An Introduction to Sustainable Aquaculture

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Part I Basic Concepts
	1 Introduction
		References
	2 What Is Aquaculture?
		2.1 Introduction: Brief History of Aquaculture
		2.2 Introduction to the Biology of Farmed Aquaculture Organisms
			2.2.1 The Circulatory System and Its Relationship With the Environment
			2.2.2 Reproduction in Aquaculture Organisms
			2.2.3 Growth in Aquaculture Organisms
			2.2.4 Immune Response
		2.3 Types of Aquaculture Production and Management Systems
			2.3.1 Depending On the Number of Species Produced
			2.3.2 Depending On the Rearing Density
			2.3.3 Depending On the Stage to Be Produced
			2.3.4 Depending On Hydrology
			2.3.5 Depending On the Location of the Facilities
			2.3.6 Depending On the Production Objective
			2.3.7 Depending On the Seed Origin
		2.4 Aquaculture Current Status
		2.5 Final Remarks
		2.6 Chapter Review Questions
		References
	3 What Is Sustainability?
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Sustainability Pillars and the Relationship Between Them
		3.3 Sustainability Throughout History
		3.4 Sustainability, an Elusive Definition
		3.5 Types of Sustainability
		3.6 Managing Sustainably: the Concept of Governance
		3.7 Aquaculture and Sustainability
		3.8 Final Remarks
		3.9 Chapter Review Questions
		References
Part II Aquaculture and the Environment
	4 Effects of the Environment On Aquaculture Organisms
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Temperature
		4.3 Dissolved Gases
			4.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen
			4.3.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
		4.4 Salinity
		4.5 PH
		4.6 Dissolved Particles and Compounds
			4.6.1 Nitrogen Compounds
			4.6.2 Calcium Carbonate
		4.7 Light
		4.8 Effect of the Presence of Other Organisms
		4.9 Suspended Particles
		4.10 Meteorological Phenomena
		4.11 Final Remarks
		4.12 Chapter Review Questions
		References
	5 Aquaculture’s Effect On the Environment
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Impacts On Water Quality
			5.2.1 Organic Particles
			5.2.2 Proliferation of Primary Organisms
			5.2.3 Inorganic Particles
		5.3 Impacts On the Atmosphere
			5.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Products of Energy Consumption
			5.3.2 Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated With Aquaculture
			5.3.3 Estimating Environmental Impacts: a Brief Introduction to Life Cycle Analysis
		5.4 Impacts On Land and High-Value Ecosystems
		5.5 Impacts On Wildlife
			5.5.1 Abundance
			5.5.2 Species Richness (Diversity)
			5.5.3 Physiological Changes
			5.5.4 Pollution (Biological)
			5.5.5 Infection Rates
			5.5.6 Survival and Fertility
		5.6 Potential Ecologically Beneficial Outcomes From Aquaculture
			5.6.1 Biological Control
			5.6.2 Species Recovery
			5.6.3 Habitat Restoration
			5.6.4 Habitat Protection
			5.6.5 Ex Situ Conservation
			5.6.6 Wild Harvest Replacement
			5.6.7 Habitat Rehabilitation
			5.6.8 Removal of Overabundant Species
			5.6.9 Coastal Defence
			5.6.10 Bioremediation
			5.6.11 Assisted Evolution
			5.6.12 Climate Change Mitigation
				6.2.1 Crustaceans
				6.2.2 Marine Fish
				6.2.3 Freshwater Fish
				6.2.4 Bivalve Molluscs
				6.2.5 Macroalgae
		5.7 Final Remarks
		5.8 Chapter Review Questions
		Notes
		References
	6 Aquaculture and Climate Change
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Impacts of Climate Change On Aquaculture Production Systems
		6.3 Mitigation of the Activity Impacts and Negative Effects of Climate Change
			6.3.1 Public Sector Strategies to Mitigate Impacts
				6.3.1.1 Production Zoning
				6.3.1.2 Production Quotas
				6.3.1.3 Taxes, Fines, and Subsidies
		6.4 The Mitigation of Impacts From the Private Sector
			6.4.1 Use of Clean Technologies
			6.4.2 Multitrophic Aquaculture
			6.4.3 Optimisation of the Operation of Aquaculture Production Units
		6.5 Market Strength as an Incentive to Reduce the Impacts of the Activity
			6.5.1 Consumer Power and Eco-Labelling
			6.5.2 Establishment of Carbon Markets
		6.6 Adaptation Mechanisms to Climate Change
		6.7 An Example of the Possible Impacts of Climate Change On Bioeconomic Indicators and Its Application for Decision-Making Under an Uncertain Climate Context
		6.8 Final Remarks
		6.9 Chapter Review Questions
		References
Part III Aquaculture and Economics
	7 A Brief Introduction to Economics and Its Relationship With Aquaculture
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Economic Scales
		7.3 Supply and Demand
		7.4 Macroeconomics
		7.5 Microeconomics
			7.5.1 The Production Function
			7.5.2 The Profit Function
		7.6 The Economy and Natural Resource Management
			7.6.1 Private Vs. Common Resources
			7.6.2 The Concepts of Externalities and Free-Riders
		7.7 Some Relevant Economic Schools of Thought
			7.7.1 Ecological Economics
			7.7.2 Environmental Economics
			7.7.3 Circular Economy
				7.7.3.1 Relationship Between Production and Consumption
		7.8 Economics as a Tool for Sustainable Aquaculture Production
			7.8.1 Private Sector Economic Tools
				7.8.1.1 Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG)
			7.8.2 Public Sector Economic Tools
			7.8.3 Social Economic Tools
				7.8.3.1 The Power of the Consumer
		7.9 Final Remarks
		7.10 Chapter Review Questions
		Notes
		References
	8 Aquaculture and Fisheries
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Ecological Interactions
			8.2.1 Habitat Modification
			8.2.2 Aquafeeds Input
			8.2.3 Aquaculture Escapements
			8.2.4 Exotic Species
			8.2.5 Disease Transmission
			8.2.6 Enhanced Fisheries and Capture-Based Aquaculture
		8.3 Socioeconomic Interactions
		8.4 Future Trends for Fisheries and Mariculture
		8.5 Final Remarks
		8.6 Chapter Review Questions
		Notes
		References
	9 Aquaculture Value Chain Analysis
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Value Chain Analysis Method
			9.2.1 Point of Entrance for the Value Chain Analysis
			9.2.2 Value Chain Cartography
		9.3 Examples of Value Chain Analysis Applications in Aquaculture
		9.4 Value Chain and Globalisation
		9.5 Final Remarks
		9.6 Chapter Review Questions
		Notes
		References
	10 Aquaculture Bioeconomics: A Brief Introduction
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Aquaculture Bioeconomics
			10.2.1 Bioeconomic Indicators in Aquaculture Production
		10.3 Bioeconomic Model
			10.3.1 Biological Sub-Model
				10.3.1.1 Growth
				10.3.1.2 Natural Mortality
				10.3.1.3 Biomass
			10.3.2 Technological Sub-Model
				10.3.2.1 Feed Consumption Per Individual
			10.3.3 Economic Sub-Model
				10.3.3.1 Costs and Revenues
				10.3.3.2 Profits and Present Value
		10.4 Final Remarks
		10.5 Chapter Review Questions
		Appendix
		Constructing an Aquaculture Bioeconomic Model
		A.1 Constructing the Biological Sub-Model
			A.1.1 Results of the Biological Sub-Model
		A.2 Constructing the Technological Sub-Model
			A.2.1 Results of the Technological Model
		A.3 Economic Sub-Model
			A.3.1 Results of the Economic Model
		A.4 Applied Examples Using the Aquaculture Bioeconomic Model
		Notes
		References
	11 Aquaculture: Uncertainty Sources and Risk Quantification Techniques
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Risk and Uncertainty in Aquaculture
			11.2.1 Uncertainty Sources in Aquaculture
			11.2.2 Uncertainty in Environmental Variables
			11.2.3 Uncertainty in Operational and Technological Variables
			11.2.4 Uncertainty in Biological Behaviour
			11.2.5 Uncertainty Associated With the Market and Financial Institutions
			11.2.6 Uncertainty Associated With Institutional Aspects
			11.2.7 Uncertainty of Undetermined Origin
			11.2.8 Uncertainty in Bioeconomic Models for Projection Purposes
		11.3 Techniques for Quantifying Risk in Aquaculture
			11.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis
			11.3.2 Stochastic Models: Monte Carlo Simulation
			11.3.3 Scenario Analysis
			11.3.4 Bayesian Method
		11.4 Risk and Uncertainty Studies in Aquaculture
		11.5 New Techniques for Risk Management in Aquaculture: Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
			11.5.1 Facing Uncertainty, a Sustainable Perspective
		11.6 Final Remarks
		11.7 Chapter Review Questions
		References
Part IV Aquaculture and Society
	12 Aquaculture and Food Security
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Matching Food Security With Human Population Growth
			12.2.1 What Is Food Security?
			12.2.2 Food Security Status Around the World
		12.3 Aquaculture’s Role in Food Security
			12.3.1 The Aquatic Food System
			12.3.2 Drivers Affecting Aquaculture and Food Security Trends
		12.4 Global Aquatic Production Status
		12.5 General Contribution of Aquatic Food to Food Security
		12.6 Nutritional Value of Fish for Human Health
		12.7 Critical Elements for Food Safety in the Aquatic Food System
			12.7.1 Utilisation Dimension in Aquatic Food Systems
				12.7.1.1 Availability Dimension in Aquatic Food Systems
				12.7.1.2 Stability Dimension in Aquatic Food Systems
				12.7.1.3 Sustainability Dimension in Aquatic Food Systems
		12.8 Final Remarks
		12.9 Chapter Review Questions
		References
	13 Aquaculture and Employment: Impact On Livelihood and Poverty
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Employment and Its Impact On the Sustainability Pillars
			13.2.1 Historical Trends in Aquaculture Employment
		13.3 Poverty as a Multidimensional Phenomenon
			13.3.1 How Poverty and Well-Being Are Measured
		13.4 Working Conditions That Promote Sustainable Development
		13.5 Final Remarks
		13.6 Chapter Review Questions
		References
	14 Aquaculture and Animal Welfare
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Pain in Aquatic Organisms
			14.2.1 The Evolutionary Function of Pain
			14.2.2 Animal Neuroanatomy
			14.2.3 Evidence of Pain in Fish, Arthropods, and Molluscs
		14.3 Animal Welfare Definition
		14.4 Measuring Fish Welfare
			14.4.1 Welfare Indicators in Aquaculture
				14.4.1.1 Non-Invasive Methods
				14.4.1.2 Invasive Methods
		14.5 Application of Ethical and Welfare Principles to Aquatic Vertebrates and Invertebrates
			14.5.1 Fish Welfare
			14.5.2 Invertebrate Welfare
		14.6 Animal Welfare Legislation Applied to Fish
		14.7 Fish Welfare and the Sustainable Developmental Goals
		14.8 The Impact of Intensive Farming On Fish Welfare
		14.9 Strategies to Improve Welfare in Aquaculture
			14.9.1 Potential Industry Approaches to Fish Welfare in Aquaculture
		14.10 Welfare Implications for Aquaculture System Designs
		14.11 Final Remarks
		14.12 Chapter Review Questions
		References
Part V Governance and Technologies
	15 Governance, Partnerships, and Cooperation
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Governance
			15.2.1 What Is Governance and Why Does It Matter?
			15.2.2 Private Governance in Aquaculture
			15.2.3 Governance Beyond the Aquaculture Farm
			15.2.4 Governance for Sustainability
		15.3 Partnerships and Cooperation
			15.3.1 Defining Partnerships and Cooperation
			15.3.2 Types of Partnerships
			15.3.3 Partnerships According to Their Scale of Application
			15.3.4 Partnerships According to Their Stakeholders
			15.3.5 Partnerships and Cooperation in the Aquaculture Context
			15.3.6 Private–public Partnerships (PPPs)
		15.4 Final Remarks
		15.5 Chapter Review Questions
		References
	16 New Technologies as a Means to Achieve Sustainability
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Digital Technologies in Aquaculture
			16.2.1 Automation
			16.2.2 IoT and Cloud Computing
			16.2.3 Business Intelligence and Big Data
			16.2.4 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
			16.2.5 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing
		16.3 Breeding and Genetics
			16.3.1 Population Genetics
			16.3.2 Quantitative Genetics and Selective Breeding
			16.3.3 Genome Technologies
			16.3.4 Market Genetics and Genetic Bioeconomics
			16.3.5 Sex Control
			16.3.6 Hologenomics
			16.3.7 Epigenetics and Epigenomics
		16.4 Systems Technologies and Infrastructure
			16.4.1 Infrastructure-Related Technologies
			16.4.2 Biotechnologies
				16.4.2.1 Pond Or Tank Management
				16.4.2.2 Biological Performance Improvement
				16.4.2.3 Disease Treatment
		16.5 Nutritional Development
			16.5.1 Aquafeed: the Use of Fishmeal and Fish Oil
			16.5.2 Feed Ingredients
		16.6 Management
		16.7 Traceability
			16.7.1 Why Does Traceability Matter in Aquaculture?
			16.7.2 Which Are the Problems and the Existing Solutions When Implementing Traceability?
		16.8 Final Remarks
		16.9 Chapter Review Questions
		Note
		References
Part VI Future Expectations
	17 Future Directions
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Aquaculture Life Cycle
			17.2.1 Stage 1 – Development
			17.2.2 Stage 2 – Growth
			17.2.3 Stage 3 – Maturation
			17.2.4 Stage 4 – Decline
		17.3 Aquaculture Opportunity Landscape
			17.3.1 Macroeconomic Change
			17.3.2 Technological Change
			17.3.3 Demographic Change
			17.3.4 Psychographic Change
			17.3.5 Political and Regulatory Change
		17.4 Industry Condition
			17.4.1 Knowledge Condition
			17.4.2 Demand Conditions
		17.5 Final Remarks
		17.6 Chapter Review Questions
		References
Index