American Corrections

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 11
PART 1 THE CORRECTIONAL CONTEXT......Page 42
CHAPTER 1 THE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM......Page 45
MYTHS IN CORRECTIONS: HIGH U.S. CRIME RATES......Page 46
THE PURPOSE OF CORRECTIONS......Page 49
A SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING CORRECTIONS......Page 51
THE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM TODAY......Page 55
KEY ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS......Page 59
KEY TERMS......Page 67
NOTES......Page 68
CHAPTER 2 THE EARLY HISTORY OF CORRECTIONAL THOUGHT AND PRACTICE......Page 71
FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION......Page 72
ON THE EVE OF REFORM......Page 78
THE AGE OF REASON AND CORRECTIONAL REFORM......Page 79
SUMMARY......Page 83
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 84
NOTES......Page 85
CHAPTER 3 THE HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS IN AMERICA......Page 87
THE ARRIVAL OF THE PENITENTIARY......Page 88
DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS IN THE SOUTH AND WEST......Page 94
THE REFORMATORY MOVEMENT......Page 96
THE RISE OF THE PROGRESSIVES......Page 99
THE RISE OF THE MEDICAL MODEL......Page 101
FROM MEDICAL MODEL TO COMMUNITY MODEL......Page 103
THE CRIME CONTROL MODEL: THE PENDULUM SWINGS AGAIN......Page 104
SUMMARY......Page 106
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 107
NOTES......Page 108
CHAPTER 4 THE PUNISHMENT OF OFFENDERS......Page 111
THE PURPOSE OF CORRECTIONS......Page 112
FORMS OF THE CRIMINAL SANCTION......Page 117
THE SENTENCING PROCESS......Page 126
UNJUST PUNISHMENT......Page 134
SUMMARY......Page 137
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 138
NOTES......Page 139
CHAPTER 5 THE LAW OF CORRECTIONS......Page 143
THE FOUNDATIONS OF CORRECTIONAL LAW......Page 144
CORRECTIONAL LAW AND THE U.S. SUPREME COURT......Page 146
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF PRISONERS......Page 151
ALTERNATIVES TO LITIGATION......Page 164
LAW AND COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS......Page 166
LAW AND CORRECTIONAL PERSONNEL......Page 168
SUMMARY......Page 170
KEY TERMS......Page 171
NOTES......Page 172
CHAPTER 6 THE CORRECTIONAL CLIENT......Page 175
SELECTION FOR THE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM......Page 176
TYPES OF OFFENDERS AND THEIR PROBLEMS......Page 179
CLASSIFYING OFFENDERS: KEY ISSUES......Page 201
SUMMARY......Page 204
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 205
NOTES......Page 206
PART 2 CORRECTIONAL PRACTICES......Page 208
CHAPTER 7 JAILS: DETENTION AND SHORT-TERM INCARCERATION......Page 211
THE CONTEMPORARY JAIL: ENTRANCE TO THE SYSTEM......Page 212
PRETRIAL DETENTION......Page 218
THE BAIL PROBLEM AND ALTERNATIVES......Page 225
THE SENTENCED JAIL INMATE......Page 228
ISSUES IN JAIL MANAGEMENT......Page 230
THE FUTURE OF THE JAIL......Page 235
SUMMARY......Page 236
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 237
NOTES......Page 238
CHAPTER 8 PROBATION......Page 241
THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROBATION......Page 242
THE ORGANIZATION OF PROBATION TODAY......Page 246
THE DUAL FUNCTIONS OF PROBATION: INVESTIGATION AND SUPERVISION......Page 250
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPERVISION......Page 259
REVOCATION AND TERMINATION OF PROBATION......Page 265
PROBATION IN THE COMING DECADE......Page 269
SUMMARY......Page 270
NOTES......Page 272
CHAPTER 9 INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS AND COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS......Page 275
THE CASE FOR INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS......Page 276
CONTINUUM OF SANCTIONS......Page 278
PROBLEMS WITH INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS......Page 279
VARIETIES OF INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS......Page 280
MAKING INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS WORK......Page 288
THE NEW CORRECTIONAL PROFESSIONAL......Page 291
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS LEGISLATION......Page 293
THE FUTURE OF INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS AND COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS......Page 296
SUMMARY......Page 297
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 298
NOTES......Page 299
CHAPTER 10 INCARCERATION......Page 301
LINKS TO THE PAST......Page 302
THE GOALS OF INCARCERATION......Page 304
ORGANIZATION FOR INCARCERATION......Page 306
THE DESIGN AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONS......Page 309
WHO IS IN PRISON?......Page 317
SUMMARY......Page 322
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 323
NOTES......Page 324
CHAPTER 11 THE PRISON EXPERIENCE......Page 327
PRISON SOCIETY......Page 328
THE PRISON ECONOMY......Page 336
VIOLENCE IN PRISON......Page 338
SUMMARY......Page 347
NOTES......Page 348
CHAPTER 12 INCARCERATION OF WOMEN......Page 351
WOMEN: THE FORGOTTEN OFFENDERS......Page 352
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 354
WOMEN IN PRISON......Page 358
ISSUES IN THE INCARCERATION OF WOMEN......Page 365
RELEASE TO THE COMMUNITY......Page 371
SUMMARY......Page 373
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 374
NOTES......Page 375
CHAPTER 13 INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT......Page 379
FORMAL ORGANIZATION......Page 380
GOVERNING PRISONS......Page 387
CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS: THE LINCHPIN OF MANAGEMENT......Page 396
KEY TERMS......Page 408
NOTES......Page 409
CHAPTER 14 INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS......Page 413
MANAGING TIME......Page 414
CLASSIFICATION......Page 418
REHABILITATIVE PROGRAMS......Page 421
PRISON INDUSTRY......Page 435
PRISON MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS......Page 440
PRISON PROGRAMMING RECONSIDERED......Page 442
SUMMARY......Page 443
KEY TERMS......Page 444
NOTES......Page 445
CHAPTER 15 RELEASE FROM INCARCERATION......Page 449
RELEASE FROM ONE PART OF THE SYSTEM TO ANOTHER......Page 450
ORIGINS OF PAROLE......Page 452
RELEASE MECHANISMS......Page 453
THE ORGANIZATION OF RELEASING AUTHORITIES......Page 457
THE DECISION TO RELEASE......Page 458
RELEASE TO THE COMMUNITY......Page 466
SUMMARY......Page 469
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 470
NOTES......Page 471
CHAPTER 16 MAKING IT: SUPERVISION IN THE COMMUNITY......Page 473
OVERVIEW OF THE POSTRELEASE FUNCTION......Page 474
THE STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITY SUPERVISION......Page 482
RESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS......Page 488
THE OFFENDER’S EXPERIENCE OF POSTRELEASE LIFE......Page 489
THE PAROLEE AS “DANGEROUS”......Page 498
THE ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL REENTRY......Page 502
POSTRELEASE SUPERVISION......Page 503
SUMMARY......Page 505
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 507
NOTES......Page 508
CHAPTER 17 CORRECTIONS FOR JUVENILES......Page 511
THE PROBLEM OF YOUTH CRIME......Page 512
HISTORY OF JUVENILE CORRECTIONS......Page 513
WHY TREAT JUVENILES AND ADULTS DIFFERENTLY?......Page 518
THE PROBLEM OF SERIOUS DELINQUENCY......Page 520
SANCTIONING JUVENILE OFFENDERS......Page 522
THE SPECIAL PROBLEM OF GANGS......Page 537
THE FUTURE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE......Page 539
SUMMARY......Page 540
KEY TERMS......Page 541
NOTES......Page 542
PART 3 CORRECTIONAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 544
CHAPTER 18 INCARCERATION TRENDS......Page 547
EXPLAINING PRISON POPULATION TRENDS......Page 548
DEALING WITH OVERCROWDED PRISONS......Page 556
THE IMPACT OF PRISON CROWDING......Page 558
DOES INCARCERATION PAY?......Page 559
SUMMARY......Page 562
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 563
NOTES......Page 564
CHAPTER 19 RACE, ETHNICITY, AND CORRECTIONS......Page 567
THE CONCEPTS OF RACE AND ETHNICITY......Page 568
VISIONS OF RACE AND PUNISHMENT......Page 569
WHICH IS IT: RACE OR RACISM?......Page 578
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RACE AND PUNISHMENT......Page 579
SUMMARY......Page 581
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 582
NOTES......Page 583
CHAPTER 20 THE DEATH PENALTY......Page 585
THE DEBATE OVER CAPITAL PUNISHMENT......Page 586
THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA......Page 588
THE DEATH PENALTY AND THE CONSTITUTION......Page 592
DEATH ROW INMATES......Page 598
A CONTINUING DEBATE......Page 604
SUMMARY......Page 606
NOTES......Page 607
CHAPTER 21 SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL IN THE COMMUNITY......Page 611
THE GOALS OF SURVEILLANCE......Page 612
THE TECHNIQUES OF SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL......Page 613
CONTROL: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD......Page 617
THE LIMITS OF CONTROL......Page 619
SUMMARY......Page 621
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 622
NOTES......Page 623
CHAPTER 22 COMMUNITY JUSTICE......Page 625
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY JUSTICE......Page 626
HOW COMMUNITY JUSTICE DIFFERS FROM CRIMINAL JUSTICE......Page 630
ARGUMENTS FOR COMMUNITY JUSTICE......Page 633
PROBLEMS OF COMMUNITY JUSTICE......Page 637
THE FUTURE OF COMMUNITY JUSTICE......Page 639
SUMMARY......Page 640
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 641
NOTES......Page 642
CHAPTER 23 AMERICAN CORRECTIONS: LOOKING FORWARD......Page 645
FIVE CORRECTIONAL DILEMMAS......Page 646
THREE CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE OF CORRECTIONS......Page 651
CHANGING CORRECTIONS: A FINAL VIEW......Page 654
SUMMARY......Page 655
FOR DISCUSSION......Page 656
NOTES......Page 657
GlOSSARY......Page 659
INDEX......Page 667
PHOTO CREDITS......Page 676