An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
PART 1  Introduction......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.2 Why Study Statistics?......Page 23
1.3 Some Current Applications of Statistics......Page 25
1.4 A Note to the Student......Page 29
1.6 Exercises......Page 30
PART 2  Collecting Data......Page 32
2.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 33
2.2 Observational Studies......Page 35
2.3 Sampling Designs for Surveys......Page 41
2.4 Experimental Studies......Page 47
2.5 Designs for Experimental Studies......Page 52
2.6 Research Study: Exit Polls versus Election Results......Page 63
2.7 Summary......Page 64
2.8 Exercises......Page 65
PART 3  Summarizing Data......Page 72
3.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 73
3.2 Calculators, Computers, and Software Systems......Page 78
3.3 Describing Data on a Single Variable: Graphical Methods......Page 79
3.4 Describing Data on a Single Variable: Measures of Central Tendency......Page 95
3.5 Describing Data on a Single Variable: Measures of Variability......Page 102
3.6 The Boxplot......Page 114
3.7 Summarizing Data from More Than One Variable: Graphs and Correlation......Page 119
3.8 Research Study: Controlling for Student Background in the Assessment of Teaching......Page 129
3.9 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 133
3.10 Exercises......Page 134
4.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 157
4.2 Finding the Probability of an Event......Page 161
4.3 Basic Event Relations and Probability Laws......Page 163
4.4 Conditional Probability and Independence......Page 166
4.5 Bayes’ Formula......Page 169
4.6 Variables: Discrete and Continuous......Page 172
4.7 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables......Page 174
4.8 Two Discrete Random Variables: The Binomial and the Poisson......Page 175
4.9 Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables......Page 185
4.10 A Continuous Probability Distribution: The Normal Distribution......Page 188
4.11 Random Sampling......Page 195
4.12 Sampling Distributions......Page 198
4.13 Normal Approximation to the Binomial......Page 208
4.14 Evaluating Whether or Not a Population Distribution Is Normal......Page 211
4.15 Research Study: Inferences about Performance-Enhancing Drugs among Athletes......Page 216
4.16 Minitab Instructions......Page 218
4.18 Exercises......Page 220
PART 4  Analyzing Data, Interpreting the Analyses, and Communicating Results......Page 238
5.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 239
5.2 Estimation of µ......Page 242
5.3 Choosing the Sample Size for Estimating µ......Page 247
5.4 A Statistical Test for µ......Page 249
5.5 Choosing the Sample Size for Testing µ......Page 262
5.6 The Level of Significance of a Statistical Test......Page 263
5.7 Inferences about µ for a Normal Population, sig Unknown......Page 267
5.8 Inferences about µ When Population Is Nonnormal and n Is Small: Bootstrap Methods......Page 276
5.9 Inferences about the Median......Page 282
5.10 Research Study: Percent Calories from Fat......Page 287
5.11 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 290
5.12 Exercises......Page 292
6.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 307
6.2 Inferences about µ1 -  µ2: Independent Samples......Page 310
6.3 A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test......Page 322
6.4 Inferences about µ1 - µ2: Paired Data......Page 331
6.5 A Nonparametric Alternative: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test......Page 336
6.6 Choosing Sample Sizes for Inferences about µ1 - µ2......Page 340
6.7 Research Study: Effects of Oil Spill on Plant Growth......Page 342
6.8 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 347
6.9 Exercises......Page 350
7.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 377
7.2 Estimation and Tests for a Population Variance......Page 379
7.3 Estimation and Tests for Comparing Two Population Variances......Page 386
7.4 Tests for Comparing t>2 Population Variances......Page 393
7.5 Research Study: Evaluation of Methods for Detecting E. coli......Page 398
7.6 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 403
7.7 Exercises......Page 404
8.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 419
8.2 A Statistical Test about More Than Two Population Means: An Analysis of Variance......Page 422
8.3 The Model for Observations in a Completely Randomized Design......Page 431
8.4 Checking on the AOV Conditions......Page 433
8.5 An Alternative Analysis: Transformations of the Data......Page 438
8.6 A Nonparametric Alternative: The Kruskal–Wallis Test......Page 445
8.7 Research Study: Effect of Timing on the Treatment of Port-Wine Stains with Lasers......Page 448
8.8 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 453
8.9 Exercises......Page 455
9.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 468
9.2 Linear Contrasts......Page 471
9.3 Which Error Rate Is Controlled?......Page 477
9.4 Fisher’s Least Significant Difference......Page 480
9.5 Tukey’s W Procedure......Page 485
9.6 Student–Newman– Keuls Procedure......Page 488
9.7 Dunnett’s Procedure: Comparison of Treatments to a Control......Page 491
9.8 Scheffé’s S Method......Page 493
9.9 A Nonparametric Multiple-Comparison Procedure......Page 495
9.10 Research Study: Are Interviewers’ Decisions Affected by Different Handicap Types?......Page 499
9.11 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 505
9.12 Exercises......Page 507
10.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 516
10.2 Inferences about a Population Proportion pi......Page 517
10.3 Inferences about the Difference between Two Population Proportions, pi1 - pi2......Page 524
10.4 Inferences about Several Proportions: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test......Page 530
10.5 Contingency Tables: Tests for Independence and Homogeneity......Page 538
10.6 Measuring Strength of Relation......Page 545
10.7 Odds and Odds Ratios......Page 547
10.8 Combining Sets of 2x2 Contingency Tables......Page 552
10.9 Research Study: Does Gender Bias Exist in the Selection of Students for Vocational Education?......Page 555
10.10 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 562
10.11 Exercises......Page 563
11.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 589
11.2 Estimating Model Parameters......Page 598
11.3 Inferences about Regression Parameters......Page 607
11.4 Predicting New y Values Using Regression......Page 611
11.5 Examining Lack of Fit in Linear Regression......Page 615
11.6 The Inverse Regression Problem (Calibration......Page 622
11.7 Correlation......Page 625
11.8 Research Study: Two Methods for Detecting E. coli......Page 633
11.9 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 638
11.10 Exercises......Page 640
12.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 681
12.2 The General Linear Model......Page 691
12.3 Estimating Multiple Regression Coefficients......Page 692
12.4 Inferences in Multiple Regression......Page 700
12.5 Testing a Subset of Regression Coefficients......Page 708
12.6 Forecasting Using Multiple Regression......Page 712
12.7 Comparing the Slopes of Several Regression Lines......Page 714
12.8 Logistic Regression......Page 718
12.9 Some Multiple Regression Theory (Optional......Page 725
12.10 Research Study: Evaluation of the Performance of an Electric Drill......Page 732
12.11 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 739
12.12 Exercises......Page 741
13.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 780
13.2 Selecting the Variables (Step 1)......Page 781
13.3 Formulating the Model (Step 2)......Page 798
13.4 Checking Model Assumptions (Step 3)......Page 814
13.5 Research Study: Construction Costs for Nuclear Power Plants......Page 834
13.6 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 841
13.7 Exercises......Page 842
14.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 895
14.2 Completely Randomized Design with a Single Factor......Page 897
14.3 Factorial Treatment Structure......Page 902
14.4 Factorial Treatment Structures with an Unequal Number of Replications......Page 927
14.5 Estimation of Treatment Differences and Comparisons of Treatment Means......Page 934
14.6 Determining the Number of Replications......Page 938
14.7 Research Study: Development of a Low-Fat Processed Meat......Page 943
14.8 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 948
14.9 Exercises......Page 949
15.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 967
15.2 Randomized Complete Block Design......Page 968
15.3 Latin Square Design......Page 980
15.4 Factorial Treatment Structure in a Randomized Complete Block Design......Page 991
15.5 A Nonparametric Alternative - Friedman’s Test......Page 995
15.6 Research Study: Control of Leatherjackets......Page 999
15.7 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 1004
15.8 Exercises......Page 1006
16.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 1026
16.2 A Completely Randomized Design with One Covariate......Page 1029
16.3 The Extrapolation Problem......Page 1040
16.4 Multiple Covariates and More Complicated Designs......Page 1043
16.5 Research Study: Evaluation of Cool-Season Grasses for Putting Greens......Page 1045
16.7 Exercises......Page 1051
17.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 1058
17.2 A One-Factor Experiment with Random Treatment Effects......Page 1061
17.3 Extensions of Random-Effects Models......Page 1065
17.4 Mixed-Effects Models......Page 1073
17.5 Rules for Obtaining Expected Mean Squares......Page 1077
17.6 Nested Factors......Page 1087
17.7 Research Study: Factors Affecting Pressure Drops Across Expansion Joints......Page 1092
17.8 Summary......Page 1097
17.9 Exercises......Page 1098
18.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 1108
18.2 Split-Plot Designed Experiments......Page 1112
18.3 Single-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures......Page 1118
18.4 Two-Factor Experiments with Repeated Measures on One of the Factors......Page 1122
18.5 Crossover Designs......Page 1129
18.6 Research Study: Effects of Oil Spill on Plant Growth......Page 1137
18.8 Exercises......Page 1139
19.1 Introduction and Abstract of Research Study......Page 1152
19.2 A Randomized Block Design with One or More Missing Observations......Page 1154
19.3 A Latin Square Design with Missing Data......Page 1160
19.4 Balanced Incomplete Block (BIB) Designs......Page 1165
19.5 Research Study: Evaluation of the Consistency of Property Assessment......Page 1172
19.6 Summary and Key Formulas......Page 1176
19.7 Exercises......Page 1177
16 Percentage Points of the Normal Probability Plot Correlation Coefficient, r.......Page 1186
ch01-02......Page 1227
ch03......Page 1228
ch04......Page 1231
ch05......Page 1233
ch06......Page 1235
ch07......Page 1237
ch08......Page 1239
ch09......Page 1241
ch10......Page 1242
ch11......Page 1246
ch12......Page 1250
ch13......Page 1252
ch14......Page 1256
ch15......Page 1258
ch16......Page 1259
ch17......Page 1261
ch18......Page 1262
ch19......Page 1263
References......Page 1267
INDEX......Page 1271
Student’s t distribution......Page 1292
Percentage points of the Studentized range......Page 1293