American Government Stories of a Nation For the AP® Course

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 5
Detailed Contents......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 36
About the Authors......Page 40
To the Student......Page 43
Tips for Taking the AP® Exam......Page 45
American Government: What’s Inside......Page 48
Unit 1 Democracy and the Constitution......Page 60
Chapter 1 American Government and Politics: The Stories of Our Nation......Page 64
Section 1.1 The Fight for Students’ Rights......Page 68
AP® Political Science Practices Exam Task Verbs......Page 72
Section Review......Page 73
The Declaration of Independence......Page 75
Popular Sovereignty and Republicanism......Page 78
Two Visions of Liberty......Page 79
Religion and American Political Culture......Page 80
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Pie Charts......Page 81
Section Review......Page 82
Participatory Democratic Theory......Page 86
Pluralist Theory......Page 87
Elitist Theory......Page 88
Section Review......Page 90
Section 1.4 Institutions, Systems, and Power......Page 92
Section Review......Page 93
How to Use This Book......Page 96
Chapter 1 Review......Page 98
Chapter 2 The Constitution: A New Vision of Government......Page 109
James Madison: Clear-Eyed Visionary......Page 112
A Firm League of Friendship......Page 115
Limitations on the Power of the Confederal Government......Page 117
The Annapolis Convention......Page 121
Unrest and the Danger of Rebellion......Page 122
Debt and Economic Crisis in Post-Revolutionary America......Page 123
Civil Unrest and Military Conflict......Page 124
Shays’s Rebellion: Crisis and Reconciliation......Page 127
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Primary Sources......Page 128
Section Review......Page 129
Section 2.2 The Constitutional Convention......Page 132
Two Big Issues: Representation and Power......Page 133
Individual Rights......Page 135
Representation in Congress......Page 136
The Great Compromise......Page 138
AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Graphs and Charts......Page 143
Section Review......Page 148
Separation of Powers......Page 152
The Legislative Branch......Page 155
The Executive Branch......Page 156
The Judiciary......Page 158
Making Changes to the Constitution......Page 159
Section Review......Page 161
Section 2.4 Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists......Page 164
Federalist No. 10: Blunting the Power of Factions......Page 168
Tyranny of the Majority, Tyranny of the Minority......Page 171
Federalist No. 51: Sharing Power to Prevent Tyranny......Page 175
A Bill of Rights......Page 179
AP® Political Science Practices Refutation, Concession, and Rebuttal......Page 181
The Founders’ Motives......Page 183
Section Review......Page 186
Chapter 2 Review......Page 189
Chapter 3 Federalism: Dividing Power between the National Government and the States......Page 202
Section 3.1 Conflict over Medical Marijuana......Page 206
Section Review......Page 209
Systems of Government......Page 211
National and State Powers......Page 213
The Commerce, Necessary and Proper, and Supremacy Clauses......Page 215
Section Review......Page 221
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Supreme Court Cases......Page 225
The Marshall Court: Expanding National Power......Page 227
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments......Page 232
Shifting from Dual to Cooperative Federalism......Page 234
Section Review......Page 242
Grants-in-Aid and the Expansion of Cooperative Federalism......Page 245
Devolution and Block Grants......Page 249
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Graphs and Charts: Perceptions of Federal, State, and Local Governments......Page 252
Federalism and Public Policy: Education......Page 255
Section Review......Page 257
United States v. Lopez: Preserving States’ Authority......Page 259
Same-Sex Marriage......Page 263
Gonzales v. Raich: The Supreme Court Decides......Page 268
Section Review......Page 273
Chapter 3 Review......Page 275
Unit 1 Review......Page 288
Unit 2 The Branches of the Federal Government......Page 301
Chapter 4 Congress: Representation, Organization, and Legislation......Page 306
Secret Invitation to the Map Room......Page 309
Key Differences between the Chambers......Page 312
The Powers of Congress......Page 316
Exercising Checks and Balances......Page 322
Section Review......Page 323
Constituency: The Boundaries of Representation......Page 326
Institutional Factors: The Advantages of Congressional Incumbents......Page 336
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing a Table of Data......Page 338
Experience and Money......Page 339
Maximizing the Advantage......Page 340
Section Review......Page 341
Political Parties in Congress......Page 344
The Committee System......Page 347
Congressional Staff and the Congressional Bureaucracy......Page 350
Section Review......Page 351
Section 4.4 “I’m Just a Bill”......Page 354
The Legislative Process......Page 355
Referral to Committee......Page 357
Committees and Subcommittees in Action......Page 358
Floor Consideration......Page 360
Resolution of Differences between House and Senate Bills......Page 365
Section Review......Page 366
Setting the Federal Budget......Page 370
Taxation, Deficits, and Debts......Page 372
Congress and Public Policy: Social Insurance......Page 374
Section Review......Page 378
Acting in Congress......Page 381
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Visual Data: How to Visualize Partisan Polarization......Page 386
The Roles of a Member of Congress......Page 387
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing How Data Are Represented......Page 389
Substantive Representation: Doing What Constituents Want......Page 391
Section Review......Page 393
Chapter 4 Review......Page 395
Chapter 5 The American Presidency: Individuals, Institutions, and Executive Power......Page 409
Section 5.1 Presidential Power and the War on Terror......Page 413
The Capture of Yaser Hamdi......Page 414
Section Review......Page 419
Selection, Qualifications for Office, and Length of Terms......Page 421
Federalist No. 70......Page 423
Presidential Powers and Roles......Page 424
Unilateral Presidential Action......Page 435
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Photos......Page 439
Section Review......Page 441
Section 5.3 Limits on Presidential Power......Page 445
The War Powers Resolution......Page 446
Impeachment......Page 447
Court Decisions......Page 448
Section Review......Page 449
The Vice Presidency......Page 452
The First Spouse......Page 454
The Executive Office of the President......Page 455
The President and a Partisan Congress......Page 458
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Trends: The First One Hundred Days......Page 460
The President and Public Opinion......Page 461
Americans’ Evaluations of Presidential Performance......Page 462
The President and Public Policy: The Dream Act......Page 465
Section Review......Page 467
The Supreme Court Restricts Presidential Power......Page 470
AP® Political Science Practices Evaluating an Argument: Attorney General Eric Holder on the Use of Lethal Force against U.S. Citizens Abroad......Page 473
Section Review......Page 475
Chapter 5 Review......Page 477
Chapter 6 The Federal Judiciary: Politics, Power, and the “Least Dangerous” Branch......Page 487
Money, Politics, and How the Supreme Court Preserves Judicial Independence......Page 491
Sotomayor’s Appointment to the Supreme Court......Page 494
Section Review......Page 498
Article III: The Federal Judiciary in the Constitution......Page 501
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Visual Information: The Presentation of the Supreme Court......Page 503
Ratification: Antifederalist Concerns and the Federalist Response......Page 504
Congress Builds the Judiciary......Page 506
Appointment to the Federal Judiciary......Page 508
Section Review......Page 509
The Election of 1800......Page 513
The Judiciary Act of 1801: Appointments Signed, Sealed, but Not Delivered......Page 516
Politics and the Power of the Supreme Court......Page 518
Marbury v. Madison and the Establishment of Judicial Review......Page 519
The Implications of Marshall’s Decision......Page 522
Section Review......Page 523
Criminal and Civil Cases......Page 526
The State Courts......Page 527
The Federal District Courts......Page 529
The Appellate Courts......Page 530
The Supreme Court......Page 531
Section Review......Page 538
Section 6.5 Judicial Review, Constitutional Interpretation, and Judicial Decision-Making......Page 542
Theories of Constitutional Interpretation: Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism......Page 543
AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting an Author’s Assumptions: Alexander Bickel on the Powers of Judicial Review......Page 545
The Supreme Court and Policymaking......Page 546
Section Review......Page 550
Chapter 6 Review......Page 553
Chapter 7 The Federal Bureaucracy: Putting the Nation’s Laws into Effect......Page 564
The Summer of Disastrous Hurricanes......Page 567
Development of the American Federal Bureaucracy......Page 571
Section Review......Page 577
Section 7.2 The Structure of the Modern Federal Bureaucracy......Page 581
Federal Bureaucrats......Page 583
AP® Political Science Practice Analyzing Data: The Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy......Page 587
Iron Triangles and Issue Networks......Page 590
Section Review......Page 592
Defining the Problem and Getting Congress to Act......Page 595
Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation......Page 597
Section Review......Page 602
Controlling the Bureaucracy......Page 606
AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Political Cartoons......Page 608
Reform and Reliance on Private Organizations......Page 613
Section Review......Page 615
Chapter 7 Review......Page 617
Unit 2 Review......Page 627
Unit 3 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties......Page 641
Chapter 8 Civil Liberties: Protecting Fundamental Freedoms......Page 646
Traitor or Hero?......Page 650
Section 8.1 The Constitution and the Bill of Rights......Page 655
Federalists versus Antifederalists, Ratification, and the Bill of Rights......Page 656
Ten Amendments, Proposed and Ratified......Page 659
Section Review......Page 661
Section 8.2 Selective Incorporation......Page 664
Applying the Bill of Rights to State Laws and Actions......Page 666
Section Review......Page 671
Religion: Establishment and Free Exercise......Page 673
The Establishment Clause and the Supreme Court......Page 675
AP® Political Science Practices Reading Required Supreme Court Cases......Page 678
Free Exercise and the Supreme Court......Page 681
Section Review......Page 685
National Security and Political Expression......Page 687
The Press and National Security......Page 693
Symbolic Speech......Page 694
Restrictions on Free Speech......Page 696
Freedom of Assembly......Page 700
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Images: “Philosoraptor” and Second Amendment Memes......Page 701
The Second Amendment......Page 702
Section Review......Page 703
Section 8.5 The Rights of Defendants......Page 706
The Fourth Amendment: Search, Seizure, Warrants, and Evidence......Page 707
The Fifth Amendment: The Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, and Self-Incrimination......Page 710
The Sixth Amendment: Trials, Juries, and Attorneys......Page 712
The Eighth Amendment: Bail and Punishment......Page 714
Section Review......Page 715
Privacy in the Bedroom......Page 719
Abortion as a Privacy Right......Page 721
The Ninth Amendment: Rights Not Specified......Page 723
Section Review......Page 724
Chapter 8 Review......Page 726
Chapter 9 Civil Rights: What Is Equality?......Page 736
Refusing to Be Called a “Fire Hazard”......Page 740
Section Review......Page 744
Section 9.2 The Fight against Segregation......Page 747
Civil Rights Amendments and Backlash......Page 748
Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP......Page 752
AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Images......Page 758
Brown v. Board of Education......Page 759
Southern Resistance......Page 761
Section Review......Page 767
Section 9.3 The Civil Rights Movement......Page 770
AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Data......Page 772
The Montgomery Bus Boycott......Page 773
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail......Page 774
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965......Page 779
Section Review......Page 782
The Nineteenth Amendment: Enfranchising Women......Page 786
Beyond the Vote: The Second Wave......Page 787
Women’s Rights and Public Policy: Title IX......Page 788
The Equal Rights Amendment......Page 791
Supreme Court Decisions on Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment......Page 792
Civil Rights and the American Experience......Page 794
Section Review......Page 796
Chapter 9 Review......Page 798
Unit 3 Review......Page 809
Unit 4 American Political Ideologies and Beliefs......Page 825
Chapter 10 American Political Culture: What Americans Believe......Page 829
Making a Difference Before She Could Vote......Page 831
Section 10.1 Core Political Values......Page 837
Individualism......Page 838
Equality of Opportunity......Page 840
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Implications of Visual Displays......Page 841
Free Enterprise......Page 843
Rule of Law......Page 846
Limited Government......Page 848
American Core Values and Public Policy: Need-Based Assistance......Page 849
Section Review......Page 851
Families, Schools, and Peers......Page 854
Civic and Religious Organizations......Page 855
Generational and Life-Cycle Effects......Page 858
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Primary and Secondary Sources......Page 863
Section Review......Page 865
Section 10.3 Globalization and American Core Values......Page 869
Actors on the World Stage......Page 870
The Globalized Economy......Page 873
Globalization and Democracy......Page 874
The Dark Side of Globalization......Page 875
Section Review......Page 878
Chapter 10 Review......Page 881
Chapter 11 Public Opinion: Measuring Americans’ Opinions......Page 890
Differing Views of Race Discrimination in America......Page 893
How Events at Ferguson Led to Change in Public Opinion......Page 894
AP® Political Science Practices Assessing and Interpreting Changes in Public Opinion......Page 896
Take a Knee: Shaping Public Opinion in New Ways......Page 898
Section 11.1 What Is Public Opinion?......Page 901
What Do We Mean When We Talk about “Public Opinion”?......Page 902
What Do Americans Know, or Not Know, about Politics, and Does It Matter?......Page 903
A More Optimistic View of American Public Opinion......Page 904
Section Review......Page 905
Section 11.2 Trying to Measure Public Opinion Accurately......Page 909
How Scientific Polling Works......Page 910
Types of Surveys......Page 912
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Limitations of Data: Question Wording and Its Effects......Page 917
The Challenges of Using Polling to Measure Public Opinion......Page 918
Section Review......Page 920
Understanding Patterns within American Public Opinion......Page 924
How Polls Are Used......Page 927
Public Opinion and Policymaking......Page 928
Public Opinion and the Response to Ferguson......Page 930
How to Understand Changing Public Opinion......Page 933
Section Review......Page 934
Chapter 11 Review......Page 936
Chapter 12 Political Ideology: How Beliefs Shape Our Choices......Page 947
Health Care: A Right or a Privilege?......Page 950
Section 12.1 Party Ideology......Page 958
Section Review......Page 963
Government Intervention in the Economy......Page 967
Monitoring the Health of the Economy......Page 968
Business Cycles and Theories of Economic Policymaking......Page 970
Guiding the Nation’s Economy through Decisions on Spending and Taxation......Page 973
Section Review......Page 974
Section 12.3 Monetary Policy......Page 978
The Federal Reserve System......Page 979
AP® Political Science Practices Interpreting Text-Based Sources: “Helicopter Ben” and Extreme Monetary Policy Options......Page 981
Section Review......Page 983
The Federal Government and Health Care......Page 985
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act......Page 987
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing the Role of Ideology in Supreme Court Decisions: Chief Justice John Roberts and the Republicans......Page 990
School Choice, Competition, and the Markets......Page 992
Section Review......Page 994
Chapter 12 Review......Page 996
Unit 4 Review......Page 1008
Unit 5 Political Participation......Page 1024
Chapter 13 Elections and Campaigns: Candidates and Voters in an Era of Demographic Change......Page 1029
Citizens United: Money as Speech, Corporations as People......Page 1033
Section 13.1 Forms of Political Participation......Page 1038
Section Review......Page 1040
The Expansion of Voting Rights......Page 1045
Factors That Shape Electoral Participation......Page 1047
AP® Political Science Practices Explaining Patterns and Trends in Data: Why Is America’s Voter Turnout Rate So Low?......Page 1056
Legal and Institutional Factors That Influence Voter Turnout......Page 1059
Section Review......Page 1065
Section 13.3 Democratic Representation and Theories of Voting Behavior......Page 1069
How Citizens Make Voting Decisions and the Functions of Elections......Page 1070
Section Review......Page 1073
The Stages of Presidential Campaigns......Page 1075
The Electoral College......Page 1079
Section Review......Page 1083
What Money Buys......Page 1086
Campaign Finance Reform......Page 1088
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing a Trend in Data: Money and Presidential Campaigns......Page 1095
Section Review......Page 1097
Chapter 13 Review......Page 1099
Chapter 14 Political Parties: The Outsiders versus the Establishment......Page 1109
Two Presidential Candidates Shake Up the Field......Page 1113
Parties as Organizations......Page 1119
The Party in the Electorate......Page 1120
The Party in Government......Page 1124
Section Review......Page 1126
Section 14.2 The Development of American Political Parties......Page 1129
Modern American Party Politics......Page 1130
How Political Parties Change and Adapt......Page 1135
Section Review......Page 1137
The Nomination Process......Page 1140
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data: Using Maps to Explore the Consequences of Primary and Caucus Schedules......Page 1150
AP® Political Science Practices Comparing Political Processes: The Parties Rethink Their National Strategies......Page 1153
Section Review......Page 1154
Section 14.4 Third Parties......Page 1158
Minor Parties in the Twenty-First Century......Page 1160
2016 and the Challenges to Mainstream Political Parties......Page 1163
Section Review......Page 1164
Chapter 14 Review......Page 1167
Chapter 15 Interest Groups and Social Movements: Collective Action, Power, and Representation......Page 1177
Net Neutrality: Who Owns the Pathways of Communication?......Page 1180
Interest Groups in American Representative Democracy......Page 1184
Theories of Interest Group Formation......Page 1186
Challenges Facing Interest Groups......Page 1189
Section Review......Page 1192
Section 15.2 Interest Group Tactics......Page 1196
Lobbying by Interest Groups......Page 1197
Lobbying Government Agencies......Page 1200
Influencing the Judiciary......Page 1201
Iron Triangles and Issue Networks......Page 1203
Money and Campaigns......Page 1204
Acting from Outside: Mobilizing Members through Grassroots Lobbying and Political Protest......Page 1205
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Data: Campaign Contributions by Economic Sector......Page 1206
Section Review......Page 1207
Choice of Effective Tactics......Page 1211
Successes and Failures of Social Movements......Page 1212
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Visual Information: Depicting Income Inequality in the United States......Page 1213
Section Review......Page 1217
Chapter 15 Review......Page 1220
Chapter 16 The Media: New Technologies, Enduring Issues......Page 1231
What Do We Mean by “Media”?......Page 1235
The Power of the News Media......Page 1236
The Print Media and a New Nation......Page 1238
The Media Go “Mass”: Penny Presses, Partisanship, and Scandal......Page 1239
Journalists as Investigators and Activists......Page 1240
Direct to Americans’ Homes: Radio and Television......Page 1241
New Media: New Freedom and New Problems......Page 1245
Section Review......Page 1246
The Changing Nature of Regulation......Page 1250
Public Policy and Media Consolidation......Page 1252
Section Review......Page 1255
The Political Perils of the New Media......Page 1257
Bias and Coverage of the News......Page 1259
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Graphs......Page 1261
The Media as Shapers of Political Campaigns and Elections......Page 1263
A Digital Divide?......Page 1264
A Credibility Divide?......Page 1265
AP® Political Science Practices Analyzing Polling Data......Page 1266
Section Review......Page 1267
Chapter 16 Review......Page 1269
Unit 5 Review......Page 1281
Practice Exam for AP® U.S. Government and Politics......Page 1300
Political Party Affiliations in Congress and the Presidency, 1789–2017......Page 1330
Summary of Presidential Elections, 1789–2016......Page 1339
Glossary/Glosario......Page 1347
Notes......Page 1414
Index......Page 1533
Back Cover......Page 1655