An Introduction to Brain and Behavior

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Inside Front Cover
	Half Title Page
	About the Cover
	Title Page
	Dedication
	Copyright Page
	About the Authors
	Contents in Brief
	Contents
	Preface
	Media and Supplements
Chapter 1 What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?
	Clinical Focus 1-1: Living with Traumatic Brain Injury
	1-1 The Brain in the Twenty-First Century
		Why Study Brain and Behavior?
		What Is the Brain?
		What Is Behavior?
	1-2 Perspectives on Brain and Behavior
		Aristotle and Mentalism
		Descartes and Dualism
			Comparative Focus 1-2: The Speaking Brain
		Darwin and Materialism
			Experiment 1-1: Question: How do parents transmit heritable factors to offspring?
		Contemporary Perspectives on Brain and Behavior
	1-3 Evolution of Brains and of Behavior
		Origin of Brain Cells and Brains
			The Basics: Classification of Life
		Evolution of Nervous Systems in Animals
		Chordate Nervous System
	1-4 Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior
		Humans: Members of the Primate Order
		Australopithecus: Our Distant Ancestor
		The First Humans
		Relating Brain Size and Behavior
			Comparative Focus 1-3: The Elephant’s Brain
		Why the Hominid Brain Enlarged
	1-5 Modern Human Brain Size and Intelligence
		Meaning of Human Brain Size Comparisons
		Acquisition of Culture
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 2 What Is the Nervous System’s Functional Anatomy?
	Research Focus 2-1: Agenesis of the Cerebellum
	2-1 Overview of Brain Function and Structure
		Plastic Patterns of Neural Organization
		Functional Organization of the Nervous System
		The Brain’s Surface Features
			The Basics: Finding Your Way Around the Brain
			Clinical Focus 2-2: Meningitis and Encephalitis
			Clinical Focus 2-3: Stroke
		The Brain’s Internal Features
	2-2 The Conserved Pattern of Nervous System Development
		Comparative Brain Evolution
		The Nervous System and Intelligent Behavior
			Experiment 2-1: Question: Does intelligent behavior require a vertebrate nervous system organization?
	2-3 The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior
		Spinal Cord
		Brainstem
		Forebrain
		Cerebral Cortex
		Basal Ganglia
	2-4 Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information
		Cranial Nerves
		Spinal Nerves
		Somatic Nervous System Connections
		Integrating Spinal Functions
			Clinical Focus 2-4: Bell Palsy
	2-5 Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations
		ANS: Regulating Internal Functions
		ENS: Controlling the Gut
	2-6 Ten Principles of Nervous System Function
		Principle 1: The Nervous System Produces Movement in a Perceptual World the Brain Constructs
		Principle 2: Neuroplasticity Is the Hallmark of Nervous System Functioning
		Principle 3: Many Brain Circuits Are Crossed
		Principle 4: The CNS Functions on Multiple Levels
		Principle 5: The Brain Is Symmetrical and Asymmetrical
		Principle 6: Brain Systems Are Organized Hierarchically and in Parallel
		Principle 7: Sensory and Motor Divisions Permeate the Nervous System
		Principle 8: The Brain Divides Sensory Input for Object Recognition and Movement
		Principle 9: Brain Functions Are Localized and Distributed
		Principle 10: The Nervous System Works by Juxtaposing Excitation and Inhibition
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 3 What Are the Nervous System’s Functional Units?
	Research Focus 3-1: A Genetic Diagnosis
	3-1 Cells of the Nervous System
		Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing
			Experiment 3-1: Question: Can the principles of neural excitation and inhibition control the activity of a simple robot that behaves like a cricket?
		Five Types of Glial Cells
			Clinical Focus 3-2: Brain Tumors
	3-2 Internal Structure of a Cell
		The Basics: Chemistry Review
		The Cell as a Factory
		Cell Membrane: Barrier and Gatekeeper
		The Nucleus and Protein Synthesis
		The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Manufacture
		Proteins: The Cell’s Product
		Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment
		Crossing the Cell Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps
	3-3 Genes, Cells, and Behavior
		Mendelian Genetics and the Genetic Code
		Applying Mendel’s Principles
			Clinical Focus 3-3: Huntington Disease
		Genetic Engineering
		Phenotypic Plasticity and the Epigenetic Code
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 4 How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information?
	Clinical Focus 4-1: Epilepsy
	4-1 Searching for Electrical Activity in the Nervous System
		The Basics: Electricity and Electrical Stimulation
		Early Clues That Linked Electricity and Neuronal Activity
		Tools for Measuring a Neuron’s Electrical Activity
		How Ion Movement Produces Electrical Charges
	4-2 Electrical Activity of a Membrane
		Resting Potential
		Maintaining the Resting Potential
		Graded Potentials
		Action Potential
		Nerve Impulse
		Refractory Periods and Nerve Action
		Saltatory Conduction and the Myelin Sheath
			Clinical Focus 4-2: Multiple Sclerosis
	4-3 How Neurons Integrate Information
		Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
			Experiment 4-1: Question: How does stimulating a neuron influence its excitability?
		Summation of Inputs
		Voltage-Activated Channels and the Action Potential
		The Versatile Neuron
			Research Focus 4-3: Optogenetics and Light-Sensitive Ion Channels
	4-4 Into the Nervous System and Back Out
		How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials
		How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement
			Clinical Focus 4-4: ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 5 How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt?
	Research Focus 5-1: The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat
	5-1 A Chemical Message
		Experiment 5-1: Question: How does a neuron pass on a message?
		Clinical Focus 5-2: Parkinson Disease
		Structure of Synapses
		Neurotransmission in Five Steps
		Varieties of Synapses
		Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages
		Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems
	5-2 Varieties of Neurotransmitters and Receptors
		Four Criteria for Identifying Neurotransmitters
		Classes of Neurotransmitters
			Clinical Focus 5-3: Awakening with L-Dopa
		Varieties of Receptors
	5-3 Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior
		Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
		Dual Activating Systems of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
		Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Autonomy
		Four Activating Systems in the Central Nervous System
			Clinical Focus 5-4: The Case of the Frozen Addict
	5-4 Adaptive Role of Synapses in Learning and Memory
		Habituation Response
			Experiment 5-2: Question: What happens to the gill response after repeated stimulation?
		Sensitization Response
			Experiment 5-3: Question: What happens to the gill response in sensitization?
		Learning as a Change in Synapse Number
			Research Focus 5-5: Dendritic Spines: Small but Mighty
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 6 How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence Brain and Behavior?
	Clinical Focus 6-1: Cognitive Enhancement?
	6-1 Principles of Psychopharmacology
		Drug Routes into the Nervous System
		Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists
		An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action
		Tolerance
			Experiment 6-1: Question: Will the constant consumption of alcohol produce tolerance?
		Sensitization
			Experiment 6-2: Question: Does the injection of a drug always produce the same behavior?
	6-2 Psychoactive Drugs
		Adenosinergic
		Cholinergic
		GABAergic
			Clinical Focus 6-2: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
		Glutamatergic
		Dopaminergic
		Serotonergic
			Clinical Focus 6-3: Major Depression
		Opioidergic
		Cannabinergic
	6-3 Factors Influencing Individual Responses to Drugs
		Behavior on Drugs
		Addiction and Dependence
		Risk Factors in Addiction
	6-4 Explaining and Treating Drug Abuse
		Wanting-and-Liking Theory
		Why Doesn’t Everyone Become Addicted to Drugs?
		Treating Drug Abuse
		Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage?
			Clinical Focus 6-4: Drug-Induced Psychosis
	6-5 Hormones
		Hierarchical Control of Hormones
		Classes and Functions of Hormones
		Homeostatic Hormones
		Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids
		Glucocorticoids and Stress
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 7 How Do We Study the Brain’s Structures and Functions?
	Research Focus 7-1: Tuning In to Language
	7-1 Measuring and Manipulating Brain and Behavior
		Early Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
			Research Focus 7-2: Brainbow: Rainbow Neurons
			Experiment 7-1: Question: Do hippocampal neurons contribute to memory formation?
		Methods of Behavioral Neuroscience
		Manipulating Brain–Behavior Interactions
	7-2 Measuring the Brain’s Electrical Activity
		Recording Action Potentials from Single Cells
		EEG: Recording Graded Potentials from Thousands of Cells
		Mapping Brain Function with Event-Related Potentials
			Clinical Focus 7-3: Mild Head Injury and Depression
		Magnetoencephalography
	7-3 Anatomical Imaging Techniques: CT and MRI
	7-4 Functional Brain Imaging
		Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Optical Tomography
		Positron Emission Tomography
	7-5 Chemical and Genetic Measures of Brain and Behavior
		Measuring Brain Chemistry
		Measuring Genes in Brain and Behavior
			Clinical Focus 7-4: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Epigenetics: Measuring Gene Expression
	7-6 Comparing Neuroscience Research Methods
	7-7 Using Animals in Brain–Behavior Research
		Benefits of Animal Models of Disease
		Animal Welfare and Scientific Experimentation
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 8 How Does the Nervous System Develop and Adapt?
	Research Focus 8-1: Linking Socioeconomic Status to Cortical Development
	8-1 Three Perspectives on Brain Development
		Correlating Emerging Brain Structures with Emerging Behaviors
		Correlating Emerging Behaviors with Neural Maturation
		Identifying Influences on Brain and Behavior
	8-2 Neurobiology of Development
		Gross Development of the Human Nervous System
		Origins of Neurons and Glia
		Neuronal Growth and Development
			Clinical Focus 8-2: Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Glial Development
		Unique Aspects of Frontal Lobe Development
	8-3 Using Emerging Behaviors to Infer Neural Maturation
		Motor Behaviors
		Language Development
		Development of Problem-Solving Ability
			Experiment 8-1: Question: In what sequence do the forebrain structures required for learning and memory mature?
		A Caution about Linking Correlation to Causation
	8-4 Brain Development and the Environment
		Experience and Cortical Organization
			Research Focus 8-3: Keeping Brains Young by Making Music
		Experience and Neural Connectivity
		Critical Periods for Experience and Brain Development
		Hormones and Brain Development
		Gut Bacteria and Brain Development
	8-5 Abnormal Experience and Brain Development
		Early Life Experience and Brain Development
			Clinical Focus 8-4: Romanian Orphans
		Injury and Brain Development
		Drugs and Brain Development
		Other Sources of Abnormal Brain Development
			Clinical Focus 8-5: Schizophrenia
		Developmental Disability
		How Do Any of Us Develop a Normal Brain?
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 9 How Do We Sense, Perceive, and See the World?
	Clinical Focus 9-1: Migraines and a Case of Blindsight
	9-1 Nature of Sensation and Perception
		Sensory Receptors
		Neural Relays
		Sensory Coding and Representation
		Perception
	9-2 The Visual System’s Functional Anatomy
		Structure of the Retina
			The Basics: Visible Light and the Structure of the Eye
		Photoreceptors
			Clinical Focus 9-2: Visual Illuminance
		Types of Retinal Neurons
			Clinical Focus 9-3: Glaucoma
		Visual Pathways
		Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams
	9-3 Location in the Visual World
		Coding Location in the Retina
		Location in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Region V1
		Visual Corpus Callosum
	9-4 Neuronal Activity
		Seeing Shape
		Seeing Color
			Research Focus 9-4: Color-Deficient Vision
		Neuronal Activity in the Dorsal Stream
	9-5 The Visual Brain in Action
		Injury to the Visual Pathway Leading to the Cortex
		Injury to the What Pathway
		Injury to the How Pathway
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 10 How Do We Hear, Speak, and Make Music?
	Research Focus 10-1: Evolution of Language and Music
	10-1 Sound Waves: Stimulus for Audition
		Physical Properties of Sound Waves
			Clinical Focus 10-2: Tinnitus
		Perception of Sound
		Properties of Spoken Language and Music as Sounds
	10-2 Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System
		Structure of the Ear
		Auditory Receptors
			Research Focus 10-3: Otoacoustic Emissions
		Pathways to the Auditory Cortex
			Research Focus 10-4: Seeing with Sound
		Auditory Cortex
	10-3 Neural Activity and Hearing
		Hearing Pitch
		Detecting Loudness
		Detecting Location
		Detecting Patterns in Sound
	10-4 Anatomy of Language and Music
		Processing Language
			Clinical Focus 10-5: Left-Hemisphere Dysfunction
		Processing Music
			Research Focus 10-6: The Brain’s Music System
	10-5 Auditory Communication in Nonhuman Species
		Birdsong
		Whale Songs
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 11 How Does the Nervous System Respond to Stimulation and Produce Movement?
	Research Focus 11-1: Neuroprosthetics
	The Basics: Relating the Somatosensory and Motor Systems
	11-1 Hierarchical and Parallel Movement Control
		Forebrain: Initiating Movement
		Experimental Evidence for Hierarchical and Parallel Movement Control
		Brainstem: Species-Typical Movement
			Experiment 11-1: Question: What are the effects of brainstem stimulation under different conditions?
			Clinical Focus 11-2: Cerebral Palsy
		Spinal Cord: Executing Movement
			Clinical Focus 11-3: Spinal Cord Injury
	11-2 Motor System Organization
		Motor Cortex
		Motor Cortex and Skilled Movement
			Experiment 11-2: Question: How does the motor cortex take part in the control of movement?
		Plasticity in the Motor Cortex
			Experiment 11-3: Question: What is the effect of rehabilitation on the cortical representation of the forelimb after brain damage?
		Corticospinal Tracts
		Motor Neurons
		Control of Muscles
	11-3 Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Movement
		Basal Ganglia and the Force of Movement
			Clinical Focus 11-4: Tourette Syndrome
		Cerebellum and Movement Skill
			Experiment 11-4: Question: Does the cerebellum help make adjustments required to keep movements accurate?
	11-4 Somatosensory System Receptors and Pathways
		Somatosensory Receptors and Perception
		Posterior Root Ganglion Neurons
		Somatosensory Pathways to the Brain
		Spinal Reflexes
		Feeling and Treating Pain
			Research Focus 11-5: Phantom Limb Pain
		Vestibular System and Balance
	11-5 Exploring the Somatosensory Cortex
		Somatosensory Homunculus
			Research Focus 11-6: Tickling
		Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
		Effects of Somatosensory Cortex Damage
		Somatosensory Cortex and Complex Movement
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 12 What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior?
	Research Focus 12-1: The Pain of Rejection
	12-1 Identifying the Causes of Behavior
		Behavior for Brain Maintenance
		Neural Circuits and Behavior
		Evolutionary Influences on Behavior
		Environmental Influences on Behavior
	12-2 The Chemical Senses
		Olfaction
		Gustation
	12-3 Neuroanatomy of Motivated Behavior
		Regulatory and Nonregulatory Behavior
		Activities of the Hypothalamic Circuit
	12-4 Control of Regulatory Behavior
		Controlling Eating
			Clinical Focus 12-2: Diets and Rhythms
			Experiment 12-1: Question: Does the hypothalamus play a role in eating?
		Controlling Drinking
	12-5 Sexual Differences and Sexual Behavior
		Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
		Effects of Sex Hormones on the Brain
			Clinical Focus 12-3: Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and the Androgenital Syndrome
		Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
		Sexual Orientation, Sexual Identity, and Brain Organization
		Cognitive Influences on Sexual Behavior
	12-6 The Neural Control of Emotion
		Theories of Emotion
		Emotion and the Limbic Circuit
			Clinical Focus 12-4: Agenesis of the Frontal Lobes
		Emotional Disorders
			Clinical Focus 12-5: Anxiety Disorders
	12-7 Reward
		The Reward System
		Mapping Pleasure in the Brain
		Pleasure Electrodes?
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 13 Why Do We Sleep and Dream?
	Clinical Focus 13-1: Doing the Right Thing at the Right Time
	13-1 A Clock for All Seasons
		Biological Rhythms
		The Origin of Biorhythms
			Experiment 13-1: Question: Is plant movement exogenous or endogenous?
		Free-Running Rhythms
		Zeitgebers
			Clinical Focus 13-2: Seasonal Affective Disorder
	13-2 The Suprachiasmatic Biological Clock
		Suprachiasmatic Rhythms
		Keeping Time
			Research Focus 13-3: Synchronizing Biorhythms at the Molecular Level
		Pacemaking Circadian Rhythms
		Pacemaking Circannual Rhythms
		Chronotypes
		Rhythms of Cognitive and Emotional Behavior
	13-3 Sleep Stages and Dreaming
		Measuring How Long We Sleep
		Measuring Sleep
		Stages of Waking and Sleeping
		A Typical Night’s Sleep
		Contrasting N-Sleep and R-Sleep
			Clinical Focus 13-4: Restless Legs Syndrome
		Dreaming
		What We Dream About
	13-4 What Does Sleep Accomplish?
		Sleep as a Biological Adaptation
		Sleep as a Restorative Process
		Sleep for Memory Storage
	13-5 Neural Bases of Sleep
		Reticular Activating System and Sleep
		Neural Basis of EEG Changes Associated with Waking
		Neural Basis of R-Sleep
	13-6 Disorders of Sleep
		Inability to Sleep
		Inability to Stay Awake
			Clinical Focus 13-5: Sleep Apnea
		Narcolepsy
		R-Sleep Behavioral Disorder
	13-7 What Does Sleep Tell Us about Consciousness?
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 14 How Do We Learn and Remember?
	Clinical Focus 14-1: Remediating Dyslexia
	14-1 Connecting Learning and Memory
		Studying Learning and Memory in the Laboratory
			Experiment 14-1: Question: Does an animal learn the association between emotional experience and environmental stimuli?
		Two Categories of Memory
		What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different?
		What Is Special about Personal Memories?
	14-2 Dissociating Memory Circuits
		Disconnecting Explicit Memory
			Clinical Focus 14-2: Patient Boswell’s Amnesia
		Disconnecting Implicit Memory
	14-3 Neural Systems Underlying Explicit and Implicit Memories
		Neural Circuit for Explicit Memories
			Clinical Focus 14-3: Alzheimer Disease
			Clinical Focus 14-4: Korsakoff Syndrome
		Consolidation of Explicit Memories
		Neural Circuit for Implicit Memories
		Neural Circuit for Emotional Memories
		Evolution of Memory Systems
	14-4 Structural Basis of Brain Plasticity
		Long-Term Potentiation
		Measuring Synaptic Change
		Enriched Experience and Plasticity
		Sensory or Motor Training and Plasticity
			Experiment 14-2: Question: Does the learning of a fine motor skill alter the cortical motor map?
			Research Focus 14-5: Movement, Learning, and Neuroplasticity
		Epigenetics of Memory
		Plasticity, Hormones, Trophic Factors, and Drugs
			Experiment 14-3: Question: What effect do repeated doses of amphetamine, a psychomotor stimulant, have on neurons?
		Some Guiding Principles of Brain Plasticity
	14-5 Recovery from Brain Injury
		Donna’s Experience with Traumatic Brain Injury
			Experiment 14-4: Question: Does nerve growth factor stimulate recovery from stroke, influence neural structure, or both?
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 15 How Does the Brain Think?
	Research Focus 15-1: Split Brain
	15-1 The Nature of Thought
		Characteristics of Human Thought
		Neural Units of Thought
			Comparative Focus 15-2: Animal Intelligence
			Experiment 15-1: Question: How do individual neurons mediate cognitive activity?
	15-2 Cognition and the Association Cortex
		Knowledge about Objects
		Multisensory Integration
		Spatial Cognition
		Attention
		Planning
		Imitation and Understanding
	15-3 Expanding Frontiers of Cognitive Neuroscience
		Clinical Focus 15-3: Neuropsychological Assessment
		Mapping the Brain
		Cognition and the Cerebellum
		Social Neuroscience
		Neuroeconomics
	15-4 Cerebral Asymmetry in Thinking
		Anatomical Asymmetry
		Functional Asymmetry in Neurological Patients
		Functional Asymmetry in the Healthy Brain
		Functional Asymmetry in the Split Brain
			Experiment 15-2: Question: Will severing the corpus callosum affect the way in which the brain responds?
			Experiment 15-3: (A) Question: How can the right hemisphere of a split-brain subject show that it knows information? (B) Question: What happens if both hemispheres are asked to respond to competing information?
		Explaining Cerebral Asymmetry
		Left Hemisphere, Language, and Thought
	15-5 Variations in Cognitive Organization
		Sex Differences in Cognitive Organization
		Handedness and Cognitive Organization
			Clinical Focus 15-4: Sodium Amobarbital Test
		Synesthesia
	15-6 Intelligence
		Concept of General Intelligence
		Divergent and Convergent Intelligence
		Intelligence, Heredity, Epigenetics, and the Synapse
		How Smart Brains Differ
	15-7 Consciousness
		Why Are We Conscious?
			Experiment 15-4: Question: Can people alter their movements without conscious awareness?
		What Is the Neural Basis of Consciousness?
	Summary
	Key Terms
Chapter 16 What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves?
	Research Focus 16-1: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
	16-1 Multidisciplinary Contributions to Brain and Behavior
		Clinical Neuroscience
		Behavioral Disorders
	16-2 Psychiatric Disorders
		Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
		Mood Disorders
			Research Focus 16-2: Antidepressant Action and Brain Repair
	16-3 Neurological Disorders
		Traumatic Brain Injury
			Clinical Focus 16-3: Concussion
		Stroke
			Clinical Focus 16-4: Cerebral Aneurysms
		Epilepsy
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Neurocognitive Disorders
		Treatments for Neurocognitive Disorders
			Research Focus 16-5: Treating Behavioral Disorders with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
	16-4 Research Challenges
		Organizational Complexity
		Systemic Complexity
		Neuronal Plasticity
		Compensatory Plasticity
		Technological Resolution
		Modeling Simplicity
		Modeling Limitations
	16-5 Is Misbehavior Always Bad?
	Summary
	Key Terms
Answers to Section Review Self-Tests
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Back Cover