Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History and Identity

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Paul Spickard’s Acknowledgments for the First Edition
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
1 Immigration, Race, Ethnicity, Colonialism
	Beyond Ellis Island—How Not to Think About Immigration History
	Not Assimilation but Race Making
		The Immigrant Assimilation Model
		The Transnational Diasporic Model
		The Panethnic Formation Model
		Race Versus Ethnicity: The Difference, and the Difference It Makes
		Ethnic Formation Processes
		Colonialism and Race Making
	Words Matter
		Some Terms the Reader May Want to Think About Differently
		An Idea That May Be New
2 Colliding Peoples in Eastern North America, 1600–1780
	What Do We Celebrate?
	In the Beginning There Were Indians
		Diversity
		Origins
	There Goes the Neighborhood: European Incursion and “Settlement”
		Spanish, French, and Dutch Encounter Native Peoples
		English Immigrants Encounter Native Peoples
		Resistance, Conflict, Genocide
	A Mixed Multitude: European Migrants
		English Immigrants
		Immigration Policy Under the British
		Other Europeans
		Indenture
		From English to American
	Out of Africa
		To Become a Slave
		Dimensions and Effects
		How “Black” and “Slave” Came to Mean the Same Thing
		Variations on a Theme
		From Igbo and Bambara to Negro
	Merging Peoples, Blending Cultures
		The End of an Age
		Identity: Black, White, and Red
		Assimilation
3 An Anglo-American Republic? Racial Citizenship, 1760–1860
	Slavery and Antislavery in the Era of the American Revolution
		Thinking About Freedom, and Not
		Three-Fifths of a Person
		Partly Free People of Color and One Drop of Blood
		Africans and Indians
	Free White Persons: Defining Membership
	Playing Indian: White Appropriations of Native American Symbols and Identities
	European Immigrants
		Beginnings of US Immigration Policy
		Immigration, but Not “Old” or “New”
		British
		Germans
		Peasants Into City People: The Famine Irish
		Sephardim and German Jews
	Issues in European Migration
		Individual Choice or Embedded in a Web of Industrial Capital?
		Recruitment and Chain Migration
		Changes in Transportation Technology and Travel Conditions
	Nativism
	Were the Irish Ever Not White?
		Making a White Race
4 The Border Crossed Us: Euro-Americans Take the Continent, 1830–1900
	US Colonial Expansion Across North America
		Making Empire, Making Race: Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion
		Indian Deportation to the West
		Resistance and Genocide
		The Remnant: Reservation Indians
		Disappearing Peoples
		Native American Panethnic Formation
	Taking the Mexican Northlands
		Forget the Alamo: Taking Texas for Slavery
		Expanding Aggression
		Incorporating Mexico’s People, and Not
		Making Race in California
	Racial Replacement
	East From Asia
		Chinese Immigrants
		The Anti-Chinese Movement
	Slave and Citizen
	Colonialism and Race Making
5 The Great Wave, 1870–1930
	From New Sources and Old, to America and Back
		Still Coming From Northwest Europe
		New Sources of Workers in Southern Europe
		From Eastern Europe, Too
		Northeast Europeans
	Making a Multiethnic Working Class in the West
		Chinese
		Japanese
		Mexicans
		Filipinos and Other Asians
		Expunging Native Peoples
		Interlocking Discriminations
6 Cementing Hierarchy: Issues and Interpretations, 1870–1930
	How They Lived and Worked
		The Immigrant Working Class
		Not All Were Working Class
		Leading the Poor
	Gender and Migration
	Angles of Entry
	Making Jim Crow in the South
	Making Racial and Ethnic Hierarchy in the North
		Whiteness of Several Colors
		Beginnings of Black Migration
	Empire and Race Making
		Making War on Our Little Brown Brothers
		Queen Lili‘uokalani Loses Her Country
		US Imperialism in Cuba and Puerto Rico
	Law, Race, and Immigration
		Race and Gender Before the Law
		Legal Whiteness
	Racialist Pseudoscience and Its Offspring
		Pseudoscience Becomes Popular Knowledge
		Perfecting Humans
	Anti-Immigrant Movements
		The Anti-Japanese Movement
		The Americanization Campaign
		The Campaign for Immigration Restriction
	Interpretive Issues
		Orientalism
		Ethnicity on Display: Ethnic Festivals, World’s Fairs, and Human Zoos
		Racializing Religion: Jews as White and Not
7 White People’s America, 1924–1965
	Recruiting Citizens
	Second Generations and Third
	Recruiting Guest Workers
		Mexicans
		Filipinos and Puerto Ricans
	Indians or Citizens?
	World War II
		Rooting Out the Zoot
		Neither an Accident, Nor a Mistake
		European Refugees and Displaced Persons
	Cracks in White Hegemony
		The Cold War: Competing for the World’s Peoples
		The Black Freedom Movement
	Racial Fairness and the Immigration Act of 1965
8 New Migrants From New Places: Since 1965
	Some Migrants We Know
	From Asia
		Fleeing War in Vietnam and Southeast Asia
		Draining Brains From the Philippines
		From Korea
		From South Asia
		From China
		A Model Minority?
	From the Americas
		Perhaps a Model Minority: Migrants From Mexico
		Migrants or Exiles? From Cuba
		From Other Parts of Latin America and the Caribbean
	From Europe
	From Africa
	Continuing Involvements Abroad
9 Redefining Membership Amid Multiplicity: Since 1965
	Immigration Reform, Again and Again
	Panethnic Power
		The Chicana and Chicano Movement
		The Asian American Panethnic Movement
		Native American Political and Cultural Resurgence
		African Americans After Civil Rights to President Barack Obama
	Disgruntled White People
		Not the KKK: White Ethnic Movements
		Fighting Affirmative Action
	New Issues in a New Era
		Changes in Racial Etiquette
		Multiculturalism
		The Multiracial Movement
		Forever Foreigners: Asians and Arabs
		September 11, 2001, and the Racialization of Middle Eastern Americans
		National Security and Borders
10 The Return of White Supremacy?
	Hate in the Time of COVID
	Triumph of the New Nativism
		Epoch of Hate: Nativism, the Alt-Right, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia
		Racist and Anti-Immigrant Policies During the Trump Presidency
		Racism and Etiquette
	Immigrants
		By the Numbers: Not Enough Immigrants
		The Rise and Fall of Mexican Migration
		Central Americans
		Islamophobia
		Militarizing the Border
		People Without Papers
		Refugees and Asylum
		Babies in Cages
		Political Swings and Resistance
11 Epilogue
	Projecting the Future
	Some Issues to Consider As We Look Ahead
		What Do Immigrants Cost?
		How Shall We Deal With Inequalities That Have Been Shaped by Generations?
		Who Is an American?
	Reprise
	Hope for the Future?
Appendix A: Chronology of Immigration and Naturalization
Appendix B: Tables
Illustration Permission Acknowledgements
Index