An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development: Plant Anatomy for the Twenty-First Century

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Preface to the second edition......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
General references......Page 22
Perspective: the origin of vascular plants......Page 25
Structural adaptations......Page 27
Preview of subsequent chapters......Page 29
References......Page 30
Further Reading......Page 31
Perspective: origin of multicellularity......Page 32
Some aspects of the shoot system of the vascular plant......Page 34
Apical meristems......Page 37
Primary tissue regions of the stem and root......Page 41
Vascular bundle types......Page 47
Secondary growth......Page 50
Cells of the xylem......Page 53
Cells of the phloem......Page 57
References......Page 59
Further Reading......Page 60
Perspective......Page 62
The cytoplasm......Page 63
The plasma membrane......Page 64
The nucleus and ribosomes......Page 65
The internal membrane system......Page 66
Golgi bodies......Page 68
Mitochondria......Page 69
Plastids......Page 70
Spherosomes and microbodies......Page 71
Actin microfilaments......Page 72
The cytoskeleton......Page 73
Movement of organelles in the protoplast......Page 75
Ergastic substances......Page 77
References......Page 79
Further Reading......Page 81
Perspective......Page 82
Structure and composition of the cell wall......Page 83
Growth of the cell wall......Page 89
Cell wall development......Page 92
Plasmodesmata......Page 96
References......Page 101
Further Reading......Page 105
Apical meristems......Page 107
Formation of leaf primordia......Page 114
Transitional tissue regions......Page 116
Intercalary meristems......Page 119
The primary peripheral thickening meristem of monocotyledons......Page 120
Cell growth and development......Page 121
The effect of hormones on cell growth and development......Page 122
Genetic control of cell growth and development......Page 123
Role of the cytoskeleton in cell growth and development......Page 124
Cell shaping by microtubules......Page 126
References......Page 127
Further Reading......Page 130
Perspective......Page 132
Cellular composition and patterns of development of primary xylem......Page 133
Cellular composition and patterns of development of primary phloem......Page 136
Differentiation of primary vascular tissues......Page 137
The role of auxin in the development of the primary vascular system......Page 143
References......Page 145
Further Reading......Page 146
Nodal structure of pteridophytes......Page 147
Sympodial systems of seed plants......Page 149
Leaf trace lacunae......Page 158
The cauline vs. foliar nature of vascular bundles in the eustele......Page 159
Phyllotaxy......Page 160
References......Page 163
Further Reading......Page 164
Epidermis of the shoot......Page 165
Stomata......Page 173
Signal transduction and movement in guard cells......Page 176
Development of stomata......Page 177
References......Page 179
Further Reading......Page 180
Perspective: role of the vascular cambium......Page 181
The effect of secondary growth on the primary body......Page 184
The effect of secondary growth on leaf and branch traces......Page 186
Further Reading......Page 189
Structure of the vascular cambium......Page 190
General overview of cambial activity......Page 193
Plant hormones and cambial activity......Page 197
Submicroscopic structure of cambial initials......Page 198
The onset of dormancy and the reactivation of dormant cambium......Page 199
Cytokinesis in fusiform initials......Page 201
References......Page 202
Further Reading......Page 205
Overview of the structure of secondary xylem......Page 208
Secondary xylem of gymnosperms......Page 211
Resin ducts......Page 217
Tracheids......Page 218
Fiber-tracheids......Page 219
Libriform fibers......Page 220
Vessel members......Page 221
Differentiation of tracheary elements......Page 223
Patterns of distribution of xylary elements and rays......Page 231
Tyloses......Page 235
Evolution in secondary xylem of dicotyledons......Page 237
Mechanism of water transport......Page 239
References......Page 240
Further Reading......Page 244
Perspective: evolution of the phloem......Page 246
Gross structure and development of the phloem......Page 247
The nature and development of the cell wall of sieve elements......Page 252
Role of the cytoskeleton in wall development......Page 255
The nature and development of the protoplast of sieve elements......Page 256
Nature and function of P-protein......Page 258
Distinctive features of the phloem of gymnosperms......Page 260
The nature and function of companion cells and Strasburger cells......Page 261
The mechanism of transport in the phloem......Page 265
References......Page 266
Further Reading......Page 269
Periderm: structure and development......Page 271
Formation of rhytidome......Page 274
Lenticels......Page 276
The outer protective layer of monocotyledons......Page 277
Further Reading......Page 278
Primary peripheral thickening meristem......Page 279
Secondary growth in monocotyledons......Page 280
Anomalous stem and root structure......Page 281
Further Reading......Page 287
Substances secreted by plants......Page 288
Mechanisms of secretion......Page 289
Internal secretory structures......Page 290
External secretory structures......Page 294
References......Page 300
Further Reading......Page 302
Perspective: evolution of the root......Page 303
Gross morphology......Page 305
Contractile roots and other highly specialized root systems......Page 306
Apical meristems......Page 307
The quiescent center and its role in development......Page 310
Primary tissues and tissue regions......Page 312
Lateral transport of water and minerals in the young root......Page 319
Development of primary tissues......Page 321
Auxin and tissue patterning......Page 325
Lateral root development......Page 326
Secondary growth......Page 330
The root cap: its function and role in gravitropism......Page 331
Mycorrhizae......Page 336
Nitrogen fixation in root nodules......Page 337
Root–stem transition......Page 339
References......Page 340
Further Reading......Page 345
Perspective: evolution of the leaf......Page 348
Basic leaf structure......Page 349
Leaf development......Page 358
The role of the cytoskeleton in leaf development......Page 364
The role of genetics in leaf development......Page 365
Variations in leaf form, structure, and arrangement......Page 367
Photosynthesis and phloem loading......Page 370
Leaf structure of C3 and C4 plants......Page 372
Supporting structures in leaves......Page 373
Transfusion tissue in conifers......Page 374
Leaf abscission......Page 375
References......Page 377
Further Reading......Page 381
Perspective: the plant life cycle......Page 385
Reproduction in gymnosperms......Page 386
Reproduction in angiosperms......Page 390
Development of the seed in angiosperms......Page 397
Fruit development and the role of fruits in seed dispersal......Page 401
Seed germination and development of the seedling......Page 404
Floral morphogenesis......Page 405
Pollen–pistil interactions......Page 408
Self-incompatibility......Page 411
Role of the cytoskeleton in pollen tube growth......Page 412
References......Page 414
Further Reading......Page 418
Glossary......Page 422
Index......Page 457