American Government: Power and Purpose (Fifteenth Edition)

Cover (American Government Power and Purpose 15E_Core)
Front Matter
	Title Page
	Copyright
	Contents
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
Part 1 Foundations
	1 Five Principles of Politics
		Making Sense of Government and Politics
			What Is Government?
			Forms of Government
			Politics
		Five Principles of Politics
			The Rationality Principle: All Political Behavior Has a Purpose
			The Institution Principle: Institutions Structure Politics
			The Collective Action Principle: All Politics Is Collective Action
			The Policy Principle: Political Outcomes Are the Products of Individual Preferences and Institutional Procedures
			The History Principle: How We Got Here Matters
			Conclusion: Preparing to Analyze the American Political System
		For Further Reading
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Making Sense of Charts and Graphs
	2
Constructing a Government:
The Founding and the Constitution
		The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts
			British Taxes and Colonial Interests
			Political Strife and the Radicalizing of the Colonists
			The Declaration of Independence
			The Revolutionary War
			The Articles of Confederation
		The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution
			International Standing, Economic Difficulties,
and Balance of Power
			The Annapolis Convention
			Shays’s Rebellion
			The Constitutional Convention
		The Policy Principle
			The Constitution and Policy Outcomes
		Timeplot
			Representation in Congress: States’ Ranks
		The Constitution
			The Legislative Branch
			The Executive Branch
			The Judicial Branch
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Constitutional Engineering: How Many Veto Gates?
			National Unity and Power
			Amending the Constitution
			Ratifying the Constitution
			Constitutional Limits on the National Government’s Power
		The Fight for Ratification:
Federalists versus Antifederalists
			Representation
			The Threat of Tyranny
			Governmental Power
		Changing the Institutional Framework:
Constitutional Amendment
			Amendments: Many Are Called, Few Are Chosen
			The Twenty-Seven Amendments
		Conclusion: Reflections on the Founding—Ideals or
Interests?
		For Further Reading
	3 Federalism and the Separation of Powers
		Who Does What? Federalism and
Institutional Jurisdictions
			Federalism in the Constitution: Who Decides What
		Analyzing the Evidence
			State Policies on Renewable Energy
			The Slow Growth of the National Government’s Power
		Timeplot
			Federal and State/Local Spending, 1930–2012
			Cooperative Federalism and Grants-in-Aid:
Institutions Shape Policies
			Regulated Federalism and National Standards
			New Federalism and the National–State Tug-of-War
		The Separation of Powers
			Checks and Balances: A System of Mutual Vetoes
		The Policy Principle
			Federal vs. State Marijuana Laws
			Legislative Supremacy
			Checks and Balances: The Rationality Principle at Work
			The Role of the Supreme Court: Establishing Decision Rules
		Conclusion: Federalism and the Separation
of Powers—Collective Action or Stalemate?
		For Further Reading
	4 Civil Liberties
		Origins of the Bill of Rights
		Nationalizing the Bill of Rights
			Dual Citizenship
			The Fourteenth Amendment
			The Constitutional Revolution in Civil Liberties
		The Bill of Rights Today
			The First Amendment and Freedom of Religion
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Americans’ Attitudes toward Church and State
			The First Amendment and Freedom of Speech and the Press
			The Second Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms
			Rights of the Criminally Accused
			The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures
			The Fifth Amendment and Criminal Proceedings
		The Policy Principle
			The Fourth Amendment and Government Surveillance
			The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel
			The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment
			The Right to Privacy and the Constitution
		Conclusion: Civil Liberties and Collective Action
		For Further Reading
	5 Civil Rights
		What Are Civil Rights?
		The Struggle for Civil Rights
			The Right to Vote
			Racial Discrimination in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth Centuries
			Opportunity in Education
		Timeplot
			Cause and Effect in the Civil Rights Movement
		The Politics of Rights
			Outlawing Discrimination in Employment
			Women and Gender Discrimination
		The Policy Principle
			Transgender Rights and Policy
			Latinos
			Asian Americans
			Immigration and Rights
			Americans with Disabilities
			Gay Men and Lesbians
		Affirmative Action
			The Supreme Court and the Standard of Review
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Is the Public Principled or Prejudiced When
It Comes to Affirmative Action?
		Conclusion: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights—
Regulating Collective Action
		For Further Reading
Part 2 Institutions
	6 Congress: The First Branch
		Representation
			House and Senate: Differences in Representation
			The Electoral System
		Problems of Legislative Organization
			Cooperation in Congress
			Underlying Problems and Challenges
		The Organization of Congress
			Party Leadership and Organization in the House
and the Senate
			The Committee System: The Core of Congress
			The Staff System: Staffers and Agencies
			Informal Organization: The Caucuses
		Rules of Lawmaking: How a Bill Becomes a Law
			Committee Deliberation
			Debate
			Conference Committee: Reconciling House and
Senate Versions of a Bill
			Presidential Action
			Procedures in Congress: Regular and Unorthodox
			The Distributive Tendency in Congress
		Timeplot
			Acts Passed by Congress, 1789–2016
		How Congress Decides
			Constituency
		The Policy Principle
			Congress and the Opioid Epidemic
			Interest Groups
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Why Congress Can’t Make Ends Meet
			Party Discipline
			Weighing Diverse Influences
		Beyond Legislation: Additional Congressional Powers
			Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers
			Impeachment
		Conclusion: Power and Representation
		For Further Reading
	7 The Presidency as an Institution
		The Constitutional Origins and Powers
of the Presidency
			Expressed Powers
		Timeplot
			Presidential Vetoes, 1789–2018
		The Policy Principle
			The Obama Veto of the Keystone XL Pipeline
			Delegated Powers
			Inherent Powers
		The Rise of Presidential Government
			The Legislative Epoch, 1800–1933
			The New Deal and the Presidency
		Presidential Government
			The Formal Resources of Presidential Power
			The Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power
			The Administrative State
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Unilateral Action and Presidential Power
			The Limits of Presidential Power
		Conclusion: Presidential Power—Myths and Realities
		For Further Reading
	8 The Executive Branch
		Why Bureaucracy?
			Bureaucratic Organization Enhances the
Efficient Operation of Government
			Bureaucrats Fulfill Important Roles
			Bureaucracies Serve Politicians
		How Is the Executive Branch Organized?
			Clientele Agencies
			Agencies for the Maintenance of the Union
			Regulatory Agencies
			Agencies of Redistribution
		The Problem of Bureaucratic Control
			Motivational Considerations of Bureaucrats
			Bureaucracy and the Principal-Agent Problem
		The Policy Principle
			The EPA: Regulating Clean Air
			The President as Manager-in-Chief
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Explaining Vacancies in Presidential Appointments
			Congressional Oversight and Incentives
		Reforming the Bureaucracy
			Termination
			Devolution
			Privatization
		Conclusion: Public Bureaucracies and Politics
		For Further Reading
	9 The Federal Courts
		The Judicial Process
		The Organization of the Court System
			Types of Courts
			Federal Jurisdiction
			Federal Trial Courts
			Federal Appellate Courts
			The Supreme Court
			How Judges Are Appointed
		How Courts Work as Political Institutions
			Dispute Resolution
			Coordination
			Rule Interpretation
		The Power of Judicial Review
			Judicial Review of Acts of Congress
			Judicial Review of State Actions
			Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions
			Judicial Review and Presidential Power
			Judicial Review and Lawmaking
		The Supreme Court in Action
			How Cases Reach the Supreme Court
			Controlling the Flow of Cases
			The Supreme Court’s Procedures
		Judicial Decision Making
			The Supreme Court Justices
			Other Institutions of Government
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Ideological Voting on the Supreme Court
			The Implementation of Supreme Court Decisions
			Strategic Behavior in the Supreme Court
		The Policy Principle
			Changing Judicial Direction: Gay Marriage
		Conclusion: The Expanding Power of the Judiciary
		For Further Reading
Part 3 Democratic Politics
	10 Public Opinion
		What Is Public Opinion?
			Preferences and Beliefs
			Choices
			Variety of Opinion
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Is the Public as Polarized as Congress?
		Origins and Nature of Opinion
			Foundations of Preferences
			Political Ideology
			Identity Politics
		Timeplot
			Immigration by Continent of Origin
		Public Opinion and Political Knowledge
			Political Knowledge and Preference Stability
			Stability and the Meaning of Public Opinion
		Shaping Opinion: Political Leaders, Private Groups,
and the Media
			Government and the Shaping of Public Opinion
			Private Groups and the Shaping of Public Opinion
			The Media and Public Opinion
		The Policy Principle
			Public Opinion on Climate Change
		Measuring Public Opinion
			Constructing Public Opinion from Surveys
		How Does Public Opinion Influence Government Policy?
		Conclusion: Government and the Will of the People
		For Further Reading
	11 Elections
		Institutions of Elections
		The Policy Principle
			Local Control of Elections and Voter ID Laws
		Timeplot
			The Growth of the U.S. Electorate, 1790–2016
			Who Can Vote: Defining the Electorate
			How Americans Vote: The Ballot
			Where Americans Vote: Electoral Districts
			What It Takes to Win: Plurality Rule
			Direct Democracy: The Referendum and the Recall
		How Voters Decide
			Voters and Nonvoters
			Partisan Loyalty
			Issues
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Economic Influence on Presidential Elections
			Candidate Characteristics
		Campaigns: Money, Media, and Grass Roots
			What It Takes to Win
			Campaign Finance
			Congressional Campaigns
			Effectiveness of Campaigns
		The 2016 and 2018 Elections
			The 2016 Presidential Primaries
			The 2016 General Election
			Republican Victory
			2018: A Return to Divided Government
			Looking to the Future
		Conclusion: Elections and Accountability
		For Further Reading
	12 Political Parties
		Why Do Political Parties Form?
			To Facilitate Collective Action in the Electoral Process
			To Resolve Problems of Collective Choice in Government
			To Deal with the Problem of Ambition
		The Policy Principle
			Party Coalitions and Abortion Policy
		What Functions Do Parties Perform?
			Recruiting Candidates
			Nominating Candidates
			Getting Out the Vote
			Facilitating Electoral Choice
			Influencing National Government
		Parties in Government
		Parties in the Electorate
			Party Identification
			Group Basis of Parties
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Candidate Religion and Partisan Voting
		Parties as Institutions
			Contemporary Party Organizations
			The Contemporary Party as Service Provider to Candidates
		Party Systems
			The First Party System: Federalists and
Democratic-Republicans
			The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs
			The Third Party System: Republicans and
Democrats: 1860–1896
			The Fourth Party System, 1896–1932
			The Fifth Party System: The New Deal Coalition, 1932–1968
			The Sixth Party System: 1968–Present
		Timeplot
			Parties’ Share of Electoral Votes, 1789–2016
			American Third Parties
		Conclusion: Parties and Democracy
		For Further Reading
	13 Groups and Interests
		What Are the Characteristics of Interest Groups?
			Interest Groups Not Only Enhance Democracy . . .
			. . . But Also Represent the Evils of Faction
			Organized Interests Are Predominantly Economic
			Most Groups Require Members, Money, and Leadership
			Group Membership Has an Upper-Class Bias
		The Policy Principle
			The Mortgage Interest Tax Deduction
			Groups Reflect Changes in the Political Environment
			Latent Groups
		How and Why Do Interest Groups Form?
			Interest Groups Facilitate Cooperation
			Selective Benefits: A Solution to the Collective Action Problem
			Political Entrepreneurs Organize and Maintain Groups
		How Do Interest Groups Influence Policy?
			Direct Lobbying
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Interest Group Influence
			Using the Courts
			Mobilizing Public Opinion
			Using Electoral Politics
			Are Interest Groups Effective?
		Conclusion: Interest Group Influence in U.S. Politics
		For Further Reading
	14 The Media
		The Media as a Political Institution
			Types of Media
		Analyzing the Evidence
			Where Do Americans Get News about Politics?
			Regulation of the Broadcast and Electronic Media
			Freedom of the Press
		The Policy Principle
			Who Runs the Internet?
			Organization and Ownership of the Media
		What Affects News Coverage?
			Journalists
			News Sources
			Consumers
		Conclusion: Media Power and Responsibility
		For Further Reading
Appendix
	The Declaration of Independence
	The Articles of Confederation
	The Constitution of the United States of America
	Amendments to the Constitution
	Federalist Papers
		No. 10: Madison
		No. 51: Madison
Glossary
Credits
Index