Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Authors’ Biographies
Introduction
Chapter 1 General Overview
	Definition
	Classification
	Summaries of the 12 Algal Phyla
		Cyanobacteria
		Glaucophyta
		Rhodophyta
		Prasinodermatophyta and Chlorophyta
		Charophyta
		Haptophyta
		Cryptophyta
		Ochrophyta
		Miozoa—Dinophyceae
		Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae
		Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae
	Structure of Thallus—Cytomorphological Types
		Unicells and Unicell Colonial Type
		Filamentous Type
		Siphonocladous Type
		Siphonous Type
		Parenchymatous and Pseudo-Parenchymatous Type
		Palmelloid Type
	Nutrition
	Reproduction
		Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction
			Binary Fission or Cellular Bisection
			Zoospores, Aplanospores, and Autospores
			Autocolony Formation
			Fragmentation
			Resting Stages
		Sexual Reproduction
			Haplontic or Zygotic Life Cycle
			Diplontic or Gametic Life Cycle
			Diplohaplontic or Sporic Life Cycle
	Occurrence and Distribution
		Biotic Interactions
			Viruses
			Bacteria
			Arthropods
			Amphibians
			Reptiles
			Other Animals and Humans
		Extreme Habitats
			Cold Environments
			Hot Environments
			Dry Environments
			Space
	Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis
Chapter 2 Biogeochemical Role of Algae
	The Roles of Algae in Biogeochemistry
	The Oxygen and Carbon Cycles
	The Nitrogen Cycle
	The Phosphorus Cycle
	The Iron Cycle
	The Silicon Cycle
	The Sulfur Cycle
	Limiting Nutrients
Chapter 3 Anatomy
	Cytomorphology and Ultrastructure
		Outside the Cell
			Type 1—Simple Cell Membrane
			Type 2—Cell Surface With Additional Extracellular Material
				Mucilages and Sheaths
				Scales
				Frustules
				Cell Walls
				Loricas
				Skeletons
			Type 3—Cell Surface With Additional Intracellular Material in Vesicles
			Type 4—Cell Surface With Additional Extracellular and Intracellular Material
				First Level
				Second Level
				Third Level
		Flagella and Associated Structures
			Flagellar Shape and Surface Features
				Flagellar Scales
				Flagellar Hairs
				Flagellar Spines
			Internal Features
				Axoneme
				Paraxial Rod
				Other Intra-Flagellar Accessory Structures
				Transition Zone
				Basal Bodies
				Root System
				Glaucophyta
				Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta
				Haptophyta
				Cryptophyta
				Ochrophyta
				Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae
				Miozoa—Dinophyceae
				Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae
	How Algae Move
		Swimming
		Movements Other Than Swimming
		Buoyancy Control
		How a Flagellum Is Built: Intra-Flagellar Transport
		How a Flagellar Motor Works
		How a Paraxial Rod Works
	The Photoreceptor Apparatus
		Types of Photoreceptive Systems
			Type I
			Type II
			Type III
		Photoreceptive Proteins
	Behavioral and Physiological Features
		Sampling Strategies
		Trajectory Control
		Signal Transmission
	An Example: Photoreceptor and Photoreception in Euglena
		Chloroplasts
			Cyanobacteria
			Glaucophyta
			Rhodophyta
			Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta
			Haptophyta
			Cryptophyta
			Ochrophyta
			Cercozoa—Chlorarachniophyceae
			Miozoa—Dinophyceae
			Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae
		The Nucleus, Nuclear Division, and Cytokinesis
			Rhodophyta
			Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta
			Cryptophyta
			Miozoa—Dinophyceae
			Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae
		Ejectile Organelles and Feeding Apparatus
			Prasinodermatophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta
			Haptophyta
			Cryptophyta
			Ochrophyta
			Cercozoa—Chlorarachiophyceae
			Miozoa—Dinophyceae
			Euglenozoa—Euglenophyceae
Chapter 4 Photosynthesis
	Light
	Photosynthesis
		Light-Dependent Reactions
			PSII and PSI: Structure, Function, and Organization
			ATP—Synthase
			ETC Components
			Electron Transport: The Z-Scheme
			Proton Transport: Mechanism of Photosynthetic Phosphorylation
			Pigment Distribution in PSII and PSI Super-Complexes of Algal Division
		Light-Independent Reactions
			RuBisCO
			Calvin Benson Bassham Cycle
				Carboxylation
				Reduction
				Regeneration
			Photorespiration
	The Photosynthesis-Irradiance Response Curve (P-vs-E Curve)
		Photoacclimation
	Photosynthesis in Light-Limited Environments
	The Energy Relationships in Photosynthesis: The Balance Sheet
Chapter 5 Culturing
	Collection, Storage, and Preservation
		Culture Types
		Culture Parameters
			Temperature
			Light
			pH
			Salinity
			Mixing
		Culture Vessels
	Media Choice and Preparation
		Freshwater Media
		Marine Media
			Seawater Base
		Nutrients, Trace Metals, and Chelators
		Vitamins
		Soil Extract
		Buffers
	Sterilization of Culture Materials
	Culture Methods
		Microalgae
			Batch Cultures
			Continuous Cultures
			Semi-Continuous Cultures
			Commercial-Scale Cultures
				Outdoor Ponds
				Photobioreactors
				Culture of Sessile Micro-Algae
		Macroalgae
			Onshore Cultivation
			Offshore Cultivation
			Nearshore Cultivation
			Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture
	Quantitative Determinations of Algal Density and Growth
		Growth Rate and Generation Time Determinations
Chapter 6 Utilization
	Human Food
		Cyanobacteria
		Rhodophyta
		Ochrophyta—Phaeophyceae
		Chlorophyta
	Animal Feed
		Hydrocolloids
			Agar
			Alginates
			Carrageenan
		Fertilizers
		Cosmetics
		Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
	Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxins
		Cyanophyceae
		Prymnesiophyceae
		Bacillariophyceae
		Raphidophyceae
		Dinophyceae
	Algae as Tools for Environmental Monitoring
		Flow Cytometry
		Metagenomic Analysis
		Remote Sensing
		Digital Microscopy
	Algae as Tools for Bioremediation
		Heavy Metals
		Food Industry Wastewater
	Algae in a Bio-Based Economy
		Algae-Based Products: Use and Market Scenarios
		Exploitation of the Algae Potential for Different Target Markets
		Sustainability
Chapter 7 Working With Light
	How Light Behaves
		Scattering
		Absorption
		Fluorescence
		Interference
		Reflection
		Refraction
		Dispersion
		Diffraction
	Lab Instruments
		The Microscope
			Bright Field Microscopy
			Steps in Establishing Köhler Illumination
			Numerical Aperture, Airy Disk, and Microscope Resolution
			CCD Cameras for Optical Microscopy
			Fluorescence Microscopes
			Light Sources for Microscopy
		Digital Microscopy
			Hardware
			Software
			An Alternative “Simple” Method for Obtaining Algae Absorption Spectra
	Field Instruments
		Radiometry
			Measurement Geometries: Solid Angles
			Radiant Energy
			Spectral Radiant Energy
			Radiant Flux (Radiant Power)
			Spectral Radiant Flux (Spectral Radiant Power)
			Radiant Flux Density (Irradiance and Radiant Exitance)
			Spectral Radiant Flux Density
			Radiance
			Spectral Radiance
			Radiant Intensity
			Spectral Radiant Intensity
		Photometry
			Luminous Flux (Luminous Power)
			Luminous Intensity
			Luminous Energy
			Luminous Flux Density (Illuminance and Luminous Exitance)
			Luminance
			Lambertian Surfaces
	Unit Conversion
		Radiant and Luminous Flux (Radiant and Luminous Power)
			Irradiance (Flux Density)
			Radiance
			Radiant Intensity
			Luminous Intensity
			Luminance
		Geometries
	PAR Detectors
Subject Index
Index