An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 9
A PREFATORY NOTE ON NAMES AND TRANSCRIPTIONS......Page 10
LIST OF MAPS......Page 11
INTRODUCTION: The World of the Steppes......Page 12
The Nomadic World......Page 14
Ethnic Processes in the Turkic World......Page 24
CHAPTER I: Peoples and Languages of Eurasia......Page 26
Altaic Languages......Page 27
INNER ASIAN-TÜRKÜT-TURKÎ......Page 31
SOUTHWEST/OGUZ GROUP......Page 32
NORTHWEST OR QIPCAQ GROUP......Page 33
SOUTH SIBERIAN TURKIC......Page 34
NORTHEAST-, EAST SIBERIAN OR YAKUT......Page 35
Mongolic Languages......Page 37
MANCHU-TUNGUSIC......Page 38
Other Languages of Eurasia......Page 39
Indo-European......Page 40
Uralic-Languages......Page 44
Languages of the Caucasus......Page 46
CHAPTER II: The Legacy of Inner Asia......Page 50
Pre-History of Eurasia......Page 51
Iranian Nomads......Page 55
Yüeh-chih and Saka Migrations......Page 61
The Kušan State......Page 66
The Hsiung-nu......Page 68
The Hsien-pi Confederation......Page 80
The Tabğač......Page 84
The Jou-Jan [Avar] Qağanate......Page 87
The Hephthalites......Page 90
The Ethnonym Türk......Page 126
The Huns of Europe......Page 99
The Coming of the Oğuric Turkic Peoples......Page 103
The Early Oğuric Tribes......Page 108
Oğurs, Onoğurs and Bulğars in Western Eurasia......Page 111
The Sabirs......Page 115
The Caucasian Huns and other "Hunnic" Peoples......Page 117
The European Avars......Page 119
The Question of Türk Origins......Page 128
A Reconstruction of the Earliest History of he Turkic Peoples......Page 135
The Türk Qağanates......Page 138
The Peoples of the Türk Qağanate......Page 152
Governance of the Türk Qağanate......Page 157
Relgions......Page 160
Writing Systems......Page 162
Economy......Page 163
The Uyğur Qağanate (744-840)......Page 166
Uyğur Statehood......Page 180
The Uyğur Economy......Page 181
The Soġdians and Uyğur Culture......Page 183
Religion......Page 185
The Qirğiz......Page 187
The Qitañ......Page 194
Iranians, Muslims and Turks......Page 200
The Turkic Tribes......Page 205
The Qarluqs......Page 207
The Čigil and Tuxs(î)......Page 210
The Yağma......Page 212
The Kimek......Page 213
The Oğuz......Page 216
The Spread of Islam......Page 222
The Early Qaraxanids......Page 225
Qaraxanids, Ghaznavids and the Rise of the Seljuks......Page 227
The Seljuks of Rûm......Page 235
The Khwârazmšâh State......Page 236
The Turkic Peoples and Cultures on the Eve of the Mongol Conquests......Page 239
The Turkic Tribes noted in Maḥmûd al-Kâšgarî......Page 240
The Turkic Tribes noted by Faxr ad-Dîn Mubârakšâh......Page 241
The Khazar Qağanage: The Question of Origins......Page 244
The Khazar State......Page 247
Peoples and Institutions of the Khazar Qağanate......Page 250
The Fall of the Khazar Qağanate......Page 254
The Bulğar States......Page 255
The Pannonian Balkan Bulğars......Page 257
The Volga Bulğars......Page 264
The Hungarians......Page 269
The Baškirs......Page 273
The Pečenegs......Page 275
The Quman-Qipčaqs......Page 281
The Quman-Qipčaq-Qanglı Union......Page 288
Mongol Origins and State Formation......Page 294
The Mongol Empire......Page 298
The Turkic Peoples under the Činggisids......Page 302
The Činggisid Impact on the Turkic Lands......Page 306
The Ulus of Joči......Page 308
The Ulus of Čaġadai......Page 313
Turks in the Činggisid Near and Middle East......Page 318
Aqsaq Temür and the Timurids......Page 320
Moġulistan......Page 324
The Later Čaġadaids and Eastern Turkistan......Page 327
The Fall of the Golden Horde and the Činggisid Successor States......Page 328
The Qazan and Qasimov Xanates......Page 329
The Crimean Xanate......Page 332
The Xanate of Astraxan......Page 333
The Fall of the Great Horde......Page 334
The Noğay (Manġıt) Horde and the Siberian Tatars......Page 335
The Eastern Qipčaqs: Özbeks and Qazaqs......Page 341
The Ôzbek Xanates......Page 344
The Qazaq Xanate......Page 350
The Qırğız......Page 354
CHAPTER XI: The Turkic Peoples of the Near and Middle East......Page 358
The Mamlûks......Page 359
The Beyliks of Asia Minor......Page 361
The Ottoman Empire: the Formative Years......Page 367
The Türkmen Confederations: the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu......Page 377
The Rise of the Ṣafavids......Page 383
Ottomans, Ṣafavids and Mamlûks......Page 386
CHAPTER XII: The Ethnogenesis of the Turkic Peoples......Page 390
The Turks of Turkey and the Former European-Near Eastern Possessions of the Ottoman Empire......Page 394
The Crimea......Page 399
The North Caucaus......Page 400
The Volga-Ural-West Siberian Peoples......Page 403
The Volga-Ural-West Siberian Tatars......Page 404
The Čuvaš......Page 407
The Central Asian or Aralo-Caspian Qipčaqs......Page 412
The Qazaqs......Page 413
The Qara Qalpaqs......Page 414
The Qırğız......Page 415
Modern Uyğurs......Page 420
The Altay Turks......Page 423
The Abakan (Abaqan)-Xakas Grouping......Page 424
The Tuba Grouping......Page 425
The Yakuts......Page 426
Turkic Ethnonyrns: Forms and Transcriptions......Page 428
Arabic Forms......Page 430
Chinese Characters......Page 433
Bibliography......Page 439
Index......Page 485