Algorithmic Governance And Governance Of Algorithms: Legal And Ethical Challenges

Foreword......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Algorithmic Governance and Governance of Algorithms: An Introduction......Page 10
1 The Promise and Perils of Algorithm-Based Technologies......Page 11
2.1 The Current Legal Landscape......Page 14
2.2 Existing Initiatives to Regulate AI and Robotics in a Nutshell......Page 15
3.1 The EU as the Global Regulatory Standard-Setter......Page 17
3.2 The European Parliament´s Resolution of February 2017......Page 18
3.3 The European Commission´s AI Strategy and the Work of the High-Level Expert Group on AI......Page 19
3.4 The European Commission´s White Paper on AI......Page 21
4 Overview of This Book......Page 23
5 The Way Forward......Page 26
References......Page 27
Privacy, Non-Discrimination and Equal Treatment: Developing a Fundamental Rights Response to Behavioural Profiling......Page 32
1 Introduction......Page 33
2.1 Behavioural Profiling......Page 35
2.2 Difficulties in Distinguishing Between the Fundamental Rights......Page 36
3 Privacy, Non-Discrimination and Equal Treatment......Page 38
3.1.1 Scope of the Right......Page 39
3.1.2 Objectives and Values......Page 40
3.2.1 Scope of the Rights......Page 41
3.2.2 Objectives and Values......Page 44
4.1 Group Privacy as One Guarantee of the Right to Privacy......Page 47
4.2 Not Non-Discrimination But Equal Treatment......Page 49
5 Conclusion......Page 53
References......Page 56
The Black Box on Trial: The Impact of Algorithmic Opacity on Fair Trial Rights in Criminal Proceedings......Page 58
1 Introduction......Page 59
2 Algorithms May Contain Miscodes: The Use of Algorithms in Criminal Proceedings......Page 60
3 Opacity in Algorithms Keeps Miscodes Hidden......Page 65
4 Algorithmic Opacity Impacts Fair Trial Rights......Page 67
5.2 HART May Contain Miscodes......Page 71
5.4 HART May Impact Fair Trial Rights......Page 74
6 Conclusion......Page 76
References......Page 77
Microchipping Employees: Unlawful Monitoring Practice or a New Trend in the Workplace?......Page 80
1 Introduction......Page 81
2 Microchips as a Source of Employee´s Personal Data?......Page 83
3 Is Employee´s Consent Enough to Justify Microchipping?......Page 85
4 Do Employers Have a Legitimate Interest to Monitor Microchipped Employees?......Page 88
5 Conclusion......Page 92
References......Page 93
Electronic Personhood: A Tertium Genus for Smart Autonomous Surgical Robots?......Page 95
1 Introduction......Page 96
2 The Current State of the Art of Surgical Robots......Page 98
3 The Origins of the Debate: The EP Proposed Rules......Page 101
4.1 Preliminary Considerations......Page 104
4.2.1 The Agency Solution: The Robot (E-Person) as a Representative of Its Owner......Page 106
4.2.2 Electronic Personhood......Page 108
4.3 On a Possible Alternative Solution......Page 110
5 Concluding Remarks......Page 112
References......Page 113
Online Behavioural Advertising and Unfair Manipulation Between the GDPR and the UCPD......Page 117
1 Introduction: Online Behavioural Advertising and Unfair Manipulation......Page 118
2 Online Behavioural Advertising, Unfair Manipulation and the GDPR......Page 120
2.1 OBA As a Business Practice Entailing Different Processing Activities: Relevant Legal Basis and Overarching Principles......Page 121
2.1.1 Legal Basis for Processing......Page 122
2.1.2 Principles......Page 124
2.2 OBA As ``Automated Decision-Making, Including Profiling´´......Page 125
2.2.2 Similarly Significantly Affects......Page 126
2.2.3 Exemptions......Page 128
3 Online Behavioural Advertising, Unfair Manipulation and the UCPD......Page 129
3.1 OBA As ``Aggressive Commercial Practice´´......Page 130
3.1.1.1 Harassment......Page 131
3.1.1.3 Coercion......Page 132
3.1.3 The Practice Must Cause or Likely Cause the Consumer to Take a Transactional Decision He Would Not Have Taken Otherwise......Page 133
3.2.1 The Average Consumer Benchmark......Page 134
3.2.2 The Vulnerable Consumer Benchmark......Page 135
4 Conclusion: OBA and Unfair Manipulation Between the GDPR and the UCPD......Page 136
4.1 Consumers Data......Page 137
4.2 Informed Consent......Page 138
4.4 Individual and Collective Dimension......Page 139
References......Page 140
Protecting Deep Learning: Could the New EU-Trade Secrets Directive Be an Option for the Legal Protection of Artificial Neural .........Page 144
1 Introduction......Page 145
2.1 AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning......Page 146
2.2 Deep Learning and Neural Networks: A Short Technical Overview......Page 147
3 Subject Matters and Business Models of Deep Learning......Page 148
4.1 General Concept and Requirements of Copyright Law......Page 149
4.2.2 Copyright Protection for the Topology......Page 150
4.2.3 Copyright Protection for the Trained ANN......Page 151
5.2 Patent Protection for the Topology......Page 153
5.4 Patent Protection for the Specific Training Method......Page 154
6.1.1 Secret Information......Page 155
6.1.4 The Allowance of Reverse Engineering......Page 156
6.2 Further Legal Questions Arising from Trade Secret Protection......Page 157
6.3.2 Limitations of Trade Secret Law Protection......Page 158
6.4 Trade Secrets as a Legal Protection Tool Compared to Classic IP Rights......Page 159
7.2 Results......Page 161
References......Page 162
Chinese Copyright Law and Computer-Generated Works in the Era of Artificial Intelligence......Page 164
1 Introduction......Page 165
2 Different Views on Copyright Protection of CGWs in China......Page 167
3 The Copyrightability of CGWs Under Chinese Copyright Law......Page 168
4 The Authorship and CGWs in Chinese Copyright Law......Page 171
5 Conclusion......Page 173
References......Page 174