An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry

An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, SECOND EDITION......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Boxes......Page 12
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 14
Preface to the First Edition......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 21
1.1 What is environmental chemistry?......Page 26
1.3 Origin and evolution of the Earth......Page 27
1.3.1 Formation of the crust and atmosphere......Page 29
1.3.2 The hydrosphere......Page 30
1.3.3 The origin of life and evolution of the atmosphere......Page 33
1.4 Human effects on biogeochemical cycles?......Page 34
1.5 The structure of this book......Page 36
1.6 Internet keywords......Page 37
1.8 Internet search keywords......Page 38
2.2 Order in the elements?......Page 39
2.3.1 Covalent bonds......Page 44
2.3.2 Ionic bonding, ions and ionic solids......Page 45
2.4 Using chemical equations......Page 46
2.6 Concentration and activity......Page 47
2.7 Organic molecules — structure and chemistry......Page 48
2.7.1 Functional groups......Page 50
2.7.2 Representing organic matter in simple equations......Page 51
2.8 Radioactivity of elements......Page 52
2.9 Finding more chemical tools in this book......Page 54
2.11 Internet search keywords......Page 55
3.1 Introduction......Page 56
3.2 Composition of the atmosphere......Page 57
3.3 Steady state or equilibrium?......Page 60
3.4 Natural sources......Page 63
3.4.1 Geochemical sources......Page 64
3.4.2 Biological sources......Page 66
3.5 Reactivity of trace substances in the atmosphere......Page 69
3.6 The urban atmosphere......Page 70
3.6.1 London smog — primary pollution......Page 71
3.6.2 Los Angeles smog — secondary pollution......Page 73
3.6.3 21st-century particulate pollution......Page 77
3.7 Air pollution and health......Page 78
3.8 Effects of air pollution......Page 80
3.9 Removal processes......Page 81
3.10 Chemistry of the stratosphere......Page 83
3.10.1 Stratospheric ozone formation and destruction......Page 84
3.10.2 Ozone destruction by halogenated species......Page 86
3.10.3 Saving the ozone layer......Page 88
3.11 Further reading......Page 89
3.12 Internet search keywords......Page 90
4.1 The terrestrial environment, crust and material cycling......Page 91
4.2.1 Coordination of ions and the radius ratio rule......Page 95
4.2.3 Structural organization in silicate minerals......Page 98
4.3 Weathering processes......Page 101
4.4.2 Oxidation......Page 102
4.4.3 Acid hydrolysis......Page 108
4.4.4 Weathering of complex silicate minerals......Page 109
4.5 Clay minerals......Page 112
4.5.2 Two to one clay mineral structure......Page 113
4.6 Formation of soils......Page 118
4.6.2 Climate (cl)......Page 119
4.6.3 Relief (r)......Page 122
4.6.5 Influence of organisms (o)......Page 124
4.7 Wider controls on soil and clay mineral formation......Page 129
4.8 Ion exchange and soil pH......Page 136
4.9 Soil structure and classification......Page 137
4.9.2 Spodosols (podzols)......Page 138
4.9.3 Soils with gley horizons......Page 142
4.10.1 Organic contaminants in soils......Page 144
4.10.2 Degradation of organic contaminants in soils......Page 150
4.10.3 Remediation of contaminated land......Page 154
4.10.4 Phytoremediation......Page 162
4.11 Further reading......Page 169
4.12 Internet search keywords......Page 170
5.1 Introduction......Page 171
5.2 Element chemistry......Page 172
5.3 Water chemistry and weathering regimes......Page 175
5.3.1 Alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and pH buffering......Page 181
5.4 Aluminium solubility and acidity......Page 185
5.4.2 Acid mine drainage......Page 186
5.4.3 Recognizing acidification from sulphate data — ternary diagrams......Page 189
5.5 Biological processes......Page 191
5.5.1 Nutrients and eutrophication......Page 193
5.6.1 Mercury contamination from gold mining......Page 200
5.7 Contamination of groundwater......Page 204
5.7.1 Anthropogenic contamination of groundwater......Page 206
5.7.2 Natural arsenic contamination of groundwater......Page 208
5.9 Internet search keywords......Page 210
6.1 Introduction......Page 211
6.2 Estuarine processes......Page 212
6.2.1 Aggregation of colloidal material in estuaries......Page 213
6.2.2 Mixing processes in estuaries......Page 214
6.2.3 Halmyrolysis and ion exchange in estuaries......Page 216
6.2.4 Microbiological activity in estuaries......Page 217
6.3 Major ion chemistry of seawater......Page 219
6.4 Chemical cycling of major ions......Page 221
6.4.2 Evaporites......Page 224
6.4.3 Cation exchange......Page 225
6.4.4 Calcium carbonate formation......Page 226
6.4.5 Opaline silica......Page 235
6.4.6 Sulphides......Page 236
6.4.7 Hydrothermal processes......Page 238
6.4.8 The potassium problem: balancing the seawater major ion budget......Page 244
6.5.2 Dissolved ions......Page 246
6.5.4 Nutrient-like behaviour......Page 248
6.5.5 Scavenged behaviour......Page 253
6.6 The role of iron as a nutrient in the oceans......Page 257
6.7 Ocean circulation and its effects on trace element distribution......Page 259
6.8.1 Human effects on regional seas 1: the Baltic......Page 263
6.8.3 Human effects on total ocean minor element budgets......Page 265
6.9 Further reading......Page 267
6.10 Internet search keywords......Page 268
7.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry?......Page 269
7.2.1 The atmospheric record......Page 270
7.2.2 Natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks......Page 272
7.2.3 The global budget of natural and anthropogenic carbon dioxide......Page 281
7.2.4 The effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on global temperature and other properties......Page 287
7.3.1 The global sulphur cycle and anthropogenic effects......Page 292
7.3.2 The sulphur cycle and atmospheric acidity......Page 295
7.3.3 The sulphur cycle and climate......Page 301
7.4.1 Persistent organic pollutant mobility in the atmosphere......Page 304
7.4.2 Global persistent organic polllutant equilibrium......Page 308
7.6 Internet search keywords......Page 311
Index......Page 313
Color plates......Page 164