Amino Acid Receptor Research

AMINO ACID RECEPTOR RESEARCH......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Abstract......Page 18
References......Page 24
Abstract......Page 26
Introduction......Page 27
Methods......Page 28
Results......Page 29
Conclusion......Page 31
References......Page 32
Abstract......Page 34
1.1. Glutamate Receptors in the Retina – General Aspects......Page 35
1.2.1. The Chick Retina as a Model......Page 36
1.3.1. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs)......Page 37
1.3.4. NMDA Receptors......Page 38
1.4.2. AMPA/Kainate Receptors......Page 39
2.1. Release of Neurotransmitters in Chick Retina......Page 40
2.2. GABA Release......Page 41
2.3. Acetylcholine Release......Page 43
2.4. Dopamine Release......Page 44
2.5. Purine Release......Page 45
2.6. Ascorbate Release......Page 48
3.1. Neuroprotection by Adenosine......Page 50
3.3. Regulation of NMDA Receptors by Adenosine......Page 51
4.1. L-Arginine Uptake and Metabolism......Page 52
4.2. Diferential Localization of the Molecular Machinery of the L-Arg/NO/L-Cit System in the Retina......Page 53
4.3. Transport of L-Arg and L-Cit in Retina and Other Tissues......Page 54
5. Regulation of Protein Synthesis in the Retina and the Role of Glutamate Receptors......Page 55
5.1. Relation between Protein Synthesis and the Biochemistry of L-Arg......Page 57
5.3. L-Arg Availability Mediated by NMDA Receptors and the Production of L-Cit and NO......Page 58
5.4. Local Protein Synthesis and the Production of NO......Page 59
5.5. Substrate Support for NO Production......Page 60
6. Glutamate and Signal Transduction Pathways in the Retina......Page 62
References......Page 64
Abstract......Page 84
Introduction......Page 85
Distribution of Glutamate Receptors/Transporters in Immune Tissues......Page 86
The Role of Glutamate Signalling in Immune Functions and Pain......Page 89
Acknowledgments......Page 96
References......Page 98
Abstract......Page 110
Introduction......Page 111
Post-Transcriptional Modifications Add Further Diversity......Page 112
Coupling of Agonist Binding to Channel Motions......Page 113
Elements Influencing the Degree of Closure of the Ligand-Binding Domain......Page 116
Antagonists Stabilize the Binding Domain in an Open and Inactive Conformation......Page 118
AMPA as a Lead Structure: Structure-Function Studies with the AMPA Molecule in Focus......Page 120
Changing the 1-Position of the AMPA Isoxazole Ring -Effects on Receptor Kinetics......Page 121
Substitutions at the 3-Position of the AMPA Isoxazole Ring -from Agonists to Competitive Antagonists......Page 123
Substitutions at the 5-Position of the AMPA Isoxazole Ring Confer a Selective Profile......Page 124
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 136
Glutamate Receptor Labelling......Page 137
Role of Glutamate Signalling......Page 138
Merkel Cells......Page 140
Corpuscular Mechanoreceptors and Schwann Cells......Page 141
Keratinocytes......Page 142
References......Page 143
Introduction......Page 150
Activity-Dependent Regulation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission......Page 152
Expression Mechanism of Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity......Page 154
Mechanism to Regulate GABAAR by Neuronal Activity......Page 155
Functional Relevance of Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission......Page 156
Synaptic Plasticity at GABAergic Synapses on a Cerebellar Purkinje Neuron......Page 157
Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Inhibition (DSI)......Page 158
Rebound Potentiation (RP)......Page 159
Functional Relevance of Plasticity at GABAergic Synapses on a Purkinje Neuron......Page 163
References......Page 164
Abstract......Page 176
1. Gaba Receptors......Page 177
2. GABAAR Pharmacology......Page 178
2.2. The Benzodiazepine Binding Site......Page 179
3. GABAAR Gene Diversity......Page 180
4. Structural Model of GABAARs......Page 181
5. GABAAR Heterogeneity......Page 182
7. Brain Distribution of GABAARs......Page 183
8. Why GABAAR Heterogeneity......Page 184
10. Postsynaptyc Neurotransmitter Receptors Localization......Page 186
11. Membrane Dynamics of GABAAR......Page 189
12. Conclusion......Page 191
References......Page 192
Abstract......Page 202
Structure of NMDA Receptors......Page 203
Periphery......Page 204
Spinal Cord......Page 205
Brain......Page 206
3. Antagonists of NMDA Receptors......Page 207
Mechanisms......Page 208
Anesthetic-Induced Neurodegeneration during Development......Page 209
References......Page 212
Disclaimer......Page 224
Abstract......Page 226
Spinal NMDA Receptors......Page 227
Magnesium Ions......Page 228
Polyamines......Page 229
Protein Desphosphorylation......Page 230
NMDA Receptors and Pain......Page 231
NMDA Receptor Blockers and Pain......Page 232
NMDA Receptors and the Arachidonic Acid Pathway......Page 233
PLA2 Expression......Page 234
COX Isozymes and Functions......Page 235
COX Expression......Page 236
COX Inhibitors and Pain......Page 239
PG Formation......Page 246
PG Release......Page 248
PG Receptors......Page 249
PG Receptors and Pain......Page 250
Protein Kinases A and C Isoforms and Functions......Page 254
Protein Kinases A and C and Pain......Page 255
NMDA Receptors and the Nitric Oxide Pathway......Page 256
NOS Expression......Page 257
NOS Inhibitors and Pain......Page 259
NOS Isozyme Deficiency......Page 260
NO and Pain......Page 261
Guanylate Cyclase Isozymes and Function......Page 262
cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Isoforms and Function......Page 263
Poly(ADP-ribose) Synthase and the Spinal Nociceptive Process......Page 264
Effects of Nitric Oxide Pathway Modulation on Prostaglandin Synthesis......Page 265
Nitric Oxide Pathway and Spinal Cyclo-Oxygenase Inhibition-Mediated Analgesia......Page 266
References......Page 267
Abstract......Page 282
Introduction......Page 283
The GABAA Neuroreceptors......Page 284
Preparation of the Xenopus Oocyte......Page 285
Expression of GABAA Receptors in the Xenopus Oocytes......Page 286
Measurements of the GABAA Receptor Response......Page 287
Effects of Fragrances in Foods & Beverages on GABAA Receptor Response......Page 288
Fragrant Compounds in Tea, Coffee and Cacao Enhance the Responses of GABAA Receptors......Page 289
Fragrant Compounds in Alcoholic Beverages Enhance the Responses of GABAA Receptors......Page 291
Kinetic Model of Interaction and Binding Site of the Fragrant Compounds with the GABAA Receptors......Page 293
Pharmacological and Animal Behavior Studies......Page 296
References......Page 299
Abstract......Page 306
Ca2+ and the AMPA Receptor......Page 307
GluR2 Q/R Site-Editing and Sporadic ALS......Page 309
GluR2 Q/R Site-Editing and Neuronal Death......Page 311
GluR2 Q/R site-Editing in Motor Neuron Disease......Page 312
Role of ADAR2 in Death of Motor Neurons in Sporadic ALS......Page 315
References......Page 317
Abstract......Page 324
2. The Distribution and Role of Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Nerves......Page 325
2.1. Glutamate Receptors in Cutaneous Tissues......Page 326
2.2. Glutamate Receptors in Deep Tissues......Page 327
2.3. Glutamate Receptors in Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 328
2.4. Glutamate Receptors in Gastrointestinal Primary Afferents......Page 329
3. The Interaction Between Peripheral Nerve Terminals......Page 330
4. Glutamate and Its Receptors Involved in the Interaction between Peripheral Nerve Terminals......Page 332
5.2. Glutamate and ATP, Adenosine......Page 334
5.3. Glutamate and Opioids......Page 335
6. Potential Application of Drugs Targeting on Peripheral Glutamate Receptors......Page 336
References......Page 337
Introduction......Page 346
Accumulation of Glutamate in Neurological Disorders......Page 348
Glutamate Receptor Mediated Mechanisms of Excitotoxic Cell Death......Page 349
 Excitotoxicity and Proinflammatory Cytokines......Page 350
Excitotoxicity and Glutamate Transporters......Page 351
Prevention of Excitotoxic Damage......Page 352
References......Page 353
Introduction......Page 364
Ambient Extracellular Glutamate and Regulation of Glutamatergic Synapse Strength......Page 365
Conclusion......Page 371
References......Page 372
Abstract......Page 380
GluRNMDA Receptor Subunits......Page 381
The Action of Ethanol......Page 383
Acute Effects......Page 384
Chronic Effects......Page 385
The Human Alcoholic......Page 386
Conclusion......Page 387
References......Page 388
Introduction......Page 392
Umami Chemoreception in Caterpillars......Page 394
Is Umami a Separate Taste Modality in Caterpillars?......Page 399
How to Utilize the Knowledge of Umami Taste in Caterpillars? The Case of the Codling Moth......Page 401
References......Page 402
Abstract......Page 408
Introduction......Page 409
Afferent Projections to the MOB......Page 410
Mitral Cell Layer (MCL)......Page 412
Patterned Inputs from the Nose to the MOB......Page 413
Processing of Patterned Inputs within the MOB......Page 414
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the MOB......Page 417
Ionotropic Responses to Olfactory Receptor Neuron Input......Page 419
Ionotropic Activation of Granule Cells......Page 420
Ionotropic Glutamate Synapses from Cortical Afferents to Granule Cells......Page 422
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the MOB......Page 423
mGluR Effects on MOB Neurons......Page 424
mGluR-Mediated Modulation of Mitral Cells......Page 425
mGluR-Mediated Modulation of Granule Cells......Page 427
mGluR-Mediated Synaptic Inhibition of Mitral Cells by Periglomerular Cells......Page 429
Functional Considerations of mGluR Activation in the MOB......Page 430
Conclusion......Page 432
References......Page 433
Index......Page 444