Aloes: The genus Aloe (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

Cover......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
ISBN      9780415306720......Page 4
Contributors......Page 9
Preface to the series......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 16
Contents......Page 7
Part 1\rThe plants......Page 18
LIFE FORMS......Page 19
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 20
POLLINATION AND DISPERSAL......Page 23
USES......Page 25
CONSERVATION......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
WHAT ARE THE ALOACEAE?......Page 31
FAMILY CONCEPTS IN THE ALOACEAE......Page 33
GENERIC CONCEPTS AND TAXONOMIC RESEARCH IN THE ALOACEAE......Page 35
Core genera (Aloe, Lomatophyllum)......Page 38
Haworthioid genera (Haworthia, Astroloba, Poellnitzia, Chortolirion)......Page 40
SPECIES LEVEL TAXONOMY OF THE ALOACEAE......Page 41
KEY TO THE GENERA......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 47
Part 2\rAloe constituents......Page 53
INTRODUCTION......Page 54
Chromones......Page 55
Anthraquinones and anthrones......Page 58
Tetrahydroanthracenones......Page 62
Tetrahydroanthracenone glycosides......Page 63
Anthrone-C-glycosides......Page 64
Dimeric compounds......Page 67
Phenolic compounds......Page 69
Alkaloids......Page 71
GEL COMPONENTS......Page 73
Polysaccharides......Page 75
Nitrogenous compounds......Page 77
OTHER COMPONENTS......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 80
INTRODUCTION......Page 90
Plant polysaccharides......Page 91
Mannan......Page 92
Pectic substance......Page 97
Arabinan and arabinogalactan......Page 98
CONCLUSION......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 100
What are lectins?......Page 103
Lectins in aloes......Page 104
ALOCTIN A AND ALOCTIN B......Page 106
Hemagglutinating activity......Page 107
Effects on gastric secretion and experimental gastric lesions in rats......Page 108
Immunological effects. iv Growth inhibition of mouse methylcholanthrene- induced fibrosarcoma......Page 109
Biological and pharmacological activity. i Hemagglutinating and precipitating activities......Page 110
Biological and pharmacological activity. iv Wound healing model in monolayer culture......Page 111
Biological properties. i Hemagglutination and stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis......Page 112
Affects on tumor cells. i No direct cytotoxicity of ATF 1011 to the tumor cells......Page 113
Chemical properties......Page 114
Hemagglutinating activity......Page 115
Chemical properties and sugar-binding specificity......Page 116
Glycosidase activity......Page 117
Biological activity......Page 118
Objects of studies......Page 119
Modification of the immune system......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 123
INTRODUCTION......Page 126
THE PLANT......Page 128
ANALYSIS OF PULP AND ITS COMPONENTS......Page 129
General analytical methods......Page 130
Specific analytical methods......Page 131
Activity-guided fractionation and analysis......Page 135
The roles of malic acid and mannan in analysis of pulp-based products......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 137
INTRODUCTION......Page 142
ANALYSIS OF BITTER ALOES......Page 143
Polarography......Page 144
Gas chromatography......Page 145
Thin-layer chromatography......Page 146
Paper electrophoresis......Page 147
High performance (pressure) liquid chromatography (HPLC)......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
OVERVIEW – PROCESSING ALOE AND QUALITY CONTROL......Page 154
The never-ending battle – management versus production/ quality control......Page 155
The IASC and the Texas A&M study......Page 156
The Aloe Research Foundation and biological activity......Page 158
The consensus composition of matter of A. bardadensis gel......Page 159
THE AGRONOMY OF ALOE......Page 162
Water, nitrogen and soil pH......Page 164
Spacing and harvesting......Page 165
Leaf washing......Page 166
Filleting and depulping......Page 168
Slicing, grinding and whole leaf aloe extracts (WLE)......Page 172
INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING – BACTERIA AND SPOILAGE......Page 173
Specific aloe-associated organisms and their industrial importance - Micrococcus sp.......Page 174
Other aloe-associated organisms......Page 178
Destruction of bacteria and fungi......Page 179
Relationship of bacteriology to overprocessing......Page 183
Control of aloe-associated organisms in the processing plant environment......Page 185
The scientific basis of color change in aloe......Page 186
Decolorization with activated charcoal......Page 188
Decolorization does not always work......Page 190
Final processing – concentration and drying......Page 191
Concentration of aloe gel......Page 192
Spray-dried aloe gel......Page 194
Consequence of the use of activated charcoal and cellulase......Page 195
Solids and metallic cations......Page 198
Malic acid and other organic acids......Page 208
Polysaccharides......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 216
Part 3\rTherapeutic activity of aloes......Page 221
INTRODUCTION......Page 222
HISTORY......Page 224
ALOE PREPARATIONS......Page 225
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS......Page 226
Constipation......Page 227
Wound healing properties......Page 230
Anti-inflammatory activity......Page 231
Clinical studies......Page 232
Psoriasis......Page 233
Diabetes......Page 234
Cancer......Page 235
Miscellaneous......Page 237
Aloe latex (laxative use)......Page 238
Toxicity due to oral and topical use of Aloe vera......Page 241
CONCLUSIONS......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 244
INTRODUCTION......Page 252
THE EFFECTS OF ALOE VERA GEL ON WOUND HEALING......Page 253
Saccharides......Page 254
Inorganic electrolytes......Page 256
Mucilage......Page 257
Anti-inflammatory properties......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
Anatomy and pathophysiology of the burn wound......Page 264
FROSTBITE INJURIES: INTRODUCTION......Page 266
Anatomy and pathophysiology of frostbite injury......Page 267
Management of thermal and frostbite injuries......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 274
INTRODUCTION – ALOE, THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND CANCER......Page 278
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes......Page 279
Is there such a thing as immunity to cancer?......Page 281
UVB, the skin immune system and skin cancer......Page 282
Development of Aloe Research Foundation (ARF) standard samples......Page 283
Effects of crude A. barbadensis gel on numbers and morphology of dendritic T cells and Langerhans cells in UV exposed mice......Page 284
Effects of A. barbadensis gel on local suppression of cutaneous contact hypersensitivity (CHS)......Page 285
Effects of A. barbadensis gel on suppression of cutaneous hypersensitivity – local versus systemic actions......Page 287
Effects of A. barbadensis gel on systemic suppression of delayed type cutaneous hypersensitivity (DTH)......Page 288
Mechanism of action of crude Aloe barbadensis extracts in UVB-damaged skin......Page 289
CHS and DTH are differentially protected from UV-induced suppression by process A crude aloe gel......Page 291
Aloe barbadensis polysaccharides......Page 294
Polysaccharides from other Aloe sp.......Page 296
Aloe polysaccharides, Acemannan®, Carrisyn® and the patent literature......Page 298
‘Acemannan’ structure and molecular weight by process and analysis......Page 299
A novel model for native polysaccharide structure......Page 301
Properties of fresh native A. barbadensis glucomannan polysaccharide......Page 302
Studies on cellulase cleavage of purified native polysaccharide......Page 306
Oligosaccharins and other therapeutic complex carbohydrates......Page 308
Defined saccharides and protection of UVB-injured cutaneous immune responses......Page 310
Therapeutic saccharides and the role of cytokines......Page 311
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 315
INTRODUCTION......Page 324
Pectins......Page 326
Anti-inflammatory effects......Page 327
Macrophage activation......Page 329
General features of macrophage activation......Page 330
Nitric oxide release......Page 332
Cytokine release......Page 334
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)......Page 335
Bone Marrow Stimulation......Page 336
Anti-tumor applications......Page 337
The effects of Aloe vabombe (sic)......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
Bioactivity of Aloe arborescens preparations......Page 346
Antihistamine and antiinflammatory activities of barbaloin......Page 347
Structure of aloesin esters......Page 348
Anti-inflammatory active components......Page 349
Arborans A and B with hypoglycemic activity......Page 350
Biological and pharmacological activity of aloctin A......Page 351
Bactericidal activity of aloe powder......Page 352
Antifungal activity against Thichophyton mentagrophytes......Page 353
Protection on skin injury induced by X-ray irradiation......Page 354
Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effects in mice......Page 355
Effect of amino acids on phagocytosis by peripheral neutrophil in adult bronchial asthma......Page 356
Contact dermatitis from Kidachi aloe......Page 357
The standard of Aloe arborescens processed food......Page 358
The standard of Aloe vera processed food......Page 359
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 362
Part 4\rAloe biology......Page 365
INTRODUCTION......Page 366
NUCLEOLAR CONSTRICTION AND rDNA SITE VARIATION......Page 367
MAJOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES......Page 368
POLYPLOIDY......Page 369
CONCLUSION......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
Internal anatomy......Page 372
Anatomy of leaf surfaces......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 377
INTRODUCTION......Page 378
Mealy bugs......Page 380
Mites......Page 381
Aphids......Page 382
Scales......Page 385
EFFECTS OF ALOE-DERIVED EXTRACTS AND COMPOUNDS ON INSECTS......Page 386
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 390