An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl

Preface
How to Use This Book
Part one
Preliminary Lesson: Phonetics and Writing
Lesson One: Intransitive Verbs, Word Order, Absolutive Suffix
   1.1 Present Tense of Intransitive Verbs
   1.2 Form of the Prefixes in Front of a Vowel
   1.3 Assimilation of Nasals
   1.4 Word Order
   1.5 Number in Nouns and the Absolutive Suffix
Lesson Two: Nouns and Nominal Predicates, the Plural of Nouns, Questions and Negation
   2.1 Nominal Predicates
   2.2 Forms of the Absolutive Suffix
   2.3 Nouns without the Absolutive Suffix
   2.4 Plural of Nouns
   2.5 Details about the Plural
   2.6 Pluralizable Inanimate Objects
   2.7 The Particle Ca
   2.8 Word Order and Focalization
   2.9 Questions and Negation
Lesson Three: Transitive Verbs
   3.1 Object Prefixes
   3.2 Writing of /k/
   3.3 The Helping Vowel /i/ with the Third Person Object
   3.4 Third Person Plural Object
   3.5 Combination with a Noun Object
   3.6 Indefinite Prefixes
   3.7 Variation in the Stem after -tla-
   3.8 Word Order in Transitive Constructions
   3.9 Focalization of the Object
Lesson Four: Emphatic, Interrogative, Demonstrative and Negative Pronouns
   4.1 Emphatic Pronouns
   4.2 Predication and Focalization with the Emphatic Pronouns
   4.3 Topicalized Pronouns
   4.4 ‘Who?’
   4.5 Demonstratives
   4.6 Demonstratives Combined with in
   4.7 In and On after a Noun
   4.8 ‘What?’
   4.9 ‘No One’, ‘Nothing’
   4.10 Interrogatives Preceded by in
Lesson Five: Irregular Verbs, Introduction to Locatives
   5.1 Câ ‘To Be’
   5.2 Yauh ‘To Go’
   5.3 Hutz ‘To Come’
   5.4 Locatives
   5.5 Syntax of Locatives
   5.6 No Indication of Direction with Locatives
   5.7 Nicn and mpa with Another Locative
   5.8 The Suffix -pa
Lesson Six: Directional and Reflexive Prefixes
   6.1 Directional Prefixes
   6.2 Metaphorical Uses of the Directional Prefixes
   6.3 The Helping Vowel in Front of -c-on-
   6.4 Order of Prefixes
   6.5 Reflexive Prefixes
   6.6 Meaning of the Reflexive
   6.7 Morphology of the Reflexive in Front of a Vowel
Lesson Seven: Quantifiers, Zan, Ye, Oc
   7.1 Number Nouns
   7.2 Place for Numbers
   7.3 Plural of Numbers
   7.4 Plural of c
   7.5 Numbers as Predicates
   7.6 Other Quantifiers
      7.6.1 Miyac
      7.6.2 Moch
   7.7 Counting Nouns
   7.8 Zan, Ye, Oc
   7.9 Ayamo and Aoc
Lesson Eight: Preterite Tense
   8.1 Introduction to the Tenses
   8.2 Principles for Forming the Preterite
   8.3 Formation of Base 2 by Dropping the Final Vowel
   8.4 Modification of the Final Consonant
   8.5 Base 2 Formed by Dropping the Final Vowel and Adding a Glottal Stop
   8.6 Base 2 Formed with the Glottal Stop without Dropping the Final Vowel
   8.7 Base 2 without Modification
   8.8 The Augment
   8.9 The Tense with Ayamo
   8.10 Preterite of Irregular Verbs
Lesson Nine: Imperative/Optative, Vocative, Future, Imperfect
   9.1 Imperative/Optative
   9.2 Variants of x-
   9.3 Lengthening of the Stem Vowel
   9.4 Imperative/Optative in Irregular Verbs
   9.5 The Optative in Other Persons
   9.6 Negation of the Optative
   9.7 Vocative of Nouns
   9.8 Morphology of the Future
   9.9 Meaning of the Future
   9.10 The Imperfect
Lesson Ten: Possessed Forms of the Noun
   10.1 Morphology of the Possessed Form
   10.2 Forms of the Possessive Suffix
   10.3 Possessive Prefixes
   10.4 Plural of the Possessed Forms
   10.5 Syntax of Possessed Nouns
   10.6 Constructions Indicating Possession
   10.7 Dropping of Short Vowels in the Possessed Form
   10.8 Retention of Short Vowels in Nouns Ending in -atl, -itl
   10.9 Possessed Form of Monosyllables
   10.10 Vocative of Possessed Forms
Lesson Eleven: Inherent Possession, the Suffix -y, ‘To Have’, Possessive Nouns
   11.1 Nouns for Family Relationships
   11.2 Nouns for Parts of the Body
   11.3 The Suffix -y
   11.4 -y in the Possessed Form
   11.5 -y of Inalienable Possession
   11.6 ‘To Have’: Piya and Possessed Forms
   11.7 Possessive Nouns
   11.8 -huâ or -ê?
   11.9 Possessive Nouns in -yô
   11.10 The Possessed and Derivative Forms of Possessive Nouns
Lesson Twelve: Nominal Suffixes, “Adjectives”
   12.1 Honorific, Deprecatory, Diminutive and Augmentative Suffixes
      12.1.1 -tzin
      12.1.2 -tn
      12.1.3 -pl
      12.1.4 -pil
      12.1.5 -zol
   12.2 The Problem of Adjectives
   12.3 ‘Large’ and ‘Small’
   12.4 “Adjectives” in -qui
   12.5 “Adjectives” in -huac and Verbs in -hua
   12.6 “Adjectives” in -tic
   12.7 “Adjectives” in -c
   12.8 Derivation of Adjectives
   12.9 ‘Very’
Lesson Thirteen: The Principal Locative Suffixes
   13.1 The Suffix -c(o)
   13.2 Placement of Locatives
   13.3 Possessed Locatives
   13.4 Locative nouns: -pan
   13.5 -cpac
   13.6 -tlan
   13.7 -tech
   13.8 Chn(-tli)
   13.9 Honorific Locatives
   13.10 Locatives and “Adjectives”
Lesson Fourteen: Coordination, Phrases of Time and Manner
   14.1 ‘And’
      14.1.1 hun
      14.1.2 Auh
      14.1.3 Juxtaposition
   14.2 N, Àzo, Ànozo
   14.3 -(ti)ca
   14.4 Ic
   14.5 Iuh(qui)
   14.6 Qun
   14.7 ‘When?’: c
   14.8 ‘When?’: Qumman
   14.9 Subordinate Temporal Clauses
   14.10 Quin
Lesson Fifteen: Impersonal and Passive Verb Forms
   15.1 Impersonal Forms of Intransitive Verbs with Animate Subjects
   15.2 Morphology of the Impersonal Voice
   15.3 Inanimate Impersonal in tla-
   15.4 Passive Voice
   15.5 Morphology of the Passive
      15.5.1 Regular Formation
      15.5.2 Other Formations
   15.6 Impersonal Forms of Intransitive Verbs Based on the Passive Stem
   15.7 Impersonal Form of Transitive Verbs
   15.8 Reflexive Impersonal
   15.9 Reflexive and Passive
   15.10 Inherently Impersonal Verbs
   15.11 The Third Person Plural Substituting for the Impersonal
   15.12 Alternation between Impersonal and Personal Forms
Review Exercises for Part One
Part two
Lesson Sixteen: Agent Nouns, the -ni Form
   16.1 The Preterite as Agent Noun
   16.2 Inanimate “Agent Nouns”
   16.3 The -ni Form
   16.4 Plural of the -ni Form
   16.5 -ni Form and Preterite
   16.6 -ni Form of the Passive
   16.7 -ni Form of the Impersonal: Instrument Nouns
   16.8 Possessed Form of the Instrument Noun
   16.9 Use of the -ni Form in Wishes
Lesson Seventeen: Compound Nouns, Verbal Incorporation
   17.1 Compound Nouns
   17.2 Meaning of Compounds
   17.3 Verb Incorporation
      17.3.1 Object Incorporation
      17.3.2 Modifying Incorporation
   17.4 Impersonal and Passive Forms of Compounds
      17.4.1 Modifying Incorporation
      17.4.2 Object Incorporation
   17.5 Placement of tla-
Lesson Eighteen: Bitransitive Verbs, Ambitransitive Verbs
   18.1 Introduction to Bitransitive Verbs
   18.2 Reduction of Definite Object Prefixes
   18.3 Retention of the Third Person Plural -im-
   18.4 The Reflexive with Bitransitive Verbs
   18.5 Passive/Impersonal Forms of Bitransitive Verbs
   18.6 Incorporation with Bitransitive Verbs
   18.7 Ambitransitive Verbs
   18.8 Àci and Mati
   18.9 yi
Lesson Nineteen: Causative Verbs
   19.1 Introduction to Causative Verbs
   19.2 Morphology of Causative Verbs
   19.3 Notes on the Meaning of the Causative
   19.4 Causatives of Itta
   19.5 Causatives of Mati
   19.6 Causative of the Reflexive
   19.7 Passive and Impersonal of the Causative
   19.8 Semi-Causatives
   19.9 Semi-Causatives of Verbs in -o
   19.10 Restrictions on the Formation of Causatives
Lesson Twenty: Applicative Verbs
   20.1 Introduction to Applicative Verbs
   20.2 The Suffix -lia
   20.3 Applicatives in -ia, -(l)huia
   20.4 Applicative in the Form of a Causative
   20.5 Notes on the Meaning of the Applicative
   20.6 Applicative of the Reflexive
   20.7 Passive of the Applicative
   20.8 Applicative of the Causative
   20.9 Semi-Applicative Verbs
   20.10 Applicative and Incorporation
Lesson Twenty-One: Honorific and Deprecatory Verbs
   21.1 Introduction to Honorific Verbs
   21.2 General Principle for Forming the Honorific
   21.3 Honorific of Intransitives
   21.4 Honorific of Transitives
   21.5 Honorific of the Object
   21.6 Honorific of Bitransitives
   21.7 Honorific of Reflexives
   21.8 Double Reflexive
   21.9 Restrictions on the Honorific
   21.10 Deprecatory Verbs
Lesson Twenty-Two: Pluperfect, Counterfactual, Vetitive, Directional Conjugations
   22.1 The Pluperfect
   22.2 The Counterfactual
   22.3 The Vetitive
   22.4 The Directional of Motion Toward
   22.5 The Directional of Motion Away
Lesson Twenty-Three: Morphological Peculiarities of Certain Nouns and Verbs
   23.1 Suffixless Nouns
   23.2 Nouns Borrowed from Spanish
   23.3 Tlpchtli and Ichpchtli
   23.4 Huhuê and Ilamâ
   23.5 chcuh and Iccuh
   23.6 Peculiarities of Certain Preterites
   23.7 Verbs of State
   23.8 Suffix -tz
Lesson Twenty-Four: More on Locatives
   24.1 Review of Locatives
   24.2 Other Locative Noun Suffixes
      24.2.1 -tlc and -nhuac
      24.2.2 -tzlan and -nepantlâ
      24.2.3 -huc
      24.2.4 -campa
   24.3 Locative Suffixes with Non-Spatial Meaning
      24.3.1 -hun
      24.3.2 -pal
      24.3.3 -pampa
      24.3.4 -teuh
   24.4 -tlâ
   24.5 Compound Locatives
   24.6 Tla- as Possessive Prefix of Locative
   24.7 Cecni
   24.8 -cn
   24.9 -yn
   24.10 ‘Himself ’ etc.
   24.11 Words for Position
   24.12 Demonstrative Locatives
Lesson Twenty-Five: More on Quantifiers
   25.1 Quxquich
   25.2 zqui and xquich
   25.3 Cequi
   25.4 ‘Very Big’ and ‘Very Small’
   25.5 Aquì-
   25.6 Numbers from 20 to 399
   25.7 Counting above 400
   25.8 -pa Added to Quantifiers
   25.9 -ca Added to Quantifiers
   25.10 -(i)xtin
   25.11 Cl and El
      25.11.1 Cl ‘Alone’
      25.11.2 El ‘By Himself ’
   25.12 Counting Nouns (cont'd)
Lesson Twenty-Six: Details about Number and Person, Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs
   26.1 Coordination of Noun and Pronoun
   26.2 Nouns in the First and Second Person
   26.3 Number Agreement with Juxtaposed Nouns
   26.4 Titèhun
   26.5 -pô
   26.6 ‘A Man’, ‘a Woman’
   26.7 ‘Together’, ‘Each Other’
   26.8 Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs
   26.9 Qummanyn
   26.10 Iyô
   26.11 Amî
   26.12 Tìquê, Amìquê
   26.13 Ctlèhutl, Ctlia, Ctlî
Lesson Twenty-Seven: Compound Verbs
   27.1 Auxiliary Verbs
      27.1.1 Câ
      27.1.2 Ìcac
      27.1.3 Oc
      27.1.4 Mani
      27.1.5 Nemi
      27.1.6 Yauh
      27.1.7 Hutz
      27.1.8 Calaqui
      27.1.9 Huetzi
      27.1.10 hua
      27.1.11 Quza
      27.1.12 Àci
   27.2 Transitive Reflexive Auxiliaries
   27.3 Non-Reflexive Transitive Auxiliaries
   27.4 Auxiliaries Added to Auxiliaries
   27.5 Auxiliaries Added to Possessive Nouns
   27.6 Stems Appearing Only with Auxiliaries
   27.7 Verbal Compounds with -c-
Lesson Twenty-Eight: Reduplication outside of the Plural, More on Verbs
   28.1 Verbal Reduplication in /CV:/
   28.2 /CV:/ Reduplication with Numbers
   28.3 /CV:/ Reduplication with Locatives
   28.4 /CV′/ Reduplication
   28.5 Morphology of the /CV′/ Reduplication
   28.6 /CV′/ outside of Verbs
   28.7 /CV/ Reduplication
   28.8 Verbs in -ni
   28.9 Nequi as Auxiliary
   28.10 Mati, Toca, (Nè)nequi
   28.11 -tlani
Lesson Twenty-Nine: Derivative Verbs
   29.1 Verbs from Non-Verbal “Adjectives” in -c
      29.1.1 Intransitive Derived Verbs in -ya
      29.1.2 Transitive Derived Verbs in -lia
   29.2 -ti
   29.3 -tic, -tiya, -tilia
   29.4 Verbs with Possessive Prefixes
   29.5 -tia
   29.6 Verbs Based on Nouns in -y
   29.7 -oa
   29.8 -huia
   29.9 -tla
Lesson Thirty: Derivative Nouns
   30.1 Action Nouns
   30.2 Object Nouns: Regular Formation
   30.3 Other Ways to Form Object Nouns
   30.4 Nouns of State
   30.5 Thematic Nouns
   30.6 Delocative Nouns (Names for Inhabitants)
Lesson Thirty-One: Noun Clauses
   31.1 Clauses as Subject or Object: Indirect Questions
   31.2 Object Noun Clauses
   31.3 Noun Clauses with the Future
   31.4 Noun Clauses with the -ni Form and Optative
   31.5 Noun Clauses Introduced by in ic
   31.6 Noun Clauses as Subject
   31.7 Noun Clause Not Represented with a Prefix
Lesson Thirty-Two: Attributives, Relative Clauses, Copula Verbs, Semi-Auxiliaries
   32.1 Attributives
   32.2 Relative Clauses
   32.3 Relatives for Relationships Other Than Subject/Object
   32.4 Copula Verbs
   32.5 Semi-Auxiliaries
Lesson Thirty-Three: Comparisons, Clauses of Result, Purpose and Cause
   33.1 Comparative
   33.2 Equation
   33.3 Superlative
   33.4 Result
   33.5 Purpose
   33.6 Cause
   33.7 Yê and -ê
Lesson Thirty-Four: Conditions, More Particles
   34.1 Conditional Clauses
   34.2 Semi-Hypothetical Conditions
      34.1.1 Past Contrafactual
      34.1.2 Present Contrafactual
      34.1.3 Hypothetical
      34.1.4 Simple Future
   34.3 Concessive Clauses
   34.4 Tl
   34.5 Nel
   34.6 Cul
   34.7 Mâ
Lesson Thirty-Five: Temporal Clauses, Particles, Interjections
   35.1 More on Temporal Clauses
   35.2 Expressions for Various Temporal Relationships
   35.3 Particles for Statement Modulation
   35.4 Ach
   35.5 Mach
   35.6 Connectives
   35.7 Interjections and Exclamations
Appendix One: Traditional Orthography
Appendix Two: Inflexional Patterns
Appendix Three: The Aztec Calendar
Appendix Four: Key to the Exercises
Nahuatl-to-English Vocabulary
English-to-Nahuatl Vocabulary
Index