An introduction to highway engineering

Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
1.2 The administration of highway schemes......Page 16
1.3 Sources of funding......Page 17
1.4.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.4.2 Travel data......Page 19
1.4.3 Highway planning strategies......Page 21
1.4.4 Transportation studies......Page 22
1.5.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.5.2 Economic assessment......Page 25
1.5.3 Environmental assessment......Page 26
1.5.4 Public consultation......Page 27
1.6 Summary......Page 28
1.7 References......Page 29
2.1 Basic principles of traffic demand analysis......Page 30
2.2 Demand modelling......Page 31
2.3 Land use models......Page 33
2.4 Trip generation......Page 34
2.5.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.5.2 The gravity model......Page 38
2.5.3 Growth factor models......Page 41
2.5.4 The Furness method (Furness, 1965)......Page 42
2.6 Modal split......Page 46
2.7 Traffic assignment......Page 49
2.8.1 Trip production......Page 51
2.8.2 Trip distribution......Page 52
2.8.3 Modal split......Page 55
2.8.4 Trip assignment......Page 56
2.9 Concluding comments......Page 57
2.10 References......Page 58
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.2 Economic appraisal of highway schemes......Page 60
3.3.2 Identifying the main project options......Page 61
3.3.3 Identifying all relevant costs and benefits......Page 63
3.3.4 Economic life, residual value and the discount rate......Page 65
3.3.5 Use of economic indicators to assess basic economic viability......Page 66
3.3.6 Highway CBA worked example......Page 68
3.3.7 COBA......Page 71
3.3.8 Advantages and disadvantages of cost-benefit analysis......Page 73
3.4 Payback analysis......Page 74
3.5 Environmental appraisal of highway schemes......Page 76
3.6 The new approach to appraisal (NATA)......Page 81
3.8 References......Page 87
4.2 Speed, flow and density of a stream of traffic......Page 88
4.2.1 Speed-density relationship......Page 89
4.2.3 Speed-flow relationship......Page 91
4.3 Determining the capacity of a highway......Page 93
4.4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.4.2 Some definitions......Page 95
4.4.3 Maximum service flow rates for multi-lane highways......Page 96
4.4.4 Maximum service flow rates for 2-lane highways......Page 101
4.4.5 Sizing a road using the Highway Capacity Manual approach......Page 105
4.5.2 Estimation of AADT for a rural road in its year of opening......Page 107
4.6.1 Introduction......Page 110
4.6.2 Forecast flows on urban roads......Page 111
4.7 Expansion of 12 and 16-hour traffic counts into AADT flows......Page 112
4.9 References......Page 116
5.1 Introduction......Page 118
5.2.3 Short-term variations in flow......Page 119
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 120
5.3.2 Equations for determining capacities and delays......Page 125
5.3.3 Geometric layout details (DoT, 1995)......Page 132
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 134
5.4.2 Types of roundabout......Page 135
5.4.3 Traffic capacity at roundabouts......Page 140
5.4.4 Geometric details......Page 145
5.5.1 Introduction......Page 147
5.5.3 Saturation flow......Page 148
5.5.4 Effective green time......Page 153
5.5.5 Optimum cycle time......Page 154
5.5.6 Average vehicle delays at the approach to a signalised intersection......Page 157
5.5.7 Average queue lengths at the approach to a signalised intersection......Page 159
5.5.8 Signal linkage......Page 161
5.7 References......Page 166
6.1 Basic physical elements of a highway......Page 168
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 170
6.2.2 Urban roads......Page 171
6.2.3 Rural roads......Page 172
6.3 Geometric parameters dependent on design speed......Page 177
6.4.2 Stopping sight distance......Page 178
6.4.3 Overtaking sight distance......Page 180
6.5.1 General......Page 182
6.5.2 Deriving the minimum radius equation......Page 183
6.5.3 Horizontal curves and sight distances......Page 185
6.5.4 Transitions......Page 188
6.6.1 General......Page 193
6.6.3 Visibility and comfort criteria......Page 194
6.6.4 Parabolic formula......Page 195
6.6.6 Vertical crest curve design and sight distance requirements......Page 198
6.6.7 Vertical sag curve design and sight distance requirements......Page 204
6.7 References......Page 206
7.1 Introduction......Page 207
7.2.2 CBR test......Page 209
7.2.3 Determination of CBR using plasticity index......Page 212
7.3.2 Thickness design......Page 215
7.3.3 Grading of subbase and capping......Page 216
7.4 Traffic loading......Page 218
7.5.1 Flexible pavements......Page 223
7.6.1 Bitumen......Page 224
7.6.2 Surface dressing and modified binders......Page 226
7.6.3 Recipe specifications......Page 228
7.6.4 Coated macadams......Page 229
7.6.5 Asphalts......Page 231
7.6.6 Aggregates......Page 232
7.6.7 Construction of bituminous road surfacings......Page 233
7.7.2 Concrete slab and joint details......Page 235
7.7.3 Reinforcement......Page 238
7.7.4 Construction of concrete road surfacings......Page 239
7.7.5 Curing and skid resistance......Page 242
7.8 References......Page 243
8.2.1 General......Page 244
8.2.2 Road Note 29......Page 245
8.2.3 LR1132......Page 246
8.2.4 HD 26/01......Page 253
8.3.1 Jointed concrete pavements (URC and JRC)......Page 257
8.3.2 Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP)......Page 263
8.4 References......Page 265
9.2 Forms of maintenance......Page 266
9.3 Compiling information on the pavement’s condition......Page 268
9.4 Deflection versus pavement condition......Page 273
9.5 Overlay design for bituminous roads......Page 275
9.6 Overlay design for concrete roads......Page 278
9.6.2 Concrete overlays......Page 279
9.7.1 Wet skidding......Page 285
9.7.2 Using SCRIM......Page 286
9.7.3 Grip tester......Page 287
9.8 References......Page 288
Index......Page 290