monitor current in positive or negative supply lines (Figure 40.40)
	Unidirectional
		Unidirectional output into A/D with fixed supply at VS+ (Figure 40.41)
		Unidirectional current sensing mode (Figures 40.42a and 40.42b)
		16-bit resolution unidirectional output into LTC2433 ADC (Figure 40.43)
		Intelligent high side switch (Figure 40.44)
		48V supply current monitor with isolated output and 105V survivability (Figure 40.45)
		12-bit resolution unidirectional output into LTC1286 ADC (Figure 40.46)
	Bidirectional
		Bidirectional current sensing with single-ended output (Figure 40.47)
		Practical H-bridge current monitor offers fault detection and bidirectional load information (Figure 40.48)
		Conventional H-bridge current monitor (Figure 40.49)
		Single-supply 2.5V bidirectional operation with external voltage reference and I/V converter (Figure 40.50)
		Battery current monitor (Figure 40.51)
		Fast current sense with alarm (Figure 40.52)
		Bidirectional current sense with separate charge/discharge output (Figure 40.53)
		Bidirectional absolute value current sense (Figure 40.54)
		Full-bridge load current monitor (Figure 40.55)
		Low power, bidirectional 60V precision high side current sense (Figure 40.56)
		Split or single supply operation, bidirectional output into A/D (Figure 40.57)
		Bidirectional precision current sensing (Figure 40.58)
		Differential output bidirectional 10A current sense (Figure 40.59)
		Absolute value output bidirectional current sensing (Figure 40.60)
	AC
		Single-supply RMS current measurement (Figure 40.61)
	DC
		Micro-hotplate voltage and current monitor (Figure 40.62)
		Battery current monitor (Figure 40.63)
		Bidirectional battery-current monitor (Figure 40.64)
		“Classic” positive supply rail current sense (Figure 40.65)
		High side current sense and fuse monitor (Figure 40.66)
		Gain of 50 current sense (Figure 40.67)
		Dual LTC6101s allow high-low current ranging (Figure 40.68)
		Two terminal current regulator (Figure 40.69)
		High side power supply current sense (Figure 40.70)
		0nA to 200nA current meter (Figure 40.71)
		Over-the-top current sense (Figure 40.72)
		Conventional H-bridge current monitor (Figure 40.73)
		Single-supply 2.5V bidirectional operation with external voltage reference and I/V converter (Figure 40.74)
		Battery current monitor (Figure 40.75)
		Fast current sense with alarm (Figure 40.76)
		Positive supply rail current sense (Figure 40.77)
		LT6100 load current monitor (Figure 40.78)
		1A voltage-controlled current sink (Figure 40.79)
		LTC6101 supply current included as load in measurement (Figure 40.80)
		V powered separately from load supply (Figure 40.81)
		Simple high side current sense using the LTC6101 (Figure 40.82)
		“Classic” high precision low side current sense (Figure 40.83)
	Level shifting
		Over-the-top current sense (Figure 40.84)
		V powered separately from load supply (Figure 40.85)
		Voltage translator (Figure 40.86)
	Low power, bidirectional 60V precision high side current sense (Figure 40.87)
	High voltage
		Over-the-top current sense (Figure 40.88)
		Measuring bias current into an avalanche photo diode (APD) using an instrumentation amplifier (Figures 40.89a and 40.89b)
		Simple 500V current monitor (Figure 40.90)
		48V supply current monitor with isolated output and 105V survivability (Figure 40.91)
		Low power, bidirectional 60V precision high side current sense (Figure 40.92)
		High voltage current and temperature monitoring (Figure 40.93)
	Low voltage
		Single-supply 2.5V bidirectional operation with external voltage reference and I/V converter (Figure 40.94)
		1.25V electronic circuit breaker (Figure 40.95)
	High current (100mA to Amps)
		Kelvin input connection preserves accuracy despite large load currents (Figure 40.96)
		Shunt diode limits maximum input voltage to allow better low input resolution without over-ranging the LTC6101 (Figure 40.97)
		Kelvin sensing (Figure 40.98)
		0A to 33A high side current monitor with filtering (Figure 40.99)
		Single supply RMS current measurement (Figure 40.100)
		Dual LTC6101s allow high-low current ranging (Figure 40.101)
		LDO load balancing (Figure 40.102)
		Sensing output current (Figure 40.103)
		Using printed circuit sense resistance (Figure 40.104)
		High voltage, 5A high side current sensing in small package (Figure 40.105)
	Low current (picoamps to milliamps)
		Filtered gain of 20 current sense (Figure 40.106)
		Gain of 50 current sense (Figure 40.107)
		0nA to 200nA current meter (Figure 40.108)
		Lock–in amplifier technique permits 1% accurate APD current measurement over 100nA to 1mA range (Figure 40.109)
		DC-coupled APD current monitor (Figure 40.110)
		Six decade (10nA to 10mA) current log amplifier (Figure 40.111)
	Motors and inductive loads
		Electronic circuit breaker (Figure 40.112)
		Conventional H-bridge current monitor (Figure 40.113)
		Motor speed control (Figure 40.114)
		Practical H-bridge current monitor offers fault detection and bidirectional load information (Figure 40.115)
		Lamp driver (Figure 40.116)
		Intelligent high side switch (Figure 40.117)
		Relay driver (Figure 40.118)
		Full-bridge load current monitor (Figure 40.119)
		Bidirectional current sensing in H-bridge drivers (Figure 40.120)
		Single output provides 10A H-bridge current and direction (Figure 40.121)
		Monitor solenoid current on the low side (Figure 40.122)
		Monitor solenoid current on the high side (Figure 40.123)
		Monitor H-bridge motor current directly (Figures 40.124a and 40.124b)
		Large input voltage range for fused solenoid current monitoring (Figure 40.125)
		Monitor both the ON current and the freewheeling current through a high side driven solenoid (Figure 40.126)
		Monitor both the ON current and the freewheeling current in a low side driven solenoid (Figure 40.127)
		Fixed gain DC motor current monitor (Figure 40.128)
		Simple DC motor torque control (Figure 40.129)
		Small motor protection and control (Figure 40.130)
		Large motor protection and control (Figure 40.131)
	Batteries
		Input remains Hi-Z when LT6100 is powered down (Figure 40.132)
		Charge/discharge current monitor on single supply with shifted VBIAS (Figure 40.133)
		Battery current monitor (Figure 40.134)
		Input current sensing application (Figure 40.135)
		Coulomb counter (Figure 40.136)
		Li-Ion gas gauge (Figure 40.137)
		NiMH charger (Figure 40.138)
		Single cell Li-ion charger (Figure 40.139)
		Li-ion charger (Figure 40.140)
		Battery monitor (Figure 40.141)
		Monitor charge and discharge currents at one output (Figure 40.142)
		Battery stack monitoring (Figure 40.143)
		Coulomb counting battery gas gauge (Figure 40.144)
		High voltage battery coulomb counting (Figure 40.145)
		Low voltage battery coulomb counting (Figure 40.146)
		Single cell lithium-ion battery coulomb counter (Figure 40.147)
		Complete single cell battery protection (Figure 40.148)
	High speed
	Fast compact −48V current sense (Figure 40.149)
		Conventional H-bridge current monitor (Figure 40.150)
		Single-supply 2.5V bidirectional operation with external voltage reference and I/V converter (Figure 40.151)
		Battery current monitor (Figure 40.152)
		Fast current sense with alarm (Figure 40.153)
		Fast differential current source (Figure 40.154)
	Fault sensing
		High side current sense and fuse monitor (Figure 40.155)
		Schottky prevents damage during supply reversal (Figure 40.156)
		Additional resistor R3 protects output during supply reversal (Figure 40.157)
		Electronic circuit breaker (Figure 40.158)
		Electronic circuit breaker (Figure 40.159)
		1.25V electronic circuit breaker (Figure 40.160)
		Lamp outage detector (Figure 40.161)
		Simple telecom power supply fuse monitor (Figure 40.162)
		Conventional H-bridge current monitor (Figure 40.163)
		Single-supply 2.5V bidirectional operation with external voltage reference and I/V converter (Figure 40.164)
		Battery current monitor (Figure 40.165)
		Fast current sense with alarm (Figure 40.166)
		Monitor current in an isolated supply line (Figure 40.167)
		Monitoring a fuse protected circuit (Figure 40.168)
		Circuit fault protection with early warning and latching load disconnect (Figure 40.169)
		Use comparator output to initialize interrupt routines (Figure 40.170)
		Current sense with overcurrent latch and power-on reset with loss of supply (Figure 40.171)
	Digitizing
		Sensing output current (Figure 40.172)
		Split or single-supply operation, bidirectional output into A/D (Figure 40.173)
		16-bit resolution unidirectional output into LTC2433 ADC (Figure 40.174)
		12-bit resolution unidirectional output into LTC1286 ADC (Figure 40.175)
		Directly digitize current with 16-bit resolution (Figure 40.176)
		Directly digitizing two independent currents (Figure 40.177)
		Digitize a bidirectional current using a single-sense amplifier and ADC (Figure 40.178)
		Digitizing charging and loading current in a battery monitor (Figure 40.179)
		Complete digital current monitoring (Figure 40.180)
		Ampere-hour gauge (Figure 40.181)
		Power sensing with built-in A-to-D converter (Figure 40.182)
		Isolated power measurement (Figure 40.183)
		Fast data rate isolated power measurement (Figure 40.184)
		Adding temperature measurement to supply power measurement (Figure 40.185)
		Current, voltage and fuse monitoring (Figure 40.186)
		Automotive socket power monitoring (Figure 40.187)
		Power over Ethernet, PoE, monitoring (Figure 40.188)
		Monitor current, voltage and temperature (Figure 40.189)
	Current control
		800mA/1A white LED current regulator (Figure 40.190)
		Bidirectional current source (Figure 40.191)
		2-terminal current regulator (Figure 40.192)
		Variable current source (Figure 40.193)
		Precision voltage controlled current source with ground referred input and output (Figure 40.194)
		Precision voltage controlled current source (Figure 40.195)
		Switchable precision current source (Figure 40.196)
		Boosted bidirectional controlled current source (Figure 40.197)
		0A to 2A current source (Figure 40.198)
		Fast differential current source (Figure 40.199)
		1A voltage-controlled current sink (Figure 40.200)
		Voltage controlled current source (Figure 40.201)
		Adjustable high side current source (Figure 40.202)
		Programmable constant current source (Figure 40.203)
		Snap back current limiting (Figure 40.204)
	Precision
		Precision high side power supply current sense (Figure 40.205)
		High side power supply current sense (Figure 40.206)
		Second input R minimizes error due to input bias current (Figure 40.207)
		Remote current sensing with minimal wiring (Figure 40.208)
		Use kelvin connections to maintain high current accuracy (Figure 40.209)
		Crystal/reference oven controller (Figure 40.210)
		Power intensive circuit board monitoring (Figure 40.211)
		Crystal/reference oven controller (Figure 40.212)
	Wide range
		Dual LTC6101s allow high-low current ranging (Figure 40.213)
		Adjust gain dynamically for enhanced range (Figure 40.214)
		0 to 10A sensing over two ranges (Figure 40.215)
		Dual sense amplifier can have different sense resistors and gain (Figure 40.216)
41 Power conversion, measurement and pulse circuits
	Introduction
	JFET-based dc/dc converter powered from 300mv supply
	Bipolar transistor-based 550mv input dc/dc converter
	5V to 200v converter for apd bias
	Battery internal resistance meter
	Floating output, variable potential battery simulator
	40nvp-p noise, 0.05µv/°c drift, chopped fet amplifier
	Wideband, chopper stabilized fet amplifier
	Submicroampere rms current measurement for quartz crystals
	Direct reading quartz crystal-based remote thermometer
	1Hz–100mhz v→f converter
	Delayed pulse generator with variable time phase, low jitter trigger output
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z