Amphibian Biology, Volume 11, Part 3: Status of Conservation and Decline of Amphibians: Eastern Hemisphere: Western Europe

Title page
Contents
Contributors
31 Infectious diseases that may threaten Europe’s amphibians
	I. Introduction
	II. Viruses
		A. Ranavirosis
		B. Herpesvirosis
	III. Bacteria
	IV. Fungi
		A. Chytridiomycosis
	V. Oomycetes
		A. Saprolegniosis
	VI. Mesomycetozoea
		A. Amphibiocystidium sp.
	VII. Protozoa
	VIII. Metazoa
	IX. Concluding remarks
	X. References
32 Conservation and declines of amphibians in Ireland
	I. Introduction
	II. The Irish amphibians
		A. Lissotriton vulgaris
		B. Rana temporaria
		C. Bufo [Epidalea] calamita
	III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes
	IV. Status of Irish amphibians on the red data list
	V. Conclusions
	VI. References
33 Amphibian declines and conservation in Britain
	I. Introduction
	II. Amphibian declines and conservation measures
		A. The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
		B. The pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae)
		C. The natterjack toad (Bufo [Epidalea] calamita)
		D. The common toad (Bufo bufo)
		E. The agile frog (Rana dalmatina)
		F. Other species and issues
		G. Species’ status
	III. Monitoring of amphibians in Britain
	IV. Conclusions
	V. Acknowledgements
	VI. References
34 Conservation and declines of amphibians in The Netherlands
	I. Introduction
	II. Declining species and species of special conservation concern
		A. Bombina variegata
		B. Salamandra salamandra
		C. Hyla arborea
		D. Pelobates fuscus
		E. Triturus cristatus
		F. Lissotriton helveticus
		G. Alytes obstetricans
		H. Bufo calamita
	III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes
		A. Conservation measures
		B. Monitoring programmes
	IV. Perspective
	V. Acknowledgements
	VI. References
35 Amphibian declines and conservation in Belgium
	I. Introduction
	II. Legal protection and current status of amphibians
	III. Species of special conservation concern
		A. The yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata)
		B. The treefrog (Hyla arborea)
		C. The common spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus)
		D. The common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans)
		E. The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra)
		F. The natterjack toad (Bufo [Epidalea] calamita)
		G. The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
	IV. Conservation and monitoring
	V. Acknowledgments
	VI. References
36 Amphibian declines and conservation in France
	I. Introduction
		A. Threats to amphibians in France
			1. Destruction and alteration of habitats
			2. Diseases
			3. Non-native species
	II. Declining species of amphibians and species of concern for conservation
		A. Species with a reduced distribution in France
			1. Species that reach their distributional limit in France
				A. Salamandra atra
				B. Bufo viridis
				C. Pelobates fuscus
				D. Rana arvalis
			2. Narrowly distributed species that occur in France
				A. Calotriton asper
				B. Salamandra lanzai
				C. Rana pyrenaica
		B. Widely distributed species that occur in France
	III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes
		A. National action plans
		B. The Natura 2000 Network and the Habitats Directive in France
			1. Amphibians and the Natura 2000 Network
			2. Implementation of Article 17 of the Habitats Directive
		C. Monitoring of amphibians in France
		D. Protected areas
			1. National parks and nature reserves
			2. Other protected areas
	IV. The Red List of amphibians of metropolitan France
	V. Conclusions
	VI. Acknowledgements
	VII. References
37 Conservation and declines of amphibians in Spain
	I. Introduction
	II. Declining species
	III. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes
	IV. Red List
	V. Conclusions
	VI. Acknowledgments
	VII. References
38 Conservation and declines of amphibians in Portugal
	I. Introduction – the country and its amphibian fauna
	II. Threats to amphibians
	III. Declining species or species of special concern for conservation
	IV. Conservation measures and monitoring programmes
	V. Conclusions
	VI. Acknowledgments
	VII. References
Index