Akha-English dictionary

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	Figure
	Figure
	AKHA -ENGLISH DICTIONARY
	THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM
	The Southeast Asia Program was organized at Cornell University in the Department of Far Eastern Studies in 1950. It is a teaching and research pro­gram of interdisciplinary studies in the humanities, social sciences and some natural sciences. It deals with Southeast Asia as a region, and with the in­dividual countries of the area: Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
	The activities of the Program are carried on both at Cornell and in Southeast Asia. They include an undergraduate and graduate curriculum at Cornell which provides instruction by specialists in Southeast Asian cultural history and present-day affairs and offers intensive training in each of the major languages of the area. The Program sponsors group research projects on Thailand, on Indonesia, on the Philippines, and on the area's Chinese minorities. At the same
	time, individual staff and students of the Program have done field research in every Southeast Asian country.
	A list of publications relating to Southeast Asia which may be obtained on prepaid order directly from the Program is given at the end of this volume. Information on Program staff, fellowships, require­ments for degrees, and current course offerings will be found in an Announcement of the Department of Asian Studies, Franklin Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850.
	AKHA -ENGLISH DICTIONARY
		AKHA -ENGLISH DICTIONARY
		Compiled by
		Paul Lewis
		Data Paper: Number 70 Southeast Asia Program Department of Asian Studies Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
	July 1968
		July 1968
		Price $3.50
		Copyright CORNELL UNIVERSITY · SOUTHEAST ASIA PROORAM 1968
		FOREWORD
		We welcome this third volume in the Linguistics Series of the Southeast Asia Program's Data Papers as another contribution in our efforts to make available long needed data on the lesser known languages of the area. Paul Lewis is one of the very few who have extensive knowledge of Akha and we are in his debt for preparing this dictionary.
		Mr. Lewis notes that his main purpose was to provide an aid to learning the languages, but certainly all linguists interested in the Tibeto-Burman languages will find this dictionary indispensable. For their purposes some will no doubt prefer a different trans­cription and Mr. Lewis has provided sufficient infor­mation in his introduction to make this possible. He has also recently published an article which provides 11Akha Phonology", vol. 10, No. 2 (1968). These contributions will surely be of great assis
			some additional information:
			Anthro­pological Linguistics,
		Ithaca, New York Robert B. Jones, Jr. June 1968
		V
		PREFACE
		Data for this dictionary has been gathered while
		I served as a missionary with the Burma Baptist Conven­tion, under the auspices of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. I began learning the language in 1949 while living in Pangwai, Kengtung State. From that time
		until the time I left Burma in 1966, I have worked on
		this dictionary as my other duties have allowed.
		I was able to devote major portions of time to
		it during most of 1965, thanks to a grant I received from the Human Relations Area File to carry on cultural
		investigations among the Akha people. Many specialized terms not found in this dictionary will be found in the notes I have written, and am still writing, for the Hum­
		an Relations Area Files.
		The primary purpose I have in preparing this dic­tionary is to aid English speakers who want to learn
		the Akha language and something of Akha culture. Further­more, I hope that it might be of some aid to the govern­ments of Burma, Laos, and Thailand, especially as they try to bring the Akha people into the full life of their respective countries. If the dictionary can be of use
		to any Akhas as well, I will be most gratified.
		Special thanks are due to the many informants who worked so patiently with me, and to the late Sala Mose Heh who helped with transcription of texts, filing, and checking.
		I am also most grateful to Professor Robert B. Jones, Jr., and the Southeast Asia Program for making the publication of this dictionary possible.
		vi
		TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Foreword • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • V Preface • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • VI Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • VIII Abbreviations . • • • • • • • • XXVI
			•
			• •
			•
		AKHA -ENGLISH DICTIONARY a • • • • • 1 -m • . • • 189 • • • • . 26 m • • • • 192 aw • • • • • 27 my • • • • 211 b • • • • • 28 n • • • • 215
			ah
		by
		• • • • 229
		•
		•
		.
		ng
		234
		C
		ny
		• • • • • 69 0 • • • • 240 dz • • • • . 95 oe. • • • 241 e • • • • . 106 • • • • 242
			d
			p
		259
		eh • • • • . · 107 • • eu • • • • . 108
			PY ·
			•
		s
		g • • • . . 109 sht. • • • 271 g' • • • . . 119 t • • • • 283 h • • • . . 126 ts . • • • 300 • • • • • 133 u • • • • 314
			.
		• • • • • 136 Ul. • • • • 321 k • • • • • 148 y • • • • 323 ki • • . . . 156 z • • • • 349 1 • • • • . 167
		APPENDIX A: Personal names and lineages • • •
		APPENDIX B: Ancestor offerings • • • • • • 361 APPENDIX C: Ordering of time • • • • • • • 362
		vii
		INTRODUCTION
		The People: The Akha (Ekaw, or Kaw) people live in
		Southern Yunnan, China, Kengtung State in Eastern Burma,
		the Northwestern area of Laos, and Northern Thailand.
		It is impossible to know just how many Akhas there are, but I would estimate their total number to be be­tween three hundred thousand and half a million.
		Their language is in the Lolo branch of the Tibeto­Burman languages.
		The Dialect: This dictionary is of the Jeug'oe
			v
			v
		(Puli) dialect, as it is spoken in Central and Central­eastern Kengtung State. This is the dialect which all Akhas I have met recognize as the "standard" dialect of Akha. Other Akhas usually know enough of the Jeug'oev dialect so that they can communicate without any spec­ial trouble with the Jeuag'oespeaker, although they may speak with an accent.
			v
			v
			y
		Various features of the Akha language as spoken in Thailand may be different from the Akha in this dic­tionary. But for the most part words included in this dictionary represent, with some predictable phonetic changes, their speech as well.
		When there are two ways of saying a word in the Jeug'oedialect, and when one of those ways is clear­ly preferred, I indicate which is preferred by the major­ity of speakers with 'pf.'.
			v
			v
		AKHA PHONOLOGY
		The Consonants: There are 26 consonant phonemes in Akha. There are no consonant clus_ters. The digraphs that are used are merely for convenience.
		There are 14 voiced consonants whose quality is not altered significantly by the quality of the following vowels. They are:
		/b/ voiced bilabial stop (ba la, baŁ maŁ)
		viii
		/by/ palatalized voiced bilabial stop (bya-eu, bya-eu)
			A
		/d/ voiced alveolar stop (da-eu, da-eu)
			v
			A
		/g/ voiced velar stop (gav-eu, ga-eu)
			A
		/dz/ voiced alveolar affricate (dza-eu, dzan-eu)
			y
			A
		/z/ voiced alveolar fricative, with the apex of the tongue pointed slightly upward, and a little further back than in English (za-eu, za-eu)
			A
		voiced alveopalatal fricative, with the apex of the tongue pointing slightly downward (ya­eu, ya-eu)
			vv
			A
		. "
		/y/ a .voiced velar fricative, written g' (g'a
			v
			-eu,
		-eu)
			g'a
			A
		ma, ma-eu)
			/m/ bilabial voiced nasal (a
			v
			A
		/my/ palatalized bilabial voiced nasal (myav-eu, mya-eu)
			A
		-eu, na-eu)
			/n/ voiced alveolar nasal (na
			vv
			A
		/ny/ palatalized voiced alveolar nasal (nya-eu, nyanyeu-eu)
			A
			A
		;i'Jvoiced velar nasal, written ng (nga-eu, nganga)
			/
			v
			v
			A
		/1/ voiced alveolar lateral (la-eu, ala)
			v
			v
			A
		/?/ initial glottal stop, represented by the ab­sence of a consonant before the initial vowel in the orthography (av da, ulah-eu)
			A
			y
		There are 9 consonants whose quality is determined by the quality of the following vowel. The consonant is aspirated when followed by an oral vowel, and unaspirated when followed by a laryngealized vowel, as a general rule.
		-aspirated, pa-unaspirated)
			/p/ voiceless bilabial stop (pa
			v
			A
		-unaspirated)
			/py/ palatalized voiceless bilabial stop_ (pya
			v
			-
			aspirated, pya
			A
		-aspirated, ta-unaspirated)
			/t/ voiceless alveolar stop (ta
			v
			A
		ix
		/k/ voiceless velar stop (kaa-aspirated, ka
			y
			-
		A
		unaspirated)
		/ts/ voiceless alveolar affricate (tsa-aspirat­ed, tsaa-unaspirated)
			y
			A
		/c/ voiceless alveopalatal affricate (ca-aspir­ated, ca-unaspirated)
			y
			A
		/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative (saa-aspirated, saa-unaspirated)
			y
			A
		voiceless alveopalatal fricative, written sh
			/Ł/
		-
		(shaa-aspirated, shaa-unaspirated)
			y
			A
		/x/ voiceless velar fricative, written k' aspirated, k'aa-unaspirated)
			A
		Figure
		There is one voiced consonant whose quality is determined by the quality of the following vowel:
		/j/ voiced alveopalatal affricate. It has no palatalization when followed by an oral vowel (ja). It is palatalized when followed by a laryngealized vowel (ja).
			yv
			A
		There is one consonant which occurs only with oral vowels:
		/h/ voiceless glottal fricative (ha-eu)
		There is one consonant which occurs in a few words borrowed from Shan:
		/v/ voiced labiodental fricative (saapawvi
			y
			y
			y
			-
		but most say 'saapawbi')
			y
			y
			v
		The Vowels: There are 13 vowels in Akha. Nine of them occur as either oral or laryngealized vowels. Four of them occur only as oral vowels. The oral vowels are characterized by an expanded pharyngeal cavity, with no restriction of the passage of air. The laryngealized vowels are characterized by faucalization and laryngeal­ization, with a glottal stop at the end when the syllable occurs in an utterance final position.
		The vowels that occur both in oral and laryngealized form are:
		/i/ high front unrounded (ci-eu, cinyawa)
			v
			A
			A
		X
		/E/ lower-mid front unrounded, written eh (ceh­eu, ceh-eu)
			"
		/o/ higher-mid front rounded vowel, written oe
		(oe-eu, a coen)
			v
			"'v
		/a/ low central unrounded (ca-eu, ca-eu)
			v
			"'v
		-eu)
			/u/ high back rounded (cu-eu, cu
			"'v
		/o/ higher-mid back rounded vowel (co-eu, yaw )
			v
			co
			A
		/o/ lower-mid back rounded vowel, written aw (cawv, caw"-eu)
		/t/ high back unrounded vowel, written ui (dacui, ui cuin)
			y
			y
			"'v
		/Ł/ higher-mid back unrounded vowel, written eu , ceu-eu)
			(ceu
			v
			"
		The vowels which regularly occur only in the oral form are:
		/e/ higher-mid front unrounded (le-eu). There is one instance where it occurs in the laryngeal-ized form (bile-eu).
			"
			"'v
		-msyllabic m, which seems to occupy the low front
			/
			/
		-
		unrounded category in the Akha pattern (gm-eu)
			v
		doi)
			high front rounded, written oi (coi
			v
		low back µnrounded and slightly nasalized, written ah (mah)
			/Ł/
			vv
		There are three diphthongs that occur in some words borrowed from Shan. They are usually oral in quality, although sometimes when the Shan ends with an unreleased stop, some Akhas give the vowel a laryngealized·quality. Akhas treat these diphthongs in the same way they treat vowel enclitics (CVV), with the exception that in the diphthongs, the tone is ·always the sameon both segments.
			·
		/ao/ a diphthong with a sequence of /a/ and /o/ , leukao)
			.
			(bao
			v
			v
			A
		/ai/ a diphthong with a sequence of /a/ and /i/ )
			(sai
			v
		xi
		/am/ a diphthong with a sequence of /a/ and syllab­ic m (a• yam, gam-eu)
			y
			A
		The Tones: Oral vowels occur on three level tones:
		a high tone (aba)
			/.,/
			v
			v
		a mid tone (no tone mark) (ba la)
			I I
		a low tone (bayu)
			lvl
			.,
			.,v
		Laryngealized vowels occur on two level tones:
		// a mid tone (bak'ot)
			A
			A
			A
		/ a low tone (ba-eu)
			/
			A
			A
		The tones of oral vowels tend to be on a level pitch. When an oral vowel on a high tone is in the utterance final position, however, it may drop some. Also, oral vowels on a low tone tend to rise slightly when they are in the utterance final position. There is sometimes a glottal stop when the oral vowels are in the utterance final position, with any of the tones.
		Certain series of tones in close juncture tend to change the tonal pattern. The most common of these is where there are three contiguous syllables all on the low tone. The middle syllable goes to a mid tone, as in [ Aka dawJ . It is writ ten phonemica l lŁl, however, in the dictionary, /Akadaw/. When there are three syllables in a row, and the tone is high for all three, the middle syllable tends to drop to somewhere between the high and mid tones, as in /ahahgacaw/.
			v
			v
			v
			"
			v
			v
			"
			v
		When various types of reduplication take place and there are four syllables in a row, a different type of tonal change takes place. For example:
		yawha (becomes) yawhayawha
			v
			v
			"
		"
		t • i I a (becomes) tig'atig'a
			.,
			g
			.,
			"
			v
			v
			.,
		noetdui-eu (becomes) noedui noedui-eu
			v
			v
			.,v
		" Since these are not always predictable, they are written in the dictionary the way they occur in speech.
		xii
		The Arrangement of the Alphabet: The dictionary follows the normal order of the English alphabet: a, ah, aw, b, by, c, d, dz, e, eh, eu, g, g', h, i, j, k, k', 1, -m (syllabic m), m, my, n, ng, ny, o, oe, oi, p, py, s, sh, t, ts, u, ui, y, z
		l.S:
			For the tones the order
		a" high oral vowel
			-
		a mid oral vowel
		alow oral vowel
			..,
			-
		a" mid laryngealized vowel
			-
		a .... low laryngealized vowel
			-
		I have further made a division within each letter between consonantn+ oral vowel, and consonantn+ laryn­gealized vowel. Thus, under /t/, for example:
		ta", ta, ta..,,
		through all of the oral vowels. Then:
		ta" ta, tawn, taw .... , and the other laryngealized
			,..v
			"'v
		vowels. This is just_for the initial syllable, however. For the second and following syllables, they are alpha­betized:
		""
		a, a, a , a....
			Figure
		,..v
		Where there are two syllables the same, with the exception that one has a hyphen indicating that it is a bound form, the syllable without the _hyphen is written first: pa, -pa
		,..v,..
		There are a very few instances where voiceless con­sonants occuring with oral vowels are unaspirated. In a few words borrowed from Shan this occurs, i.ne.n, leuce. It also occurs in the names of certain birds, where they seek to mimic the call, i.ne.n, cehleh. To show that these are unaspirated the consonant is underlined:
			v
			vv
			"'
			,..v
		Figure
		cehleh,.., etc.
			v
		-
		Their arrangement in the alphabet is with the oral vowels.
		xiii
		AKHA GRAMMAR
			AKHA GRAMMAR
			Word Formation: The grammar of the Akha language is basically similar to other Tibeto-Burman languages.
			It has a CV pattern. The main exception to this is when there is a clitic composed of only a vowel. Then it is written CV-V (ma-i). The reason for the hyphen is to show there is no glottal stop.
				vv
				v
			The three main parts of speech in Akha are: verbs, nouns, and particles.
			1. VERBS
			Full verbs: Full verbs are generally of one syllable, with a verb clitic following in close juncture, as,
			mawt-eu to see
				"'v
			There are some verbs with more than one syllable, as,
			soetkaw"-eu to mark a line
				v
			All verbs occur in this dictionary with the clitic /-eu/. There is no sign in the dictionary to indicate that it is a verb, since the clitic shows this.
			Full verbs often occur in combination with other full verbs. In such cases the clitic comes only after the second verb:
			po" mawt-eu to search (and) find
				"'v
			Not all full verbs can combine with other verbs, how­ever, and when they do combine, the order in which they occur is fixed.t· Therefore the principle verb combinations which occur are included in this dictionary only under
			the entry for the first verb of the combination.
			Verb Couplets: Verb couplets are made up of two comple­
			mentary
				mentary
					mentary
					full
					verbs,
					both
					of
					which
					retain
					their
					clitics.
				They
					They
					are
					usually
					used
					in
					more
					formal
					speech,
					or
					when
					the
				speaker
					speaker
					wants
					to
					express
					something
					in
					a
					more
					poetic
					fash
						-
				ion.
					ion.
			•
			XJ.V
				XJ.V
				Sometimes the-verbs in the couplet may occur sepa­rately as well:
				g'oe-eu ga-eu to love
					v
					v
				In some couplets, however, the second Łerb cannot be used apart from the couplet:
				-eu tmn-eu to speak
					ngeh
					vv
					"'v
				Verb couplets are indicated by the abbreviation (VC)n.
				Verb Reduplication: Verbs are often reduplicated for intensification:
				"' v
					in
					i
				i• in-ehgoing and going (for a long time)
					"'v
					""
				When verbs are reduplicated, it is only the last occur­rence that has the clitic form. Reduplicated forms are not listed in this dictionary.
				Noun-verb Combinations: ab-b In Akha it is quite corn­rnon to have a verb which is the same as the last syllable of a noun:
				Figure
				a bundle
				Figure
				to bundle a bundle
				This second form is included in the dictionary under both: andzahdzah-eu -dzah-eu, adzah
					"'
					v
					..,v
					"'v
					v
					..,
					-
				•
				The hyphens indicate that the ordinary occurrence J.S: andzahdzah-eu
					"'
					y
					v
				When verb prefixes occur with these forms, they al­ways occur before the verb:
				v
					a
				dzahbi dzah-eu
					v
					..,v
				There are a limited number of words which are form­ed in this general way from adjectives:
				Figure
				to be alive
				•
				These .are filed in the dictionary under two headings, in the same manner as described above:
				yaw dehdeh-eu
					A
					A
				-deh-eu, yaw deh
					A
					A
					-
				xv
				Noun-verb Combinations: ab-c There are certain fairly
				specialized verbs in Akha which can only occur with cer­
				tain nouns, but they are not the same as any part of the
				noun, and their meaning, in combination with the noun,
				is different from what it is when the verbs stand along.
				For example:
				to finish up a court case
					Figure
				yav yeh da-eu to break off the opium habit
					v
				So both:
				yayeh da-eu
					v
					vv
				-da-eu, yayeh are filed.
					vv
					v
					-
				Verb Prefixes: There are certain verb prefixes which occur before the verb. They occur in open juncture with the verb. They are written with a hyphen following, which indicates that they can never stand alone:
				la-(VP) to do ... (laa-eu -to make wet) The abbreviation used is (VP).
					A
					A
					vv
				Secondary Verbs: Secondary verbs follow the main verb:
				ehnehv-eu to tell someone
					v
				When there is a verb couplet, the secondary verb must follow each of the two verbs:
				to say (to me)
					Figure
				There are sometimes two or more such secondary verbs that occur together:
				Figure
				to tell me
				Secondary verbs take clitics in the same way full verbs do.
				In the dictionary secondary verbs are written:
				(verb) la-eu (SV) shows that the action is dir­ected toward the speaker (ehla-eu -said to me)
					A
					v
					A
				The abbreviation used is (SV)t.
				xvi
				Verb Suffixes: Suffixes occur with certain verbs to
				form substantive verbs. For example:
				jaw-eu to live
					vv
				jawduthe place where one lives ' is filed in the dictionary thus:
					v
					v
					Therefore, •-du
					vv
				du(VS) indicates a place where something is loca­
					v
				ted habitually, or a place for something The abbreviation is (VS)n.
				There are two main ways of forming adverbs in
					Adverbs:
				Akha. One is to add the clitic -eh'to the end of an
					1
					v
				adjective:
				good, well
					Figure
				For intensification purposes, theie can also be a redup­lication of the verb base:
				very well
					Figure
				The second way is to have a verb base with the clitic '-ni', or its contracted form -i', at the end:
					1
				ciJaw,_ n1. to be filthy
					y
				bya ceh-i to be clear, to shine -forth
					A
				2. NOUNS
				Ordinary Nouns: Many nouns are of one syllable: pu a village
				Others are of two syllables:
				.
				pu zavillagers (lit.n, 'children of the village') This disyllabic noun can be broken down into its consti
					..,
					-
				tuent parts:
				village
				zachild, people
					..,
				There are other disyllabic nouns which cannot be broken down:
				cagaw..., a mosquito There are also three and four syllable nouns.
					v
				xvii
				I do not indicate ordinary nouns in any special way in the dictionary, except that most of them will be followed by their proper classifier.
				Noun Couplets: Noun couplets are made up of two comple­mentary nouns. In most cases the second noun cannot be used apart from the couplet:
				ak'otala the season, the time of year
					v
					A
					v
				The abbreviation is (NC)n.
				Noun Reduplication: Nouns are often reduplicated for intensification. There are four main ways in which they reduplicate.
				a. In one or two syllable nouns, the main syllable
				(which is the second in two syllable nouns), is redup­licated, and another syllable is added to indicate the direction in which the intensification is going:
				a
					a
						a
						group
					va
						va
						maA
						maA
						ma
						a
						very
						large
						group
					va
						va
						maA
						maA
						lah
						the
						whole
						group
					va
						va
						maA
						maA
						zav
						a
						small
						group
					This
						This
						type
						of
						reduplication
						is
						not
						shown
						in
						the
						dictionary,
					although
						although
						the
						final
						syllables
						(-ma,
						-lah,
						etc.)
						are
						in­
					cluded.
						cluded.
				b. In the formation of some four syllable nouns, there is reduplication of the first syllable:
				a soybean field
				c. In some four syllable nouns, there is the redup­lication of the second syllable:
				dried £{sh
				d. Sometimes four syllable nouns are developed from a verb couplet with a reduplicated connecting syllable:
				an argument
				The verb couplet is: deh-eu ceh-eu to argue
					vv
				xviii
				Since the formation of the types found in the last three examples is selective, the more common forms are included in this dictionary.
				Interrogative Nouns: There are three types:
				a. Type one asks a question that demands an expla­11, "why", 11 how". Thus the inter­rogative noun 'aje-', must be followed with a verb, or with 'mianeh' (because)a, or its equivalent.
					nation, such as "who
					v
					v
					v
				What do you want?
					Figure
				v
					i
				Ajemineh mamawanya. Why don't you want to go?
					v
					v
					v
					v
					A
				b. Type two asks a.question that wants to know the number, •amya' (how much)a, or person, 'aSUI (who)a, or which particular item, 'ageu -' (which)a.
					v
					A
					v
					V
					v
				The first two examples above are followed by clas
					-
				sifiers in the question as well as the answer:
				v A v
				amyamawahow many animals? av SUg'awhat person?
					V
					v
				The third example may use a classifier, butit can also take nouns, especially those that have to do with time, place, and people. The form used in the question will usually be used in the answer:
					·
				geu gale de. Where did you go?
					v
					v
				v K'oeagale deŁ I went over there.
					A
					v
					v
					vv
				c. Type three asks questions that have to do with the shape or size of something:
				v "'
					A
				hui ahade. How big is it?
				The abbreviation for interrogative nouns is (IN)a.
				Noun Suffix: Certain suffixes follow nouns, and are in close juncture with the nouns they follow:
				-aha(ayaw-ahahe, as the receiver of the action)
					v
					.
					v
					A
					v
				xix
				(ayaw-euhis)
					-eu
					V
					Ł
					v
				..,
				g'eh (ayawg'eh he also)
					..,
					A
				The abbreviation is (NS)t.
				Numerals: The numbers 1-10 are recorded in the diction­ary, as well as the terms for hundred, thousand, ten thousand, and thus to a billion.
				In ffiUCh of their weighing and measuring, the Akhas follow the Shan system. For example, timui, when used for measuring rice, does not mean ten thousand measures, but ten.
					v
					"
				The higher numbers are found in their proverbs, but are either understood poorly, or are used in a different way than we would use them.
				When counting, numbers one (ti), and two (nyi), are different than when they are used with classifiers, when they become: ti-, nyi-. Also, the tone of the number three (sm) is high when the following classifier is low (smg'a), but low when the classifier is mid
					A
					A
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				or high (smmaw).
					v
					"
				1
				-
				tiŁ (ti
					y
				-)
				-
				tset
					tset
					"'
				ti
					ti
					A
				.
				ny1.Ł (nyi-) 12 tse" ny
					2
					v
					-
					1.
					A
				v "'v
					-
					-
						-
				3 sm(smtmawt) tse4 oe 20
					v
					13
					"
					-
					v
					-
					•
				1.v
					ny
				tse
					v
				5 ngat21 nytseti
					-
					v
					-
					1
					•
					.
					v
					v
					A
				-
				6 ko30 smtse
					A
					-
					,.,
					v
				7 shi35 smtsenga
					-
					A
					-
					,.,
					"
					v
				8
				yeh
					A
				-
				6etseg'oe
					"
					v
					"
				-
				9 90 g'oetse10 tse99 g'oetse" g' oe
					g'oe
					v
					-
					v
					"
					-
					"
					-
					v
					"
				100 tiy yat200 ny1.yat1,t000 t he
					-
					"'
					-
					.
					..,
					"'
					-
					i
					v
					v
				xx
				10,000 timui
					-
					y
					v
				seh
					100,000 ti
					v
				1,000,000 tilam
					-
					y
					v
				10,000,000 tidui
					-
					y
				-
				100,000,000 tiy tah
					v
				1,000,000,000 timyeh
					-
					y
					v
				Classifiers: Classifiers occur after nouns. In this dictionary the classifier, or classifiers, for each noun is not given. There are many common ones which would merely complicate the entries if they were all included:
				for all people
					g'a
					v
				mawnfor all animals and insects
					v
				bawfor trees (unless a specializŁd term is used)
					v
					-
				Where the classifier is either uncommon, or is not evident, it is included in a parenthesis following the noun:
				taw(hm) a lock
					mah
					V
					,..
					v
				The classifier occurs immediately after a num.eral:
				tig'aone person
					v
					v
				nyimawntwo animals
					•
					..,
					v
				smSthree (round things)
					.,
					l.
					•
					v
				They also occur immediately after such questions as: "' "' A v
					a
				anmyan-how many ••• ? (amyag•a, myaŁ., "'
					v
					.,v
					·
					a
				mawn, myansi..,, etc.)
					.,v
				Classifiers also occur with: k'noethat (k'oeg'a, k'oemaw, etc.) heu this (heu g'a..,, heu mawn, etc.) teu that closer to you than me (teu g'a, teu mawn,
					v
					v
					v
					.,
					..,v
					..,v
					.,v
					"'v
				etc.)
				There can also be a combination of these with numer
					-
				als:
				those four people
					Figure
				xxi
				If an adjective is included:
				tsawhayaw muik'oekog'ay those six good people
					v
					v
					v
					v
					A
				Rarely classifiers follow a noun without a numeral:
				he, that person
					Figure
				The most commonly used classifiers appear in the dictionary apart from nouns, with the abbreviation (CL)t.
				There are instances where the classifier used will change the meaning of the noun. For example:
				•
				sehgutibawan onion stem
					v
					..,
					v
					v
				sehtgutibawa cluster of onions
					v
					v
					..,
					v
					-
				sehtgutisithe bulb part of the onion
					v
					v
					v
					•
					v
					-
				Weights and Measures: There are certain classifiers that
				usually do not appear with nouns, but only with a numeral. For the most part these have to do with:
				..,
					ka
				weights -jaw-i, , etc.
					A
				measures -pu, pehŁ, jo, etc.
					..,v
					A
				money -bya, ceht, mo, etc.
					Av
					vv
					v
				large numbers -ya, he, lam, etc.
					vv
					v
					"t
				time -tik'eh..,, tipo, etc.
					..,
					..,
					Av
				other -tida, titaw tina, etc.
					..,
					..,
					..,
				The classifiers that can be used with any number are written as classifiers, with the abbreviation (WM) for weights and measures. The classifiers that always occur with 'ti' (one)t, occur in the dictionary under
					-
					..,v
				I t ' -•
					I
				1. ..,
				The abbreviation for classifiers is (CL)t.
				The commonest way of forming adjectives is to have the syllable /yaw/ followed by a verb base, but with no clitic:
					Adjectives:
				yaw rnu1.well (as, do it well)
					•
					.,..
				xxii
				When the verb is a couplet, /yaw/ occurs before both verbs:
				yaw muiyaw shawholy, pure (lit.n, good-clean)
					v
					v
				Unless there is some exception, adjectives which are formed in this way are not specially indicated in this dictionary.
				Not all verb forms can be made into adjectives. For example, /yaw/ may not be combined with such verb bases as /dza/ (to eat), or /pyeu/ (to be).
					v
					Ł
				Reduplication of the verb stem within the adjec­tive indicates intensification:
				yaw du,_: duŁ-ehto the very limit
					v
				Only special instances of this are listed in the dic­tionary.
				3. PARTICLES
				Final Particles: There are over 100 final particles and combinations of final particles. Since two or even three such final particles can sometimes be used to­gether, this makes the number of possibilities seem larger than it actually is. Final particles can be divided into the following classes:
				a.
					a.
						a.
						For declarative sentences. This category in­cludes the following statements: positive, negative, un­certain, a statement of likelihood, and intention of purpose.
					b.
						b.
						For imperative sentences. This category in-eludes positive, negative, and inclusive.
					c.
						c.
						For interrogative sentences. This includes ask­ing for a yes or no answer, and asking for anexplanation answer.
							.
					d.
						d.
						Auxiliary particles, which are optional. These tend to add flavor to the statement. Withthe exception je, and some of the auxiliary particles used with
							·
							of
							1
							vv1
				xx.iii
				questions, these particles always follow the final par­ticles. Sometimes more than one is used in a sentence.
				The first three classes of final particles listed above (a, b, c) are abbreviated (FP). The auxiliary particles are abbreviated (FAP).
				Subordinating Particles: Subordinating particles, such
				...,
					...,
						(na
						),
					as 'if' 'but' (k'taw), etc.n, occur with verbs,
						,.
				and make the clause they occur with a subordinate clause. The abbreviation for these is (SP).
				Interjections: These particles generally occur alone, and not as part of a longer utterance:
				A..., heu. Oh my!
					v
				Most of them are exclamations of: surprise, fear, pain, and delight.
				The abbreviation is (IP).
				xxiv
				Figure
				ABBREVIATIONS
				B = Borrowed (not fully assimilated as yet)
				CLt= Classifier
				FAP = Final Auxiliary Partictle
				FP = Final Particle
				Imp. = Impolite (not used in polite conversation, and in taboo relationships)
				IN -Interrogative Noun
				IP Interjection Particle
					-
				lit. literally
				med. medicine
				NC Noun Couplet
					-
				NS Noun Suffix
					-
				pf. preferred
					-
				•
					-
				r. referent (term used in referring to a kinsman)
				SP Subordinating Particle
					-
				SV -Secondary Verb
				v. -vocative (used in direct address to kinsman)
				-
				v. & r. used for both vocative and referent vc Verb Couplet
					-
					-
				VP Verb Prefix
					-
				vs verb Suffix
					-
				WM Weights and Measures (including money and distance)
					-
				VERBS occur with the clitic -eu. (unmarked)
				ADJECTIVES occur with /yaw/+ verb base, or verbt+ -eh. (unmarked)
					v
				NOUNS constitute the rest (unmarked) •
				. : :xxvi
				-a(FP) used in; negative declarative statements to emphasize a person will not do it, and in questions asking for an explanatory answer, especially when the questioner is a bit perplexed or disturbed
					v
				aba(ba) a shadow, or a picture
					v
					v
					vv
				v v v v
					ba
					(a
					ba
				adeh-eu to take a photographdi-eu)
					v
					.
					v
				v
					a
				bah (bah) the growth that comes up in a field that
				has been cleared and had rice planted, such as
				broom grass, little trees, etc.
				abaw(baw) a tree
					v
					v
					vv
				a single seedling
					Figure
				abawbawya(tsah) a large area of virgin forest v v v A
					v
					v
					v
					v
					vv
					gu
					(a
					ba
				abawbaw (gu) a dead tree bawgu)
					y
					y
					v
					y
				abawdawg'ah(g'ah) a tree that starts growing
					v
					v
					v
					v
					vv
				up straight, then grows parallel to the ground,
				and then once again grows up straight
				v
					a
				bawdawv g'm (baw) a leaning tree
					v
					v
				abawkahza(baw, kah) a smallish tree, that is still standing, about three feet high, and two to six inches in diameter
					v
					v
					v
					v
					vv
					v
					.
				v v
					a
				bawkawpya(pya) dry twigs, with no leaves
					v
					v
					vv
				a
				v
				baw
					v
				la"
				a tree
				crotch
				a V
					a V
						a V
						bawv
						la"
						" myan
						(myan"n)
						a
						knot
						•in
						a
						tree
					va
						va
						bawv
						la"
						tsmv
						(tsmvv)
						two
						trees
						that
						grow
						up together
					av
						av
						bawv
						neh"
						(mawvv)
						a
						tree
						spirit
					av
						av
						bawv
						sav
						k'aA
						a
						dense
						jungle,
						or
						dense
						growth
						of
					TR
						trees
					aV
						aV
						bawv
						tsui"
						•Jev
						a
						broad
						forest
						•region,
						with
						a
						large
					TR
						expanse
						of
						trees
					av
						av
						bawv
						UV
						duv
						the top of
						a
						tree
				v
					a
				baw(baw} a stalk,
					v
					vv
				flower
				stem
				v
					a
				beha type of bamboo abeh(beh) a general term for bean
					v
					v
					"'
					"
				anbeu(beu) a large, flat black seed, used by the children in playing games
					""
					A
					A
				abeubeu-eu to "shoot" the large black seeds along the ground, done by children when playing
					v
					A
					""v
				abeucini (ni) a climber with long pods, has
					v
					A
					y
				black seeds children play with (see above)n. They also eat the seeds if prepared properly.
				""
					an
				beuciteu" a smaller type of climber than above
					A
					v
				v "'
					a
					beun
				geu-eu to "shoot" the large black seeds (same
					"
				v
				as abeunbeun-eu)
					""
					""v
				y
					a
				bo" bo"-eu to pop a cereal, as corn, sorghum, etc. y
					a
				bo(bo) 1. a design sewn on clothing
					""
					""v
				2. a written letter
				y
					a
				bobo-eu 1. to sew a design on clothing
					"'
					""v
				2. to write something v
					A
				boezaa general term for the 'Hill Shan' (Tai loi)n, Palaung, and other members of the Mon-Khmer tribes -except the Was
					v
					v
				"" v ""
					a
				anboemawn(maw) small bugs and insects
					y
					y
				""
					an
				bu bu-eu to make a bilabial trill, as a baby
				anbui (kahn) a blanket
					""
					""v
				y
					a
				bui bui gui-eu to decide by repeating a rhyme to see who will be 'it' in a game of hide and seek (abui dogui-eu)
					v
					""
				v
					a
				bui dm-eu to pull a blanket up over one when going to sleep
				abui g'eu dzeh-eu for one to pull a blanket off of someone else
					v
				v
					a
				bui sheu dzeh-eu. for one to throw off the blanket which is covering him
				v
					a
				byabya-eu to sew a design on cloth (much the same as abo-eu)
					"'
					"'v
					V
					"'v
				"'
					bo
				bye(bye) a shoot from a tree
					a
					V
					"'
					"'v
				av cehnceh-eu to make sour bamboo shoots
					a
					V
					""
					v
				3
				abym(bym) the point where the plant is coming to a head in the blossom (cehg'obym-paddy to be heading up)
					v
					v
					v
					v
					A
					v
				a" cathe left side (laca" cak'awan oyster
					v
					"'
					a
					V
					v
					"'
				a" cae
					""
				rope, string, cord
				a
				"' A
					ba
				caek 'oe
					a
					V
					"'
				a rope made of tree bark
				aV
					aV
						aV
						A Acacak'ah" •they fix in
						(k 'ah") a loop their snares
						of
						cord
						or
						rope,
						as
					a"
						a"
						"" caAcaek'ahv k'ahv -eu or rope (as above)
						to
						make
						the
						loop
						of
						cord
					a"
						a"
						"" "" lue"" caecae(lue"" ) a loop_of string prepare it to keep it, or to carry bags
						or in
						cord, their
						as they shoulder
				Figure
				Figure
				to jump rope (in play)
				cayeu-eu 1. to make a rope or cord by twisting
					A
					"'
				2. to twist a rope or cord
				V
				a cehe(cehe) a line of something, as a line of people, a line in a book, etc.
					""
					""
				a" cua type of bamboo which has little barbs on it, they eat the shoots
					..,
				acu(cu) the bud of a plant acucu-eu for a plant to bud y ""
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					a
					cuie
				cuiA a little (ui -pf.)
				a standard in school a" a medium sized tree with soft, yellow fruit that
					Figure
				"' they either play with or eat. There is a hard kind they use for fish poison.
					da
				adahbeh-eu to begin something, as· when making mats (the use is restricted) a rainbow (budele" k'ah) a section, or a portion, as of a river,
					v
					.
					v
					.
					v
					v
				Figure
				Figure
				a road, etc.
				4
				v
				ado(r., sometimes v.) what male or female calls older brother (cf. budo) "' ..,
					A
					v
					A
					doea
				aadoea-eu for a baby to have a runny bowel move
					vv
					-
				ment a du corn (tidu an ear of corn)
					V
					-
				.., v v "'
					a
					a
					)
				du boe(mawaa corn earworm a" du du gah" corn grown especially to feed animals adu du mim1.-eu for the leaves of the cornstalks
					..,
					v
					..,
					•
					..,v
				to dry up and get yellow a.., du du mya(mya A) the kernel of a corn seed aadu du nyawathe type of corn they plant for eating adu du yaa(kawa) a corn field
					A
					"'
					..,
					v
					"'
					..,v
				V
				a dui mainclusive we (cf. adui maa)
					,..
					..,
					,..v
				aadui nyaawe two, in direct address (adui nya,.., aanya)
					"'
					A
					..,
					"'
					A
				adzahaa bundle of something, as paddy, straw, etc. to tie up into a bundle
					..,
					..,
				Figure
				aadzehasomething extra, something left over (uv
					"'
					..,
				dzeha)
					..,v
				aadzi1. sap in a tree, esp. a useful kind
					"'
				.., seminal fluid a" dzideudo-eu to tap a tree aadzuiadzuia-eu to itch aeu(si) a kind of wild yam very poor people dig
					2.
					..,
					A
					A
					"'
					"'
					A
					v
				,.. ..,v
				and eat, often mixing it with rice when they eat it
				"'
					aa
					to
				eu" -eu belch
				""
					eu
				aagaha type of plant from which they make handles for brooms. In the joint is black substance they use for stomach ache medicine.
					"'
					..,
				a" gahaabyeha(mawa) a type of grub or caterpillar that lives in the above plant
					..,
					"'
					"'
					"'v
				white-brewed rufous piculet
					Figure
				aagu an even number
					"'
				•
				a" gu gu1-eu to count by even numbers (2,4,6, etc.)
				a" g'eh" the physical build and appearance of people and animals. One must not use in scoldy way.
				a" g'eh" g'eh-eu 1. a good looking person or animal,
					v
				2. one who is faithful to one'ns word, and listens to what others say ('good looking' in conduct)
				v
					a
				g'ehma.., tsa..,-eu not a good shape, as when one has a goiter, crooked leg, is hunchbacked, etc.
					v
				a" g'ehtsa-eu to have a good shape, good form, no goiter or the like
					v
					..,v
				ag'eu" a.., ju.., (maw") a dark caterpillar with a red
					..,
				head which attacks their paddy. They fear it very much. They will·make offerings of chickens and pigs if they find it in their paddy fields.
				ag'm taw,.-eu for a baby to coo and make noises
					v
				a" g'oe g'oe gui-eu one child holds his hand palm down, with the other children holding their fingers so as to touch his palm. He recites a rhyme and at the end grabs a finger, and that child is 'it' for the game.
				anhaheun-eu to yawn
					"'
					"'v
				..,
				anhah" (maw) a wildcat
					"'
					"'v
				"'
					an
				hahdah.., (maw") a large type of wildcat
					"
				..,
					ga
				a" hah" caw (maw") an animal like a wildcat, but with a very long body
				hm(hm) a mushroom (generic term)
					a
					V
					v
					v
				"'
					..,
					(
					hmn
				a hm" ja "' ) a type of ground mushroom
				"' v
					hm
				anja" law (hm) a type of ground mushroom
					v
				a" hmnji"' (hmv ) a type of ground mushroom
					"'
				hm" leu-eu for mushrooms to sprout
					V
					,\v
				a
				hm" mehleh(hm) a type of ground mushroom
					a
					V
					v
				,. ...,.
				hm" ne" (hm") a red variety of ground mushroom
					a
					V
				V
				hm" pa(hm") a generic term for mushrooms that grow on logs
					a
					..,.
				6
				ahmpyu(hm) a type of ground mushroom ahmshui(hm) a type of ground mushroom ahmtsi (hm) a type of mushroom that grows on logs
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				a" ho (maw) an ant (generic)
					v
				aho cawgaw(maw) a type of large ant, not many in a group, brownish in color
					v
					v
					v
					v
				aho ci" sheh(maw) a very small red ant, they go in large groups v
					v
					v
					v
					a
				ho dawleu(maw) a small type of red ant, their
					v
					v
					v
				rear ends stick up in the air
				a black ant, not too large
					Figure
				aho latsa(maw) a black ant, the sting is not
					v
					A
					v
					v
				very painful
				aho padehv (maw) a blackish ant that stings aho sheh(maw) a type of small ant aho tahkui(maw) a little black ant that makes
					v
					A
					v
					v
					y
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				hard, black nests on the side of a tree ahu long ago
					v
				ahu ba long ago, sometimes used for longer period of time than the above
					v
				ahui (IN) how big?
					v
					-
				v
					v
						a
						•
					jeh(jeh) a piece of something, like meat, fruit
						A
						A
					•
					aJeu( j eu) a clan (tsawjeu)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					• •
						a
						v
						v
						(a
						v
					Jeuaca (tiJeutica) (NC) a clan Jeu
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					v
						a
					akeu, keu)
						v
					• y
						J l.
					a(maw) a generic tErm for bird
						v
						v
					• a
					aJi j i nedescriptive term for any red bird
						v
						•
						V
						V
						v
					• J i j i shuiegolden-headed babbler
						a
						V
						•
						V
						V
						v
					v •
						a
						•
						•
					Ji k'a e(maw) a small parakeet yellow-eyed flycatcher-warbler
						V
						V
						J
						v
						v
						a
						v
						•
						•
						V
					Ji k'ata(mawe)
						V
						A
						"'
					• slaty-bellied
						• slaty-bellied
							V
						aJi k'a teh(mawe) dull ground war
							v
							•
							A
							"'
							-
					bler
					ajiya U a bird's egg (though usually give the name of the bird, as jalau, etc.)
						v
						v
						A
						v
						v
						A
					7
					atjuya(B) government
						"'
						v
						A
					the Kachin tribe
						Figure
					ka (maw) a crab aka dag'awt(maw) a very small, flattened, crab
						a
						V
						vv
						v
						v
						"'
						v
						-
					like animal, lives in water. They eat it. v "'
						dat
					I a" a jungle tree, they eat the fruit aka ka u" a pomegranate (aka uceh)
						aka k
						v
						v
						v
						v
					aka ngaw-eu to hunt for crabs (turning rocks over)
						v
						v
					atka--bi kat-eu to make (a certain amount) of space between two things
						"'
						v
						"'v
					akaka-eu 1. to have a division
						v
						v
					2. to be a go-between for two people who are in a taboo retlation with each other
					akah" (kah) a thread made by a spider
						v
						vv
					to weave a web (a spider)
						Figure
					the framework of a structure (no roof or walls)
						Figure
					kaw" kaw-eu to put up the framework of a structure (nymkawtkaw-eu -for a house) kawt(kaw") a line, as on the ground, onet's hand, etc. atkaw" sheu-eu to make a line v
						a
						V
						v
						v
						"'
						v
						a
						V
						"'
						"'
						A
					kuithe Akhui branch of the Akha tribe
						v
					ak'aa type of bamboo, they eat the shoots, but since it is bitter (k'a) must mix with other things
						v
						v
						"
					ragweed
						Figure
					v
					ak'a" dawt-eu to prepare things, as for a journey, or some special task
						"'v
					ak'aw(k'aw) an empty shetll (ya u" k'aw-. an
						v
						A
						A
						A
					empty chicken egg shell)
					a lump the skin of fruit, the shell, as of nuts
						Figure
					Figure
					a" k'o(k'o) a year ak'oatla the season, the time of year (NC) atla(B) the original price (used in trading esp.)
						A
						A
						v
						A
						"'
						"'
						v
					8
					v y v
						la
					asm-eu (B) to lose in trading (i.te., not even to
					get the original price back)
					a lion
						Figure
					alawa snake alawg'aw (g'aw) a shed snake skin alawlawbahbah-eu for two snakes to be enter­
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						y
						vv
					twined (to see this is a 'bad oment')
					a" lawnyoea green snake (painful when bites)
						v
						v
					alawshrntdoea snake with a short tail (perhaps a type of glass snake)
						v
						v
						y
						y
					V
					lawuikawany of the type of garter snake variety
						v
						V
						v
					a
					• v
						"'
					av lawuinata cobra (alawl. na)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						A
					v .., A
						ui
					a law" nadaha type of cobra (not as Vl.Cl.OUS as the one above)
						m
						l.
						•
						v
						..,
					alaw ( law) a section between two joints, as in bamboo and sugar cane
						v
					atlawt(law"t) a 'room', a section of the l1ouse marked by a division
						"'
						"'
					to put up a wall to make a 'roomt'
						Figure
					-ale (FP) used with negative sentences as an auxiliary to add emphasis
						v
						-
					aleh.., ba.., a type of plant, they use the sterns for )
						v
						making parts to their weaving device (seh
						..,v
					v v
						a
						tu
					leh.., a type of plant, they use the stems to weave thatch grass around when they weave thatch shingles
					alikui.., dah.., (kah..,, hm) a type of scale for weigh
						y
						A
						..,v
						-
					ing things, one end has the place for the item to
					be weighed, the other end has marks indicating weight atlma fathom, an arm's breadth (outstretched)
						"'
						v
						(lrn
						vv
						)
					alo(IP) an exclamatory particle, 'Oh my!'
						v
						v
					alu (maw"t) a butterfly (generic) alu byaa striped butterfly
						v
						v
						"'
					v
						a
					lu ja.., boy any large type of butterfly or moth
					9
					m1v tsaa type of butterfly
						Figure
						A
					alu nymloany large type of moth, esp. the kind that has the 'eye' on the wings (lit.t, 'house guarding butterflyt')
						v
						v
						A
					alu shuia type of butterfly seen around water esp. alu tsaa type of butterfly that comes from a white
						v
						v
						v
						A
					boe) amathe right, as right hand, right side (lama) amaa type of bamboo, they eat the shoots
						grub that lives in bamboo (k'a
						v
						v
						v
						v
						A
						vv
						v
						v
					a group
						Figure
					a group
						Figure
					amah -(IN) how long? (in distance), how far? amaw(maw) an insect, bug
						v
						v
						v
						v
					v v v
						ji
					amawbya(see muimaw)
						v
						v
						v
					y v v
					arneutaseh
					thousands)
					v v
						mi
					aa cat
					amija tsiv v
						v
						v
						v
						mi
					anuigawroot
						v
						v
					v
					myriads (litt., tens and hundreds of
					(av mi) (see jatsi) a type of vine, they eat the whitish
						v
						v
						vv
					amiza drnv a board-box trap for rats, with a lid that crushes them when they hit the spring (ho caza dm)
						v
						A
						v
					v
						•
					atmov tax ( a mov taneh-eu to give taxes)
						{B)
						V
						A
						vv
						-
					v v v
					atmut(mu) a group (bama, bamabamutma)
						v
						A
						A
						A
						A
						A
						I
						V
						A
					a
					v
					atmya" (IN) how many?, how much?
						-
					amyah (IN) when did?, when will?
						"
						-
					at" myoa monkey (generic)
						A
					amyodawg'a the ischial callosity of monkeys (they use for medicine sometimes)
						v
						A
						"
					amyodzoemawthe head monkey in a herd of monkeys
						v
						"
						v
					,.
					amyojawneta red-bottomed monkey amyojek'aa monkey with a whitish face
						v
						A
						v
						"'
						v
						A
						v
						v
					"' "'
						k'at
					atmyoa young female monkey, no offspring yet
						A
					atmyok'a.., a ferocious type of monkey (similar to the verbet)
						"'
						A
					•
					arnyoka" k'teh a climber that grows in the jungle, they eat the fruit
						v
						"
					a" myomyobua male
					,.. ,.. .., amyomyok'oe a red-faced monkey
						monkey
						v
						A
						..,
					,..
					v
					anmyomyonaa gibbon (arnyona") amyomyonyoea wooly monkey (grey with a long
						,..
						A
						A
						v
						"'
						v
						"'
						"'
						v
					tail) (amyo,.. nyoe)
						v
						,_.v
					amyo,.. myopyua whitish monkey, the Akha women wear fur from this monkey on their headdress
						v
						,..
						v
					anat-(IN) how much?
						,_.
						"'
					ana• ... k'awtno matter how...
						v
					,..
					Figure
					No matter how difficult ..• )
					afterward, later (in time)
						Figure
					anah (nah) a day
						v
					the season, the time of year
						Figure
					a small strip of bamboo used in thatching a house etc.
						Figure
					to prepare the above atnene-eu to cut bamboo strips for thatching etc.
						Figure
						"'
					.., ..,v
					atneh a shoot from a tree atnoya-eu (B) to be finalized (anmya-eu)
						"'
						"'
						..,
						v
						..,
					v
					anui(nui) a seed or bean
						A
						A
					anui• paha peanut (la" buinui• pah, nui" pah)
						v
						v
						..,v
						..,v
					..,
					we two, used in direct address
						Figure
					v
						a
					nyo" generic term for rataan
					a leaf
					a pile of leaves, stack of leaves
					v "'
						a
					pamitbu.., k'aw-eu to make a thick bed of leaves
					,.. ..,v
					for a person to lie on when injured or the like
					Figure
					11
					a" papakudry leaves on the ground (paku ... ) a" papag'ahtmature leaves (lit.t, 'hard')
						,.
						A
						..,
						A
						A
						"'
					"
					young, tender leaves (lit.t, •softt•) a" papashuitold, yellowish leaves, ready to fall atpah.., a type of jungle plant that looks like sugar
						Figure
						A
						A
						"'
						"'
					cane. They put the fluffy part in mattresses.
					a fuzzy, cottony blossom apoethe cost, expense poe.., tseh"-eu for there to be a sufficient amount
						at
						"'
						po..,
						v
						..,
						a
						V
					of money to make the transaction
					•
					v
						a
					poeyaw k •a" to be expensive
						v
					,,
						,,
							ya
						poeyaw . to be cheap
							a
							V
					.,
					pu., (pu) a cluster v
						a
						V
						,,v
						a
					pyabeu"-eu to shoot at a target
						v
					a"
					(maw) a cockroach
						.,v
					aV
						aV
							aV
							pya.,
							(pya.,v
							)
							a
							branch,
							of
							either
							a
							tree
							or
							•vine
						a"
							a"
							pya..,
							pya-eu..,v
							to
							be
							sick
							with
							a
							fever
						a.,
							a.,
							pyaw.,
							direction,
							side
							(Ja.,
							leh"
							baw-eu
							a"
							pyaw.,
						TR
							ma.,
							tsa-a...,v
							The
							direction
							the
							wind
							was
							blowing
							was
						TR
							wrong.t)
						va
							va
							pyeh.,
							a
							type
							of
							bamboo,
							they
							eat
							the
							shootst
								-
						a"
							a"
							sa ...
							sa..,v
							-eu
							the
							very
							last
							(as person,
							time,
							etc.t)
						a"
							a"
							sa"
							the
							fuzz
							on
							a
							plant
							(as
							on
							the
							bark,
							or
							on
						TR
							fruit,
							or
							on
							a
							leaf)
						aV
							aV
							sa"
							leht-eu ,.v
							for
							fuzz
							to
							form
							on
							a
							plant
						TR
							"'v
						a V
							a V
							sa"
							sat
							-eu
							to
							have
							an
							itch
							caused
							by fuzz
							on
							a
							plant
						at"
							at"
							seht"'
							(seh"t)
							a
							part
							of
							the
							body
						a"
							a"
							seh"
							dah-eu..,v
							to
							be
							• •missing
							some
							part
							of
							the
							bodyt
							·
						a"
							a"
							seh"
							loA-eu
							to
							have
							all
							the
							parts
							of
							the
							body
						aV
							aV
							• si..,
							(si..,v
							)
							fruit
							(generic)
						aV
							aV
							•si..,
							a"
							bawt"
							(baw..,v
							)
							a
							fruit
							tree
					a"
					•
					l. ..,
						s
					lu
					(NC) fruit
					a siawla-eu for fruit to ripen
						"'
						•
						..,
						"'
						"'
					.
					Sl.y manana-eu to have smallpox
						v
						v
						v
					"'
						man
					ansiy natsaw"-eu to vaccinate against small­
						"'
						v
					"'
						(an
					pox siy tsawn-eu)
						A
					asiv netomato (ma k'eusm, akeutsawmaw, v
						v
						v
						"'
						v
						v
						"'
						v
					ama jabo, mak'eu leunsi) to pick fruit asi.., tawma nado-eutsawnhay one who has had smallpox and recovered
						v
						A
						yv
						"'
						vv
						..,v
						v
						A
						y
						A
						y
						"'
					Figure
					..,
					as l.tawnma na-eu to have smallpox
						..,
						"'
						v
					a• si.., tsawn-eu to vaccinate against smallpox (aS "' "'
						A
						v
						l.
						•
						y
					mannantsawn-eu) ataw cehna type of vine, they use the bark for fish
						"'v
						v
						"'
					poison
					an odd number
						Figure
					v
						a
					te.., gui-eu to count by odd numbers (1,3,5,n7, etc.) a reed, it grows near water
					Figure
					antobawlaw (law) a small section of reed, esp. that used in ceremonies having to do with liquor
						"'
						"'
						..,
					a ""' ts ah• (tsah • ) a place, an area atsuin( tsui) a joint in bamboo, sugar cane, etc.
						..,
						,.
						A
					anu• the central, soft section of melon-like vege­tables, and the inner layer of bamboo
						""'
					aya(yan) a hundred
						V
						v
						"'v
					•
					ay ya(B) authority, esp. in a political sense ya(yaa flattish object, often round, as rice
						y
						a
						V
						A
						A)
					cakes
					yanya-eu to make flattish cakes or the like
						a
						V
						"'
						A
					time, sometimes season "' y
						Figure
						a
					anyam.., law (NC) time, sometimes season for the time to be ripe, proper
					Figure
					anye ye-eu to count by cycles, 13+12+12+12+12, etc. .., "' "'
						"'
						a
						(a
					yehhui-eu (B) to be important yenhui-eu,
						v
					..,v..,vzahkieh yaw k'a-ehnhui-eu)
						v
						y
						A
						"'
						..,v
					Figure
					13
					v
					ayeh(yeh) a flower (Imp. in embarrassing relation)
						Ł
						A
					for a flower to bud
					a flower blossom
					v
						a
					yehgeu-eu to wear a flower on one's body (Imp. in embarrassing relation)
						A
						A
					v
					-eu for a woman to menstruate
						ayeh
						A
						heh
						vv
					v
					ayehpov-eu for a flower to blossom, or flower
						A
					a" yoeŁ (nui} a seed (generic)
						4
					a"
						a"
							a"
							zat"
							shav-eu
							to
							locate
							a
							place
							to
							do
							something
							by
						looking
							looking
							for
							it
							(as
							a
							place
							to
							make
							a
							field,
							build
						a
							a
							house,
							etc.t)
					a" zah" the part of the banana stalk that comes out of the base (nga zah)
						vv
					azia type of red bulb, shaped like an avocado, that grows in the jungle. People dig and eat it when they are real hungry.
						"
						A
					-a (FP) This is used in: positive declarative statements
					pointing up what must be done, or speaking of some­one not present, or in a direct statement to some­one present telling him what he must do, also in neg­ative declarative statements, in statements of in­tentiont.tof purpose, and rarely in a question that asks for an explanation answert.
					to turn over to someone (a neh-eu)
						..,v
					a ba ka-eu children esp. do this when they 'defeat' someone, by rounding their lips, placing their hand before their mouth and making an Indian war whoopt.
					a kaw-a(B) permission
						..,
						v
					"'
						lut
					a si(B) potato
						v
					a ma lo(B) a member of parliament, a big government official
						y
					a ma tse-eu (B) to elect the above
						v
					to turn over to someone (a baneh-eu)
						"
						..,v
					-a she(FP) This occurs with statements where the speaker shows his intention of doing something immediately (similar to -u).
						v
					a-sometimes used for 'ta' (don't)
						v
						vv
					-an(FP) used with negative statements, esp. when speaking of oneself
						v
						-
					-a(NS) 1. subject indicator (ayaw-a-he, as the
						v
						v
						A
						v
					subject of the discourse)
					2. a particle of direct address (bu-a-daughter!)
						v
						v
					abaw1. a generic term for old men
						v
						v
					2. (v. & r.n) what male and female call their pater­nal or maternal grandfather. Anyone that a man can call 'oepa' or 'oeman' will call him 'abaw•.
						v
						vv
						v
						v
						vv
					a cultural hero of their legends
						Figure
					abawJa deh pehk'ahna poetic way of describing a silk jacket abeutseh-eu a game boys play (buibuitseh-eu) a girl, sometimes womann, daughter abucertain male animals, esp. used for goats, both domesticated and wild
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						y
					Figure
					abehthe vulva (very impolite)
						v
						A
					v
						a
					abuibawn(baw) a type of tree, they like the wood for making ax handles
						v
						v
						v
						vv
					a friend from the Shans, or some other tribe, esp. from the Mon-Khmer
						Figure
					abyah1. a girl or woman who cannot talk, also used when scolding someone for a mistake
						v
						v
					2. a tadpole
					abyahbehma when a tadpole gets big, just before becoming a frog
						v
						v
						v
					acah (v. & r.) mother's sister's children of both sexes
						v
					others, someone else
						Figure
					A
					acaw-eulajaw-eu a polite way of saying a woman is pregnant (lit., 'living under another')
						v
						y
						v
						A
						O
						v
					to be more skilled than others
						Figure
					aceh(v. & r.n) male and female call brother's daughters and daughter-in-laws by this term
						v
						v
					aceua type of grass-like plant that has little seeds, which they pop and eat, often with honey
						v
						A
					a ci" a ca" a stinkbug
					V V
					aci" ceu-eu a type of singing where they welcome
					"
						"
						people from other villages who have come for an important funeral
					cicu for people to be very quiet (so as not to
						v
					" frighten deer when hunting, or not to let out secret)
						a
					a soy bean cake
						Figure
					to be wet, moist (as the end of a pige's snout)
					a females breast S 1
						Figure
						ave
						.
						coe" coe"
						.,
					the teat of the breast aecoe" dawzaa nursing child
						Figure
						.,
						v
						V
					a., coe" g'ehŁ la"-eu for a child to be at the point where he can be weaned
					Figure
					to be weaned
					av cui, a., cui(IP) an exclamation when something is very hot and one touches it
						"e
						v
					da ( g ' a, da) (v • & r . ) father
						..,
					" ada da k'a" a young father (not an elder yet) ..,
						a
						v
						nyi
					a.., da da a stepfather
					ada da taa common father (as when two siblings have a common father but different mothers)
						..,
						A
					ada yaw dzah'the daddy of them all'e, as a bull in a herd he has sired
						.,
						"
					a.., dah( dah) a wing
						"
						..,
					the long wing feathers of a chicken
					bird deuŁ salt (children's language, sadeuŁ is pf.)
						"
					" a.., direally, truly
						a
						"
					diama" (NC) really, truly
						diama" (NC) really, truly
							diama" (NC) really, truly
								diama" (NC) really, truly
									"
									.,
								"
									a
							do (IP) exclamation (esp. Meung Yawng)
						"
							a
					av du" (v. & r.) male and female will call older brothere's sons and son-in-laws this
					or some other
					adui inclusive we (truly inclusive in that it includes
						v
					both those present and absent) adui mainclusive we (see above) v v
						v
						A
						(a
						a
					adui nyawe two dui nya, nya)
						v
						A
						A
						A
					adzawn(g'a) a boy or man who cannot talk, also used
						v
						v
						vv
					when scolding a man or boy for a dumb mistake
					same as above, but stronger
						Figure
					-eu to be wet, damp
						a
						V
					anga(IN) where?
						..,
						v
						-
					a gah (gah) a thorn
						v
					agah haw du" a thorn bush
						v
					agah gah ya• a thorny patch, a section with nothing
					..,
					but thorn bushes
					agah g'eu la-eu for thorns to catch on clothes
						v
						v
					agah lu.., cehraspberries
						v
						v
					agah nawntsawn-eu to step on a thorn, and it enters
						v
						A
					..,
					one's foot
					a bedbug
						Figure
					ageu (IN) which? (ageu g'a-which person)
						v
						..,
					..,
					a.., gui(si) a star
						v
						v
					a.., guismmiin-eu a shooting star that flashes across the sky
						v
						v
						v
						"'v
					star-shine
						Figure
					v "'
						a
						haw
					a.., gui.., lui.., ma a type of tree that gives one a rash
					ag'ah• (g'a) the middle child in a family with
						..,
						..,v
					several children
					ag'aw( gaw, kah) a needle (for sewing)
						v
						A
						,
						,.
						"'v
					a g'awg'awnathe eye of a needle ( a.., g'awla..,v
						v
						,.
						A
						..,
						,,.
						A
						na
						)
					ag'awkahmisi ""n-eu to thread a needle aak'ana jungle tree, they eat the fruit
						v
						,.
						v
						•
						v
						v
						"'
					to chew betel (lu pag•oŁ-eu -pf.)
						Figure
						A
					ag'oe (v. & r.t) what a male or female calls one'ts mother'ts brothers (esp. older)t, and their sons
						.,
					a., g'oe oe-eu., a polite way of saying lightning strikes something
					aha rnathey, esp. when referring to a specific group, and a group that is not present
						.,
						A
					a., ha mehnmthey, brothers and sisters (espt. when
						.,
						.,
					they are not present) aha nyathey two (when not present) aheu(IP) an exclamation aho ho-eu a type of chanting that praises the rice,
						.,
						A
						.,
						v
						.,
					they do when planting the rice
					ai(maw) a type of termite that lives in underground
						.,
						.,v
					.,
					nests that cannot be seen -unless it falls in a termite 'cup' they make to lure birds ai., nathe type of termite that comes out and flies when it first rains (they usually say, ina) aitsapah(pah) a termite nest that is under
						.,
						A
						.,
						A
						.,
						.,
						.,
						.,
						.,v
						-
					Figure
					ground and cannot be seen -unless it falls in
					ajaŁ ja-eu 1. to seek to irritate someone, esp.
						A
					.,
					another adult
					2. to keep changing what one has told someone a., je., (maw) a generic term for cicadas aje-(IN) what is it?
						v
					., .,
					annual cicada "'
						Figure
						sit
					a., je., k'oa small type of cicada all kinds of things
						A
					Figure
					.,
						mi
					ajeneh -(IN) why?
						.,
						.,
					aje., shaw shaw a type of cicada that calls when they are planting paddy (the call is, 'shaw, shaw')
						.,
					how?
					a., jok'tawŁ no matter what, however it is (Ajok'aw, le keu-aw. No matter what, go all the way.)
						A
						A
						A
						A
						.,v
						.,
					• '
					aJa generic term for caterpillar or larva
						v
						U
						..,
					"'
						.
						a
						"
					aJutoean inchworm, or any kind of larva that "measures" as it goes along
						..,
						..,
					aeJciV myah a dragonfly
						..,
						•
						U
						..,
					' • •
					.., U.., .., .., .., • •
						ae
						J
						JU
						beh"
						a
						cocoon
						(
						a
						JU
						a
						V
						beh
						"
						)
						behe
						"'
					aJuJubeh-eu to make a cocoon
						v
						..,
						..,
						"
					aejujulehtussock moth larva
						"
					.., .., ..,
					shuiea very large brown caterpillar, if they step on this kind have painful swelling for month or two (ajulaw" ma aeshui")
						a.., ju.., ma
						V
						..,
						..,
						..,
						..,
					• •
						v
					aUna-eu to have pain, sometimes swelling, from
						..,
						J
						..,
					contacting certain caterpillars
					aka" afterward (in time)
						v
					•
					ka
						ka
						v
					aeaw next week
						J
					..,
					aka" ka" zi" the next generation, sometimes used
						v
					with the idea of thee. end of time
					Figure
					akaeSl. poeapple
						•
						v
					..,
						.., ..,
					Akaezathe Akha people
						v
						..,
						v
					akaea person who cannot speak clearly because of a
						..,
						...
					bad impediment, a mumbler
					akui(kui ... , pyaw..,) the foot, sometimes also leg ..,
						..,
						v
						kui
					aeaelayaw pya" for hands and feet to be quick
						..,
						..,
						"
					(doing work, that is)
					•
					aekui V bah" k'aek'ae-eu for tne muscles in the calf of one's leg to be sore from overuse akui" baw" law the leg (bawlaw) akui" g'ah-eu for onee's leg to become stiff akuikui" buiebui-eu for onee's leg to 'go to sleep', become numb akui" kui" ma the big toe (kuima) the heel of one's foot
						..,
						"'
						"'
						..,
						v
						v
						..,
						v
						"'
						A
						..,
						v
					Figure
					1 9
					to break one's leg
						Figure
					akuitk'obeh(beh) the calf of one's leg (av lawbeh)
						v
						v
						A
						A
						A
						kui
						V
						v
						A
					kuipwtsui(tsui) the knee "'
						a v
						v
						a
						v
						"'
						"'v
					kuitpeh .... zat( zat) a footprint kuipeh .... za (za) the sole of the foot akuitshapya(pya) the thigh, the upper leg a .... kui .... a dog a.... kui .... kuibyua fuzzy haired dog
						a
						v
						"'
						"
						av
						v
						....
						vv
						..,
						v
						v
						..,
						..,v
						..,
						....
					a.... kui .... kuihua male dog
						v
						v
					akui .... kuima a female dog
						v
						..,
					a slick haired dog
						Figure
					a kuikuiua mad dog, a rabid dog
						v
						v
						·t
					.... ....
					a .... kuimeh .... lata smartweed bush, they eat the fruit
						..,
						"
					a .... kui .... tseh-eu for a dog to bark
						A
					ak'o .... (v. & r.) what a male and female will call
					..,
					fathert's sisters
					the arm, the hand
						Figure
					a.... la-ah" toe .... haw-eu to feel the wrist or palm of sick person to see what spirit afflicting him
						"'v
					alabada-eu to lay one's hands on something
						..,
						"'
						"'
						A
					a .... ladehto-eu to place hand down, as when crawling
						"'
						v
						A
					for the arm to be stiff or tired
						Figure
					alalabuibui-eu for one's arm to 'go to sleep', to become numb
						v
						A
						A
						A
						A
					to clench one's hand (into a fist) the palm of the hand (laza .... )
						"'
					V
					alawa bawa type of tree, they eat the fruit
						..,
						.,
						v
					v 'v
					leh .... (IN) where? (A.., leh .... nawda aga1 da. Where has your dad gone, huh?)
						a v
						..,
						.,
						..,v
					V " ...,,v
						-a
						leh
						....
						(FP)
						(see
						-a
						neh
						)
					Figure
					av
						av
							av
							li (g'av, li) boy, son
						av
							av
							gui-eu to multiply, as in arith.liv
						TR
							one's physical features, one'ns body
						av
							av
							lmv muiv-eu said of young people who have grown very
						TR
							fast, of strapping young men mehvv)(av lmv yaw
						av
							av
							lmv yaw mehv (same as above)
						av
							av
							yaw tsuiA a small, weak bodylmv
						TR
							the penis
						TR
							to rape a person
						av
							av
							loev loev-eu to have intercourse (impolite way
						TR
							of saying it)
						TR
							for the penis to become erect
						av
							av
							ma 1. mother
						TR
							2. a general term for females
						av
							av
							ma ma nyiv (r. onlyn) a step-mother (v. 1S,
						av
							av
							ma ma taa common mother (as when two siblings,,.
						TR
							have a common mother but different fathersn)
						av
							av
							ma yaw dzahv 'the mother of them all', as a cow who
						TR
							has produced lots of offspring, most of the herd
						av
							av
							maa horse fly,,.
						av
							av
							maceh a smallish, black fly, stings people (civ ,,.
						TR
							hav ma)av ,,.v
						av
							av
							mageua large type of fly with spotted wings, ,,. ,,.
						TR
							and a sting that causes violent itching
						av
							av
							mahv ( r. ) a girl refers to her brothers this way
						av
							av
							mahv da (NC) (same as above)av
						av
							av
							mahv mahv dzahv one's wife's brothers, both older
						TR
							and younger
						av
							av
							mawv (v. & r.n) what a male will call his wife's
						TR
							mother and father (tsawv mawvv)
						av
							av
							mehv k'ehv ta a jungle climber, they eat the fruit
					21
					amui (v. & r.) what male and female speakers call s younger-brother• s wife, mother• s older brother's wife and the daughters of that union, mother's younger sister and her husband. A male will also call younger brother's wife this, and a female will call husband'ts younger brother'ts wife thist.
						v
						father
						I
					a firefly
						Figure
					a European bluethroat, and a common
						mui
						leh
						vv
						-o
						v
					v rubythroat
						a
					amui mui-eu for small children to play by acting parts
						v
					amyah lualways
						v
						A
					amyah myah -every -(amyah myah shaw-a, every morning)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						·t
					nv -]. ( IP) an exclamation from pain
						a
						V
						a
						V
					anah adzeetc., and other things too {anah dzein rapid speech)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					a piece of the clay they eat
						Figure
					-aneh{FP) where is ..t. , where are ••. ? Same as -aleh{Cawk'oedeuaneh. Where are those people?)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
					anm(usually r.) what girls whose fathers are brothers call each other (ayeh)
						v
						v
						v
						v
					angeulu-unever mind, it can'tt be helped {eh
						v
						v
						A
						v
						v
					ngeulu-u, ehngeu-i)
						v
						A
						vv
						v
						vv
					they two (when present)
						Figure
					anyaŁ dzezathe two of them, husband and wife
						v
						v
						v
					anyama zathe two of them, mother and child
						v
						A
						v
					the two of them, siblings
						Figure
					av nyi{v. & r.) what male or female calls younger brother and younger sister's husband. Female uses term for; younger sister, husband's younger bro., husband's younger sister and husbandt. Male uses for younger sister'ts husband. Male or female use for spouse'ts brother'ts children, except the wife calls her husband's older brother's daughter�in­I atsu I •
						v
						law
						v
					anyipi-eu polite way of saying a woman is pregnant
						..,
						"
					anyoa water buffalo
					.., ..,
					.., .., ..,v.., .., ..,vanyok'aa young female water buffalo (no offspring as yet) anyolahi" a buffalo bull
						Figure
						buffalo
						dung
						(a
						nyo
						ce
						, a
						nyo
						ke
						)
						..,
						"
						..,
						A
					.., ..,
					a.., nyoma a water buffalo cow
						..,
					anyonyolah a buffalo wallow, a pool where they
					.., .., ..,
					go into the water
					anyopyu" a white water buffalo
						..,
					..,
					a buffalo louse
						Figure
					a.., nyo"
					a.., nyo" nyo" ma a large, brownish snail they find in
					their paddy terraces. They eat it. anyo" nyo" sheh" zaa very small kind of snail 0 loma a spider
						..,
						..,
						a
					.., ..,
						..,
					Figure
					.., OA ,..
						ma,
						a
						lo
						ma)
					-
					.., .., .., .., api1. a generic term for an old woman
						a
						pa
						J
						'
						e
						(IN)
						what?
						(a
						je
						-)
						..,
						..,
					2. (v. & r.) what male or female call paternal and maternal grandmother. Also, anyone that a woman can call 'oepa• or 'oema' will call her this.
						..,
						..,v
						..,
					api.., abaw" a general term for grandparents
					.., ..,
					V
					apinak'ohm" a type of mushroom
						•
						A
					a
					.., .., ..,
					apipita'mother of us aLl •, in their legends apizamawnan old woman, more descriptive than
						..,
						..,
						..,
						,..
						..,
						•
						..,
						..,
						..,
					I
					simply •a pi
						•
					y ..,
					apoe" the male of all fowls, as well as barking deer
						..,
					apoepoe-eu 'to act like a rooster' (when a woman tries to boss others, and acts like a man)
						..,
						"
						y
					apoe(v. & r.) male or female call great-grandfather this
						..,
						..,
					apoeada a type of spider
						..,
						..,
						..,
					'
					23
					av
						av
							av
							oevpoev dawv a type that deals
							legend, also a story (usually the with their history orn.nreligion)
						av
							av
							poev lawv dzav ancestors
							food
							which
							has
							been
							offered to
							the
						av
							av
							poev lawv-eu times (some
							the ancestor offering they make twelve just nine) a year to the ancestors
						av
							av
							poev lawv used in
							gahv (hmvv) the ancestor
							the small woven containers offering to hold the rice cake
						av
							av
							poev in
							the small woven container usedlawv g'awA (hmvv) the ancestor offering to hold the cooked rice
						av
							av
							poev lawv jeh (jeh) food offerings on
							the small table used to in the ancestor offerings
							put
							the
						av
							av
							poev yehvv'Godn', miv . sidered all-powernful
							a
							deified
							ancestor
							figure,
							con­
						av
							av
							poev pawA lawA (lawA) sories kept on the which is their tie
							the ancestor altar and acces­wall of the woman's side of house, with ancestors and spirit of rice
						av
							av
							tuvpoev pawA lawA puv carry their ancestor keep valuables in it
							a special basket in which to altar when they move, they also since others are afraid to open
						av
							av
							poev seu-eu Messianic to revolt
							to get the 'spiritn' of a mystical, type religion, which in practice leads against the Shans or government '
						av
							av
							SUV
							-(IN)
							who?
							(av
							SUV
							g'av
							-which
							person?n)
						av
							av
							shahv (v. & r.n) what male or female calls fathern's sistern's husband and older sistern's husband, and what female calls husbandn's older sister's husband
						TR
							to
							eat
							a
							lot
							of
							curry,
							not
							much
							rice
						av
							av
							shiv
							doA-eu
							for
							a
							woman
							to
							menstruaten
							-·
							very
							impolite
						av
							av
							tahv tahv-eu for a girl to be 'opened up' by intercourse and impregnated sufficiently with semen so that she can grow into a mature woman
								-
						av
							av
							tsu (y. ) male and female call older brother's wife and sonn's wife this. A female also calls her hus­
						TR
							band's
							older
							brothern's
							daughter-in-law
							this.
					aui(v. & r.n) what a male or female speaker calls fathern's older brother and older brother's wife, and mother's older sister and her husband. Also, a female calls her husband's older brother and his wife this.
						v
						v
					ayawyawhe, she, or it alone, without any help from others
						v
						A
						,,.
					ayawhe, she
						v
						,.
					yawyaw
						-
						-
					v ,. v ,,.
						a
						a
					Figure
					every day) ayawma"' they ayawnyathey two (when present)
						y
						,.
						v
						"'
						"'
					yeha leech
					av ,,.,
					yui1. (r.n} male
						•
					a v ,.
					and female refer to older brother
					this term
					2. (v. &
					females, and sometimes males, call
					older sister this, females call husbandn's older sister this, and males call wife's older brother
					this
					ayuiatsu deuone's elders, both men and women (all of them are older than speaker)n, in family the eldest in the family (first-born) aza za-ehn1. slowly, deliberately
						v
						,,.
						v
						v
						v
						v
					Figure
					2. quietly aza(v. & r.) what a male or female calls daughter's
						v
					..,
					husband a pig azacaw-i-eu a polite way of saying that 'animal rej eCtS I ecaw") were born to a sow, and all must
						v
						,.
						A
						Y
						( j
						v
					Figure
					.be killed
					azang'awmitsui-eu to castrate a boar (then called, azanzapa)
						v
						,.
						v
						y
						,,.v
						v
						,.
						,,.
						..,v
					av zank'aa young sow that has not had a litter yet -eu to look for one's pigs that have wander­ed off zanma (ma) a sow
						,,.,
						v
						a.., za,. lehn
						..,v
					y ,.
						a
					a
						a
							a
							castrated
							boar
						an
							an
							uncastrated
							boar
						av
							av
							zaaseh" puv-eu,.. for some wrong vzaA shehv mawa
							to kill a pig and feast the one has done (av puv-eu)zaA a pig louse
							elders
						av
							av
							za,..
							U V
							dzawv
							pork
							sausaage
						av
							av
							leh"a-eu whenzaA zav jungle after she has
							one had
							hunts one's her litter
							sow
							in
							the
						TR
							for
							pigs
							to
							die
							of
							a
							plague
					zaza" pehwhat the owner says, in anger, to the sow that has had 'animal rejectsa' (jev caw")
						A
						v
					av zazazag'aw-eu for pigs to be born (tijeg'aw-eu -one litter)
						A
						A
						v
						v
						v
					for a sow to be pregnant what a male speaker and his wife would call fathera's younger brother a type of tree they can make 'soap' from
						Figure
					Figure
					Figure
					ah
					-ah(NS) indicates the object, or the place ahbiJerdona's bush chat (a type of bird)
						v
						v
						v
					ahduthe place where something is put, or kept
						v
						v
					ah-eu to contain something (as in a box)a, or to have something (as money and smaller things), but never used for liquids to be present
						v
					(verb) ah-eu used with other verbs to show that some­thing small is put into something else in some way (beuah-eu, cawaah-eu, ciah-eu, coea
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					1 A
						0
					ah-eu, dawah-eu, diy ah-eu, ga ah-eu, gah-eu, jehah-eu, joe ah-eu, kuy ah-eu, k'aah-eu, nawaah-eu, nmah-eu, nyeh..,. ah-eu, pi ah-eu, seuah-eu, soeaah-eu, sha ah-eu, shawaah-eu, shehaah-eu, tahv ah-eu, tawaah-eu, tseah-eu, etc.)
						v
						A
						v
						v
						v
						v
						A
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						Ł
						v
						v
						Y
						A
						vv
						v
						v
						vv
						A
						vv
						A
						v
						v
						"'
						v
						v
						v
					-ah-eu, nui zah-to think ahead to what will be needed, _and prepare thoroughly for it
						v
						v
					ahjalapyaw scarlet minivet (ahjapaw) ahjipa..,. daw the mint plant ahpaw a tree, they sometimes put the flower into
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					rice to make it yellow, and to add fragrant flavor ahpaw k'asimilar to above tree, use branches and leaves to beat into water to poison fish
						v
						v
					ahdzeh-eu to sell off (get rid of it by selling)
						v
					ah-eu to sell something
						v
					(verb)
						(verb)
							(verb)
							ahv-eu
							used
							with
							other
							verbs
							with
							the
							idea
							of
						selling
							selling
							(ba..,.
							ahv-eu,
							dav
							ahv-eu,
							nyeh,.
							ahv-eu,
							etc.)
						ahv
							ahv
							•Jeuv-eu
							to
							sell
							for
							a
							profit
						ahv
							ahv
							k'aa""v-eu
							to
							sell
							at
							an
							•expenasive
							rate
					ahk'o-eu to sell back
						v
						A
					aw
					-awclitic used with verbs, to show more is to follow (somewhat like 'and')
						v
					aw bya" aw bya"-ehoe-eu to go in a crouch, bent over, as when someone is hiding
						..,
					..,
						yeh
					-to be protected from the rain
						-aw-eu u
						V
					I
					aw k'o-eu to bend over, as when weeding aw law" law-ehslowly, delitberately aw-mtaw ( see da-mda)
						"'
						A
						v
						v
					..,
					-awv (FP) used in the following statements; positive
					imperativet,
						imperativet,
							imperativet,
							and
							negative
							imperative
						aw..,
							aw..,
							Acaw
							caw" -eh v ·
							for
							great
							hopes
							to
							be
							spoiled
						• vaw -1 -euV
							• vaw -1 -euV
							for
							blisters
							to
							formt,
							as
							from
							burns
					awka ni for a sore to be runny, messy, horrible to look at
						v
					aw-aa crow
					.,. .,..
					aw.,.-ateh-eu a game of 'crowt' they play with two sides, trying to touch the head or foot of someone on the other side and get back over their back line before being caught
						A
						A
					Figure
					to ripen (as fruit)
					(verb) ba-eu shows that there is no set purpose, noth­ing serious in what is being done (dawba-eu, dzav ba•-eu, ehba-eu, haw ba-eu, jawbaba­
						vv
						v
						v
						v
						yv
						yv
						y
						y
						yv
					y v y
						ka
						la
					eu, ba•-eu, mba-eu, etc.t)
						vv
					-ba-eu, ba la -for the moon to be waning
						y
					-ba-eu, laba-for the soul to leave the body to have a wedding and feast -ba•-eu, pyula-for the 'soul' of money to leave -ba•-eu, yayeh -to mix opium in preparation for
						y
						y
						v
						v
						v
						v
					Figure
					smoking it baga neha 'system' of spirits that some shamans follow (seet·tbelow, and meutlu.., neh)
						y
						"'
						A
					..,
					baganehŁ a 'system' of spirits that some shamans follow (see above, and meutluneh) ba• k'a(k'a) the bamboo pieces which form an X at the end of the roof hala" the other side, as the other side of the speaker, or the other side of some object bazaa hidden place ba ceutni to be white (similar to pyudeu.., ni) ba-eu to roast meat by putting it near the fire -ba-eu, miba to warm oneself by a fire
						y
						..,
						..,
						..,
						"'v
						vv
						..,
						"
						y
						A
						..,
						"
						•
						..,
						-
					(verb) ba ga-eu to have heard (ehba ga-eu heard that it was said, shiba ga-eu heard that he died, etc.t)
						..,v
						--
						v
						v
						-
							-
						v
						..,v
						-
					ba go-e" a peacock-pheasant a blacksmith (baji) ba ka ba la-ehg'eh-eu for pressting matters to come up so one cannot do what originally intended
						vv
						A
						"'v
						v
					Figure
					ba la (si) 1. the moon
						vv
					2. a month for the moon to be waning
					Figure
					ba la keudza-eu for the moon to eclipse (ba la la keudza-eu)
						v
						..,v
						v
						..,v
				"'
					"'
						loe
					ba la la a full moon
					for the moon to become full ba la la shuithe new moon ba la la zah zah-eu polite way of saying that a woman
						Figure
						A
					has not menstruated the last two or three months ba la maw-eu for a woman's menstrual period to be long for the moon to shine ba la tsehele-eu for the moon to wane into a new moon
						v
						"'
						v
					Figure
					ba po-eu to roast by the fire until it swells up
						v
					baa term used for 80 old coin, when speaking of fines or the Akha religion
						v
					bay (B) (WM) ae·measuring tin used by the Shans, said to hold 80 ticals (half of it -ngaya)
						v
						v
					v
					babalatseh..,. p·_raying mantis (nym..,. pya tseh, mpaetsa .... tseh, mah.., patsa .... tseh, mah.., pa .... duitsehetc.e)
						..,.
						v
						v
						v
						v
						"'
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						I
					baba ( pyaw) the cheek
						..,.
						..,
					ba .... da neh because
					-eug'a-to be weak (lit., 'strength thin') ba .... g'a (g'a) a steep slope
						-ba
						V
						I
						y
					baja.... (B) (hm) a mouth harp
						....
						....
					ba .... ja.... baw-eu (B) to play (blow) a mouth harp baleheni to be thin, as paper
						..,
						"'
					the fat part on the side of the neck of pigs
						Figure
					ba..,. ngeu(ngeu) the jaw (of humans and animals) ba .... nyeh nyeh-eu for girls to sway back and forth as they sing "' "' v
						v
						v
						nae
						ca
					ba..,. pyuea type of bamboo gopher with a white stripe down forehead and nose
					sideburns (bashehshehelahe)
						Figure
						..,.
						A
						"'
						"'
					ba..,. shehetso-eu to wear sideburns (ba.... shehsheh­eu, ba .... shehshehelahta .... -eu)
						"'
						A
						A
						A
						4
						"'
						v
					batawna-eu for the cheek or side of the face to be swollen and painful
						v
						A
						v
					bayubelly fat, esp. from pigs
						v
						v
					-bah(CL) when a rope or string is frayed, and only one strand left, call it tibah(one strand)
						v
						v
						v
					bah the sound of something falling, "plopn" (Bah
					lehcodzeh le-eunmeh. Fell down, "plop".n)
						v
						v
						v
					a nest, or animal lair
						Figure
					-bah(CL) used for the following categories
						v
					1.
						1.
							1.
							containers (ibah, jibasabah, hawsabah, kamyabah, kuibah, etc.)
								v
								v
								v
								v
								A
								v
								v
								A
								v
								A
								v
								v
								v
								v
						2.
							2.
							other items (laje, yuzabui bah, bahvn, deuhahav bahv, etc.)
								A
								v
								A
								v
								v
								A
								v
					bah-eu 1. troublesome, to make trouble
						v
					2. to make a mistake
					to make a nest or lair
						Figure
					-•eu used with other verbs to show a mistake was made (bobah-eu, jahbah-eu, noebah-eu, gabahbah-eu, lawbah-eu, sheunbah-eu, etc.n)
						(verb) bah
						v
						A
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
					-bah-eu, kuinbah-to wear leggings (for females)
						v
						v
						v
					bah-eu mu-eu (VC) to make mistakes, sometimes implies adultery
						v
						A
					bahjawdeh-eu 1. to beat two sections of bamboo to­gether to scare away birds and rodents, esp. when the rice is heading
						v
						A
					2. to swing two bamboos together (a child at each end)n, while another jumps in and out and tries not to get caught
					bahkeu(keu"} a box, a container
						v
						A
					bahmehdeu-eu to make a noise maker, run by water, to keep animals out of ripening paddy fields
						v
						A
						A
					bahpyeh(pyehn) a rack-like framework inside the paddy steamers to keep the rice from falling
						v
						A
						A
					bahye pyeh-eu the final ceremony in a rice field when they tear apart the field spirit hut (k'm) (bahyoe pyeh-eu, bahye ye-eu)
						v
						A
						v
						pi
						vv
						v
						A
						v
					v the post to which they tie the water buffalo when they kill it for a dead elder
						bahv z·eu
					(B) power, authority -baw(CL) a stem, tree, bamboo
						Figure
						"'
					baw" cah cah-eu to go hunting for game in the jungle
					bawjawjaw-eu to kill a tree by ringing it, as when it is in one'ns field or garden
						v
						v
						v
					bawk'ahone'ns lap
						v
						"
					bawlaw (law) the leg (akuinbawlaw)
						v
						v
						"
						v
					bawnadaw la-euwhen the horn of a water buffalo becomes as long or longer than its ear
						"
						v
						"n
						v
					bawtsahjungle, uninhabited area
						y
						..,
					jungle (flowery expression) baw (baw) a blacksmith belnlows
						Figure
					baw-a(FP) used in a statement which shows likeli
						..,
						-
					hood, or warns of something (baw-m", nm-m", -m)
					baw baw-eu to pump the blacksmith's bellows
					baw dele-eu.., ready to give birth, time for delivery -baw doŁ-eu, midza-to start a fire (by blowing)
						v
					.., ..,
					baw du" (du") the lower part of a chicken leg, the actual leg part
				"'
					"'
						du
					baw (dun) a bush baw dui,, (si) a bladder (also used for a ball)
						"'v
					..,v
					baw dui,, behn-eu to play soccer baw duiteh-eu to play volley ball baw dzeh-eu for the wind to blow something off
						"'v
						v
						"
					-baw dzeh-eu, nabeh-to blow one's nose by holdŁ
						y
					..,
					ing one nostril closed and blowing
					baw-eu 1. to be born (not too polite)n
						·
					2.
						2.
							2.
							to blow, as the wind, or to blow a pipe
						3.
							3.
							to have something, used for fairly permanent items (house, parents, wife, field, village, scar, ·netc.n)
					-baw-eu, hoe-for a person to be sickly, thin, run
						..,
					down
					-baw-eu, cawncawn-to seek for a friend to do some­thing with one (as to go hunting, go to Kengtung)
						..,
						..,
					-baw-eu, cehn-to fan away the chaff after threshing paddy to have value, worth, Luck "' "'
						"'
						min
					Figure
					-baw-eu, nymn-to be married and living in one'ns own home (polite way to say it)
					-baw-eu, pya -for a person to be sickly, thin, rundown
						-
					.., "'
						Sm
					-baw-eu, mui smnbaw -to be rich
					y
					-baw-eu, yaw du-for there to be substance, for there
					..,
					to be an actual case, etc. -baw-eu, yaw zeu -to respec-baw-eu, zi-to have a long life baw gaw(see tsuiyeh)
						Ł
						v
						y
						"
						vv
					"' "'v
					baw gun(gu)
					Figure
					baw gugu-in-eu for a tree to die (while still standing)
						y
						y
						"'v
						-
					a man who has divorced his wife
					baw lam (B) a cycle officer, over several villages
					"'
						tin
					(sama-pf.n)
						..,
					..,
					baw le (FP) indicates the possibility, or probability, of something happening baw le za le-eu (VC) to get and acquire (see baw-a) baw ma (si) the stomach to blow a fire out baw muin(B) a kind of honorary headman, but under the mui)
						..,v
						..,v
						"'
						village headman (bu
						y
						yv
					Figure
					Figure
					baw nm.., (nm) new sprouts on limbs, esp. those that have
						..,v
					been cut off, or are from the stump of a tree
					baw nmnmn-eu for the above to sprout
					.., ..,v
					-baw ngaw..,n-eu, pungaw-for something (as a tree) to be uprooted by the wind
						v
						y
					.n
					baw nyeh-eu to flutter innthe wind
					Figure
					baw
						baw
							baw
							pya
							a
							type
							of
							chestnut
							tree
							that
							has
							small
							nuts
						TR
							(tsuiA
							siv
							baw
							pya,
							tsuiA
							leuA
							baw
							pya)
						baw
							baw
							pya
							la"'
							leuA
							a
							type
							of
							chesnut
							tree,
							eat
							the
							nuts
						baw
							baw
							sehA-eu
							abortion,
							or
							still-birth
							(impolite)
						baw
							baw
							seu
							(kahvv)
							a
							fan
						baw
							baw
							seu
							baw-eu
							to
							fan
							the
							fan
							(as
							a
							shaman
							does
							when
						TR
							in
							a
							trance)
						baw
							baw
							tahv
							baw
							lu
							extremely
							so
							baw
							tahv
							baw
						TR
							lu
							-extremely
							wealthy)
						baw
							baw
							tu-eu
							a
							ceremony
							where
							they
							1 feedn1
							the
							blacksmith'ns
						TR
							bellows
						baw
							baw
							u"
							(j eh)
							an
							intestine
						baw
							baw
							u"
							nav-eu
							to
							have
							typhoid
							fever
							(tehv
							pawv
							navv-eu)
						baw
							baw
							v u
							"'vun-eu
							to
							clean
							the
							intestines
							of
							game
							(as
							a
					Figure
					monkey) so as to eat it
					-baw(CL) for a cluster or clump (abaw, zabaw", seh" gu, daleh, gu.., ci, day zaw, etc.)
						v
						v
						v
						A
						v
						v
						A
						v
						v
					bawdza-eu to discuss
						v
						"
					Figure
					to discuss and come to a conclusion baw-eu to discuss (bawdza-eu)
						Figure
						v
						"
					...,v
					to be deaf to have a festival
					bawlaw (law) 1. a small section of bamboo that is
						"
					used to make whistles either for children to play with, or to call wild game
					2. a bamboo section used to carry water
					bawtutu-eu to beat long bamboo sections on up­turned hollow logs (bawtsahtun-eu)
						"
						A
						A
						v
						v
						"'"v
						·
					to discuss and come to an agreement
						Figure
					) a big bamboo section to put various things in (salt, tea, etc.), but not for carrying water
						baw..., tsah..., (tsah
						...,v
					Figure
					bawyehyeh-eu to estimate something (as the weight, without using scales)
						v
						v
						v
					be-eu to furnish a substitute, to send another
						vv
					behba lakasoap vine, with long pods (behba
						v
						v
					,.. ,.. lada, boeba lakan)
						A
						vv
						v
						,..
						,..v
					beh-eu 1. to struggle to get away
						v
					2. to increase or multiply (people and animals)
					to have a goiter behjeh(jeh) a rib
						Figure
						v
						A
						A
					ji
						ji
						v
					the craw of birds
						behn
						v
						(ji
						v
						)
					a small basket made of bamboo, they tie to waist when go fishing, to put fish in
						beh
						v
						ju
						v
						(ju
						v
						)
					S l ( S i} the kidney (pehsivt) beh-eu 1. to create something
						Figure
						v
						v
						v
					2. to start something, as a field -beh-eu, andah -to begin something (use restricted)
						"'
					V
					-beh-eu, mnbeh -the first thing done
						"'
					"'
						min
					-beh-eu, mv beh beh -to create the heaven and earth
					beh lu (lu) the hump on the back of a bull or cow (boe lu)
					behn(WM) a five pya piece
					"'
					behbehla-m a millipede, it does not bite (behbehla-m, bav behla-m, boeboev lavn-m)
						"'
						"'
						"'v
						,..
						,..
						A
						v
						v
					•
					-eu labeh -to wear a ring
						-beh
						V
						A
						V
					f
					beu{FP) used in inclusive imperative statements,
						v
					Let 's ....
						11
						11
					-beun-eu yunoe -to be fully awake, after having
						"'v
						A
					I
						I
						V
					been asleep
					beunla-eu for one'ns body to be well after an illness, but still convalescing
						"'
						v
					-beunla-eu, tsawnu-to get over being insane, and become sane again
						"'
						vv
						"'
						v
					beu (FP) used in the following statements; positive
					declarative (esp. when warning someone, or telling
					them what will happen)n, and negative declarative
					beu daon behalf of another (bu da, bui dav)
						v
						vv
					beu-eu (B) to be different (beu ga-eu, paga-eu)
						vv
						A
						vv
					beu gat-eu (B) to be different (see above)
						'"'v
					beu ma what the sun is called in the religiouslanguage
					beuah-eu to dish up, as rice
						v
						"t
					beu.., da-eu to scoop uponto something
						A
						·t
					-beuda-eu, haw-to put rice into the 'rice bowls' and put them on the 'rice table' beu.., dia frog-shaped lump of silver from China beuv do-eu to lift a small _item out of something beudza-eu to dip up and eat (as honey -byabeu
						v
						A
						v
						v
						A
						..,
						..,v
						v
						v
					dza-eu)
						vv
					beu-eu to take out with hands, like seeds from a bas­
					..,v
					ket, sour fish out of bamboo container, honey out of honey comb, etc.
					beuk'aw-eu to scoop out a hole with one'ts hand
						v
						A
					beupah-eu to bury something small in size, as a dog
						v
						v
					burying a bone beupeh-eu to lift something out so as to make an
						v
						A
					•
					opening (as in a roof)
					biceh seukaa jungle tree, they do not eŁt fruit
						v
						v
						v
					bidza-eu to distribute and feed people
						v
						v
					bi-eu to distribute an anvil (blacksmiths use) bipa-eu to separate into two or more groups
						vv
						v
						"t
					Figure
					..,
						bi
					tahthe clay pit they make beside the bellows to put the charcoal (bitahteh-eu -to make it)
						..,
						v
						..,
						A
					..,
						bi
					yaw" for two things not to be in a straight line
					yehthe spirit that has to do with people, as when
						bi
						V
						..,
					they repeat spirit incantations for people they ..,
						yeh
					say, "biama-o... yoe to be cut on an angle
						V
						v
						v
						I
						I
						bi
						V
					•
					bi daw"t-eu to give a drink
					bi-eu to be skilled, capable of doing what is required
					bi (verb) law to cause to ...n• bi m" law -to have someone do something bi i" law -to have someone go somewhere
					the Shan people
						Figure
					dzeh-eu to throw away a smallish article to throw
						Figure
					Figure
					-bi..,-eu, cah.., -to throw their top at another spinning top
					-bi-eu, da" bi-to throw something, as rock, ball -bi-eu, eu leu -to swing on a swing
						..,v
						v
						..,v
					to ride the village swing wisdom, knowledge
						Figure
					Figure
					bo-eu to herd animals (maw" nebo-eu -herd cattle)
						v
					-bo-eu, ja bo -to turn over and throw down a clay pot or dish, to make a loud noise
					bo-mbonlo a barred owlet bo san-eu to look after and care for, esp. humans, but also use when domesticated animals are sick boe" caha type of tree (light mahogany)
						"
						"'v
					"
					boe" dah.., a widower (yo coe) boe" haa bat
						..,v
						v
					bat cave, or lodging
						Figure
					..,
						boe
						v
						ha
					boeloe" a bubble, as on water_
						"
					for a bubble to bubble up boe" mawna spirit priest
						Figure
						v
					a spirit priestn's helpers
						Figure
					boe" mawv ga le-eu for the spirits to confer the office of spirit priest on a man
					a spirit priest
						Figure
					boe" maw.., tson-eu when one becomes a spirit priest by studying with another spirit priest
						"'v
					boe" mis i..,, k I aone who is of a different clan from mine, or more than four generations removed from me
						v
						..,,
					in my clan
					boe du {du) a wooden extension on a house post which fits into a hole in a beam to hold it in place
					boe loe (si) a gong
						v
					ahv) the part of the gong that protrudes
						boe loe k'ah (k
						I
						-
					boe lu (see beh lu) boe zui" the thatch on the top ridge of the house
					boe zuiezui"e-eu to put on thŁ above
						"'
					boesilk (boepeh" k'ahe-silk jacket)
						v
						..,
						..,,
					boeebaw-eu for a person to be sickly, thin, run-down
						..,
					"' "'
					boe.., boeeluelueall living things in the world
					..,
					boeebyaethe largest type of turtle
						..,
						""
					boe.., ciboe.., yawa type of turtle they eat, about the
						v
						v
					size of onee's hand, no tail
					..,
						ci
					boe.., lahg'a a treepie
						v
					..,
						coee
					boe.., insects that bore into wood or fruit ..,
						coee
					boe.., coe"-eu for insects to bore into wood or fruit
					boeedi" aju.., a small, dark caterpillar, often there
					.., .,
					is a great mass of them in one spot
					boedza-eu for insects to bore into wood or bamboo boe..,-eu 1. to cover the head with something
						..,
						..,
					2.
						2.
							2.
							to carry something on onee's head
						3.
							3.
							to root around, as a pig does (azaboe-eu)
								.,
								,,..
								..,
					boeg'oa white grub boeeg'onyeh-eu a ceremony they perform to keep
						..,
						A
						.,
						A
						A
					white grubs from eating their rice roots boeehaa flat-headed borer (boek'a) boejawsmall bugs that eat the bark of trees, all
						..,
						..,
						..,
						..,
						..,
						..,
					the way around (thus, 'jaw')
						.,
					boe.., kalama
						,...
						,...
					Figure
					""
						kan
					boelateha scorpion-like animal
						v
						v
					,..
					boeku" turtle boemuinnak'oa bug much like the June bug
						v
						v
						v
						v
						A
					.
					boeneh aJUa type of caterpillar they eat boepaboeteua larger variety of the boeteu
						v
						v
						v
						"
						,..
						"I,
						v
						A
					" silk cloth
					Figure
					boeseuv an animal that lives in the water, about as big as one's little finger, people eat them
						"
					"" v
						a
					boesoenbawa type of tree, important in Akha customs and ceremonies
						"
						v
					boetaha horned beetle
						v
						v
					boetahtah-eu to be fat, although not eating, as where bears hybernate, caterpillars in cocoon, some­times said of people
						v
						v
						v
						·
					boeteha large black beetle, something like stag
						v
					"
					beetles
					an earwig
						Figure
					boeteua type of herb that is 2-3 inches long, with sections in it. They plant, and eat raw.
						v
						A
					boetsana type of caterpillar that causes violent itch (ajuboetsa)
						v
						""
						v
						v
						v
						"
					boetsithe smallest type of turtle, don't eat the meat, but sometimes use to make medicine
						v
						"
					Akha name for April (approximately)
						Figure
					bucoe" ni to be very clean (Like shawjehni) "'
						v
						"
						A
						den
					bun( maw" ) ascaris, round worm
						"
					"'
						bun
					dek'aw-a(maw") a water worm, that looks some­what like an ascaris
						"
						A
						A
					v "' v
						de
						le
						le
					buk'ah (k'ah) a rainbow (adek'ah -pf.)
						"
						"
						"
					budo" (see a" do) "'
						"'
						A
						bun
					do" paw to the east (direction in which bury animals)
					bu-eu to be clean
						v
					bu" seh(see buseh)
						"
						v
						v
					bushishi-eu to have miscarriage early in preg­nancy (busisi-eu)
						v
						v
						vv
						v
						v
						vv
					bu dza-eu to be carried away by water
						vv
					bu-eu to libel someone (ja bu ja doe-eu)
						v
					-bu-eu, abu -when a baby makes a bilabial trill -bu-eu, daw" -to put something in stream to float
						v
					down
					v
						i
					-bu-eu, cu -ah-to be carried away by water
						v
					A
					-bu-eu, ja -to say bad things about others -bu-eu, lawba -ah-to be carried away by a river bu g'eh-eu to be swept or carried along, as by river bu-eu (B) fort.ttime to pass
						v
						V
						v
						vv
					buv jehbuseh(B) the headmen in a village (esp. a large one)
						y
						v
						v
					bujehbusehka-eu (B) to select men for the above positions
						v
						y
						y
						v
					buJOe a small earthworm
						v
					buju k' aloa little basket for extra ceremonial food, and for hearts of animals killed when a sha­man goes into a trance, so she can eat next day
						v
						A
						y
					bujuy luza a large, brownish spider, something like tarantula, lives in houses
						v
						v
					bujuluza a tarantula
						y
						v
						v
					buy seh(B) a political headman of a single village,
						v
					recognized by the Shans (buseh) buya(ya) a marshy area bui-eu 1. to boil
						y
						yv
						v
						y
						vv
						v
					2. to whirl around (when speaking of wings oftter­mites, airplane propeller, etc.t)
					boiling
						boiling
							boiling
							wa·ter
						bui v
							bui v
							kaŁ
							v(kah )
							an
							umbrella
						buiv
							buiv
							meuŁ
							foam
					for foam to come to the surface
					bui ka (kah) a mosquito net
						"
					bui leua plant they plant for medicine (stomach trouble, and swelling) bui lov (kah V) the cloth they use to wrap a baby in to wrap a baby up in the above
						"
					Figure
					bui paa type of plant with a big leaf, sometimes
						A
					split and use to make sleeping mats
					bui pamahcoe" the 'ice potato• -very.long leaves A A
						A
						"
					bui sasa-eu to have the measles bui teh(kah) the cloth they use to carry a baby
						"
						"
					on their backs bui tu" a quilt
					buina na-eu for a woman to die in childbirth
					"
					"' "' A
						zeun
					buibuizeunzeun-eu for girls to hold hands in a circle, and whirl around and around
						"
						"
					"' "'
						ban
					k0 1. skin, as of humans and animals
						1
					2. bark or outside layer of a plant
					,..
						ba
					k'o" pya-eu to hack bark off of a tree
						A
					"' "'
						ban
					k0 yaw"n-eu to skin an animal baa paper kyat note
						1
						(WM)
					,..
					to lay one's hands on something
						Figure
					badi"-eu to raise up, as one's arm or foot
						A
					ba-eu to carry on the shoulder, or on poles balanced on the shoulder. It is used with many other verbs; baah-eu, babyaw-eu, baŁ byrn"-eu, badzeh-eu, baka-eu, bami-eu, bapu-eŁ bapui-eŁ ba
						A
						A
						"n
						A
						,..v
						,..
						"
						"n
						A
						A
						A
					,.. ,.. ,.. ,..
					tu-eu, etc.
						"n
					-eu cehbym" -to make piles of harvested paddy stalks
						-ba
						A
						I
						"
					-ba-eu, g'a" baw-to take someonen's side and help them in their argument in court cases and the like
						A
						A
					ba,.. leh"-eu to take off, as a hat baleunhaw-eu to loolŁ up ( g aw" leuhaw-eu)
						,..
						"
						I
						"
					Figure
					bamamama ma-eu for a big group to congregate
						A
						A
						A
					v ""
						je
						"t
						-eht
					bamapua very large group bami-eu to lift up to someone else bapu (pu, pyaw) the shoulder
						A
						A
						A
						"t
						A
						v
					ba
					,..
					•
					si-eu
						"t
					to know how to cast a love spell
					baya to-eu to cast a spell on something so that it will make the desired person fall in love with the one asking the spell to be cast
						A
						"t
					baya ya-eu to perform some sort of magic to make one person fall in love with another
						A
					bayaw-i to get change in one kyat notes
						A
					baw-eu to touch one another -bawt-eu nyeh -to squeeze into one strand
						A
						"'v
					I A
					bawg'a(kah) a net to use in trapping birds and small rodents that live in trees
						A
						,,,,
						"
					to set the above net the men's side of an Akha house
						Figure
					Figure
					beht(beh) the rafter that goes lengthwise on the posts at the side of the house
						"'
						4
					beht(CL) indicates a pod of some type (nuitgaw, nuit
						"'
						"'
						"'
					gah, nuipyat, labuisahdu), a pockŁt or "' "'v
						vv
						A
						"'v
						A
						v
						v
						"
					purse (pawbeh), a load (k'atbeht), and the calf of the leg (akuik'otbeh)
						"
						A
						"
						"
						"'
						4
					behtbehtla -m a millipede that does not sting boela-m, pf.)
						""
						"'
						"
						"t
					Figure
					beht-eu to kick with the top of the foot, or to kick backward
						"'v
					to make a cocoon -beh-eu, baw dui-to play ('tkick') soccer
						Figure
						A
						"
					,,,,
						beh
					nawlac (used to hold machete handles in, good
						"
					:luck for infants, etc.) (rnyatnaw, byehnah)
						"'
						"t
						A
						"
					beh
						A
					a cantelope-like melon (byehzaasi)
						Figure
						"
						v
						"
					" behbehlanga a small jungle tree, they eat the
						A
						"'
						A
					fruit (it makes their mouths black)
					to be blind to smell
						Figure
					Figure
					beu" bya"e-eu to shoot and scatter (as when shoot at birds and they scatter) beueceh ceh-eu to shoot back and forth, as in a fight to fell an animal or person with a shot
						"'
					y
						Figure
						'
					l. -for a spring to produce water beue"-eu to shoot, as gun, crosesbow -beu"-eu to follow after own will, wander off (aga"
						..,
					i" beu-eu mav siv -I done't know where wandered to)
						4
					to shoot a gun sho -to stalk up on an animal and shoot it k'eh-eu to shoot and break a bone peh-eu to have a hole shot into something
						Figure
						-beu"-eu,
						beue
						"'
						A
						beu"
						"'
				""'
					""'
						beue
					""' -eu to kill by shooting tah..,-eu to shoot someone accidentally zaw-eu to shoot and hit
						seh
						beue
						"'
						beu"
					a ten-pya piece, in 'old Akha', now say • mo •
						Figure
						(WM)
					y
					dah-eu to give in place of
				"'
					"'
						bi
					•
					bi-eu to give
						"'
					to give back something that belongs another
						Figure
					to pop rice
						Figure
					bo-eu to write, to make a design hma type of mushroom they find on logs
						""'
						"
					"' to spoil, as meat, etce.
						bo
						bu
						""'
						-eu
					to become spoiled, as meat, etc. .., "'
						Figure
						kui
						buie
					a.., kui-for leg to be numb ""'
						Figure
						v
						buie
					a.., lala-for arm to be numb
						-
						b
						u1.•
						A -eu,
						"'
						,..
					Figure
					43
					byacu-eu to embrace, hug each other
						v
						""v
					to be lazy about doing something, not want to it, sometimes since one knows it will be futile do it
						Figure
					byag'athe side of something, like the side of the upper part of the body of people and animals (rib cage)n, or the side of a boulder
						v
						v
					byag'eu-eu to hold onto something with one's arms, and one'ns feet not touch the ground
						v
					byataw-eu to embrace (byacu" -_eu)
						v
						A
						v
					byateh-eu to hang onto someone, as when hurt and cannot walk by oneself
						v
						v
					byau-eu to gather in, as when a bear grabs a big armful of paddy to eat
						v
						A
					bya cehni to be clear, not to be hidden, to shine forth
						A
					bya-eu very good at welcoming people (happy, kind, etc.n)
					_
					-bya-eu, yaw sheh-for a light to shine -bya la-eu, Ubya -for the sun to come up bya shawla-eu early in the morning, but bright enough
						A
						v
						V
						v
						v
					to see mountains, trees, houses, etc.
					a pig killed at sunrise to feed elders who have chanted (shav zizi-eu) all night
						bya za
						A
						A
						A
					1. generic term for bee
						bya
						v
					2. a specific kind of bee, they eat the honey
					a type of bee
						Figure
					beu.,,: dza-eu to take honey from the bee hive and eat it, dipping it out (either humans or bears)
						bya
						v
						v
					boethe young of the wasp or bee (at the stage where they eat them)
						bya
						v
						v
					byabaha man-made beehive, usually made from a log
						bya
						v
						v
						v
					byauigeneric for honey, but also honey from the byavariety
						bya
						v
						v
						v
						v
					byaŁ-eu to mark in a tree, pointing to a place where a bee hive is
						bya
						v
					for a bee to sting
						Figure
					byav deudza-eu to take honey from a wild hive by first cutting down the tree
						A
						vv
					dua type of wasp that lives in the ground, they eat the young
						bya
						v
						v
					a type of wasp (dujeu)
						Figure
						v
						vv
					duloa type of wasp, sometimes in ground, sometimes lives in trees
						bya
						v
						v
						A
					byav dunah yua type of wasp like byadu, but only feeds at night (miyuv)
						v
						A
						v
						vv
						v
					dupa-eu to tie a string to a wasp, and follow it
						bya
						v
						v
						A
					to its hole, where they dig out the young wasps dushuinyellow jacket-like wasps dzahn-eu for there to be a colony of bees present
						bya
						v
						v
						v
						bya
						v
						v
					a type of wasp that lives in trees
						Figure
					gawlawheu a type of medium sized bee that makes a hive to look like a Chinese rainhat (lawheu)
						bya
						v
						v
						v
						v
					a very small bee, lives in the ground, stings g'ahlah shuina type of bee or wasp that lives
						Figure
						bya
						v
						v
						v
					in trees, they eat the young byav g'awa type of large wasp g'eha hornet, they eat the young, they live in
						A
						bya
						v
						v
					trees haw-eu to show something off, esp. something good
						bya
						v
					byav hia dog-like civet cat, brown with black head and tail, eats some flesh, also sugar cane
						v
					hibiceh a type of brownish civet cat, about
						bya
						v
						v
						v
					the size of a cat. Akhas afraid of it -feel it is a powerful spirit.
					hilakawa tree shrew, called by Akhas 'dogs of the spiritsn'. They believe that if it runs be­!�een one's legs, onl wi_l die
						bya
						v
						v
						v
						v
					byahishag•aŁ a largish type of civet cat, they have a kind of bark, eat meat byahishuia large, brown civet cat byai(i) the stinger of a bee
						v
						v
						y
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
					byakulah (lah) a beehive, made by the bees
						v
						v
					byak'aawŁ (ya) an empty honey comb byak'awaahrna very tastey mushroom
						v
						A
						v
						A
						v
						y
					byanyeua type of tree dwelling, very small beea, Akhas eat the young
						v
						A
					byav
						byav
							byav
							poe
							a
							large
							type
							of
							bee,
							it
							stings
						byav
							byav
							Aseua
							ni
							something
							flattish,
							as
							nice
							'flat'
							sides
						TR
							on
							pigs
							and
							cows
						TR
							beeswax
					to burn beeswax tapers
					byashaw a type of small bee, that lives in trees byashuiaa small type of wasp, with terrible sting byayawa honey beea, the kind they raise, but also
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					they live wild in trees and rocks
					byah-eu to be full, complete
					(verb} byah-eu to show that it is to the full (ga byah-
					v
					eu, mbyah-eu, shehabyah-eu, tahbyah-euetc.)
						A
						v
						J
					to be full and overflowing
					-byawone sitting, or timea, of eating a meal byawdaha young bachelor
						v
						v
						v
					byaw-eu mo-eu to be real happy, esp. used when many
						vv
					people present byawv g' a-eu joy, ple·asure, happy byaw-i-eu for food to lose its taste bye-eu to dislike someone, not want to see their face
						vv
						vv
					(not as strong as rnuia-eu)
						vv
					-to dislike someone (see above)
						-bye-eu, noe
						V
					byehdzeh-eu to leave something behind, to throw it away, not use it again
						v
					byeh-eu to twist and turn violently, as when in a trap and trying to get out
						vv
					-byeht-eu, miza-to abandon your wife (as a man becoming a soldier and leaving her for good)
						v
						v
						v
					byehk'eh-eu to twist and squirm so violently that something (as a pole) breaks
						v
						A
					byehseh-eu 1. to twist and turn so violently in a trap that whatever is caught kills itself
						v
						A
					2. used figuratively for violent twisting and turn
						-
					ing
					byehttseht-eu to twist and turn until a rope or cord breaks (as a buffalo tied to something does this)
						v
						A
					-byeh-eu, myanui-to open one's eyes
						A
						A
					enough and to spare
					-byrntone partt, or section (as when divide something into equal parts)
						v
					to stack up
					bym-eu for a person to be very skilled or clever at doing something, as making terraced fields
					-byrn-eu, nui ma -an exemptlary personality, the work is good, there is nothing bad to say about him
					a tree that grows in the jungle, they eat the fruit
					-eu 1. to develop or come forth with, as to develop signs of leprosy (coidoi bym-eu)
						byrn
						vv
						v
						v
					2. when
						2. when
							2. when
							pregnant
							women
							have
							morning
							sickness
						-byrnvv-eu,
							-byrnvv-eu,
							cehv
							g'oA
							bymv
							-
							for
							paddy
							to
							be
							corning
							to
						a
							a
							head
					-byrn -eu nui ma -to be uneasy about what might happen
					V I
					in the future
					caladium (generic)
					bymma ayawa type of caltadium they only feed to pigs (people do not eat)
						v
						v
						v
					bymma daoan extremely large type of caladiuŁt, only use as pig food
						v
						v
					bymma dzabyma type of caladium they both eat and feed to pigs
						v
						v
						v
					47
						'
					bymma nyehdzaha type of caladium some people eat, also good pig food
						v
						v
						v
					byoedo-eu to run out of a place, as animals running out of the forest
						v
						A
					byoeu-eu to run into a place, as animals running into the forest
						v
						vv
					byoe cah (cah) the ridge pole which goes on top of the main posts
					byoe du a projection made at the top of a post, over which a rafter with a hole in it will fit
					byoe byoe-eu -to bore a hole)
						byoe-eu to burrow or bore into something (ti
						v
					tapeworm (many Akhas don't use)
						Figure
					a wooden crossbar in the framework of an Akha house, that goes in about half-way up the posts
						byoe kaw
						v
					-eu to insert the above
						byoe kawv kaw
						vv
					byoe to(to) the main post, on which the ridge pole rests
						A
						Av
					byoe tomahthe central post ('high') byoe totsehnshort posts that go from ground to floor byucoeni to be washed perfectly clean -byu-eu, myanuimyabyu-for a white film to
						A
						v
						A
						A
						v
						A
						v
						A
						A
						A
						y
					form over one'ns eye and thus become blind (sometimes refers to a cataract)
						-
					-byu-eu, nui ma -to have an upset stomach, sometimes gas on one's stomach
						vv
					-byu-eu tsi-to wash very clean
						vv
						V
					I
					to shake out (as blanket, coat) bya(WM) a kyat (the coin of Burma)
						Figure
						Ł
					byada-eu to throw something like dirt or sand on someone, or up in the air
						A
						Ł
					byadm-eu (dm) 1. to fold over
						A
						vv
						vv
					2. to fold up clothes
					-bya-eu, beun-for a shot to cause something (as animals or birds) to scatter
						A
						"'
					-bya-eu, i CU-to sprinkle with water
						"'v
						v
						A
					-bya-eu, mibyan-for there to be a land slide
						"'v
						v
						"'
					bya... -i... -eu to scatter out (as a herd of cows) yah... (maw) a mythical dragon (important in legends)
						bya
						A
						vv
					byayahv tsah-eu to block a landslide from sliding any more by putting in a 'fence' of a plant (agah), and throwing some 'waste metaln' (shm ... cev) into the fissure
						A
						y
						...
					bya-eu to mark a field with several sticks stuck in
					..,.v
					such a way that they point to several directions (yabya-eu)
						v
					..,.
					...
						a
					-eu bya..,. -to make a design in cloth
						-bya
						,_
						I
					(see bya-eu, above)
					..,.v
					bya..,.
						bya..,.
							bya..,.
							yawv
							ni
							1. to
							be
							striped,
							as
							a
							tiger
						TR
							2. to
							have
							a
							checkered
							design
						byaA
							byaA
							• ZUl v
							• n1
							to
							have
							a
							striped
							effect
							(as tigers
							and
						TR
							wildcats)
					(verb) byawn-eu the idea of stacking things not too large (babyaw"n-eu, ci.., byaw-eu, yubaw-eu, etc.n)
						"'v
						..,.
						4
						v
						y
						A
					-byaw-eu, ma ... byaw-(byaw) to have a scar
					,.v..,. ..,.v
					byeh" dza ... -eu to chop and eat ca-to boil something to a mush
						-byeh"n-eu
						/
						A
					"'v"'
					-byehn-eu, g'abyehn-to become discouraged when feel that nothing will come of work
						v
					-byehn"-eu, sha byeh-to chop up meat
						4
					... byeh... nah (see behnnawn)
						...
						""
						..,v
					...
						ne
					byehnfinely chopped meat with blood mixed with
						""
					it and used in offerings (when do this for eat­ing, call it 'sha.., beh')
						y
						A
					"' ""
					byehnnmn-eu to chop up fine
					byehnoeni for something to be very weak, as the bamboo bow on a cross-bow
						A
						A
					v
					byehpyufinely chopped meat without blood mixed with it, used in offerings
						A
					v v
					byehpyubyehne(NC) the chopped meat with and without blood that they use in their ceremonies
						A
						A
					a cantelope-like melon
						Figure
					byehmuibyehsaa 'no-son person' (shmbyeh) that diestwhile still in his father'ts house
						A
						v
						A
						v
						v
						A
						.t
					to disappear (esp. bigger things)
						Figure
					indicates the fact that it is no longer seen (cah byo-eu, cehbyo-eu, haw byo-eu, nawbyo-eu, etc.t)
						Figure
						A
						4
						A
						A
						4
						A
					to disappear (esp. used of smaller things)
						to disappear (esp. used of smaller things)
							Figure
						cacathe little finger
							v
							v
					ca-eu to sing, esp. courting songs (Imp.)
						vv
					-ca-eu, laca-to tie someone's hands behind his back
						vv
						A
						v
					-ca-eu, miv dazada-for girls and boys to sing courting songs to each other (Imp.)
						vv
						A
						v
						A
					vvv v
					-ca-eu, naca-for a shaman to rub soot on the forehead and nose of the sick person before going into her trance, so 'Godt' can identify him
					-ca-eu, seuv kav -to whistle between one's teeth
						vv
					-ca-eu, uca-to have a receding hairline
						vv
						v
						v
					cagawv (maw) a mosquito cagawkaw-eu for a mosquito to sting one cagawtiv daw one height of a person (as when de­
						v
						vv
						v
						v
						A
						v
						v
					scribing how deep a hole is, how high corn is, etc.)
					for a person or animal to be very tall -ca-eu, tsawpatsawca -to be close relatives
						Figure
						v
						v
						v
					a slingshot (CaOe) cah beuŁ-i-eu to stalk animals, when hunting them cah byo-eu to wander away and disappear
						Figure
						v
						A
						vv
						A
					for a vine or something to climb up (as tree) cah do-eu to walk through, even where there is an
						Figure
						Ł
					obstruction cah dza-eu to go out and get food in the jungle by hunting, fishing, berrying and the like for two people to walk and meet at a place
						vv
					Figure
					cah-eu to walk
					-cah-eu, bawcah -to go hunting in the jungle -cah-eu, kuitzo-to go by foot
						v
						v
						v
					cah jawv-eu to travel or walk all the way around
					something, as a big boulder
					51
					cah kuicah la(v. & r.n) grandchildren of two sis
						v
						A
						-
					ters refer to each other this way. They do not frown on these getting married, as much as 'cah peh'•
						vv
					cah na-eu 1. to have pains from too much walking
						v
					2. when a sore or pain in a limb moves from one
					place to another
					cah pehv cousins who are children of two sisters (they will argue a lot if they marry)
					caha wooden checker they use in playing checkersn-
						..,
					cahci..,n-eu to play a type of checkers at the time an elder has died
						v
					cahgah" da-eu to spin onen's wooden top in a sta­
						vv
					"
					tionary spot, setting it up so that someone else can "shootn" at it with his top
					cah.., ti-eu to throw onen's spinning top at a stationary bi-eu a
						A
						top, trying to knock it away (cah
						..,
						v
					childn's term)
					caw ba-eu to help someone caw dehcaw to-eu for people to help each other out caw dza..,n-eu to pay back, as a debt, also when spirits
						..,
						A
					'pay backn' someone for something they donn't like
					caw-eu for animals to mate (shaŁ-eu)
					-caw-eu, sha" -to look for something or someone caw haw-eu to help (caw ba-eu)
					caw jaw-eu to help, usually the person being helped works ·nalong too (caw m-eu)
						y
					caw m-eu to help someone do something (caw jaw-eu) caw ngoe"-eu to cry with someone else in sympathy (1it • , ' he 1 p-cry ' ) caw teh-eu to follow along behind, chase along
						v
					cawa friend
						..,
					caw.., ah"-eu to put a long object (rod, arm) into something
						-
					caw., caw.., baw-eu to seek for a friend to do 3omething with you, as go hunting, go to Kengtung, etc.
					cawcawn-eu to make friends
						v
						v
					cawdah(pyaw) a shed-like structure they make by adding on to the roof of their house
						y
						v
						v
					a type of 'medicine'
						Figure
					cawdawdaw-eu to weigh out equal amount of coins for a silver bar, or the like
						v
						v
						v
					to raise an arm, or a fairly large object
						Figure
					-cawn-eu, dawja ja -to converse -caw-eu, dawngeh-to converse cawja-eu when one stretches out one's arm or leg,
						v
						v
						vv
						v
						v
						v
					as when they get stiff or numb
					cawnk'ehnpitta (bird) cawk'o-eu to pull the arm or leg back, from a
						v
						""
						v
					,..v
					stretched out position
					cawneh-eu to reach one's hand out .nfor Łnether to grasp, or give a long object to another pu,..n-eu to stick a longish article into a liquid cawshabaw-eu a polite expression for a man taking
						v
						v
						caw
						v
						v
						y
					a wife (lit., 'finds a friend')
					cawv tawn-eu to try to persuade someone to do some­thing with you (as make a field, hunt, etc.)
						""v
					cawtawn-eu two things meeting, as branches from trees on opposite banks meeting above a stream
						v
						,..v
					cedung (ke)
						v
						vv
					cehpaddy (cehsi)
						v
						v
						vv
					ceh(CL) something old and ragged (mehtsoepehceh, k'ankakaceh, etc.n)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
						""
						v
						v
						vv
					ceh(WM) one-fourth of a kyat, formerly two of the two-anna coins, so now confusing with new coinage
						v
					cehbaw-eu to winnow the paddy by fanning the chaff
						v
					after threshing the paddy (cehbaw baw-eu) the fan used to winnow the chaff
						v
					Figure
					cehbaw(baw) a clump of paddy stalks cehbon(bo) popped rice
						v
						v
						vv
						v
						""
						A
					.
						Figure
					to pop rice
					cehbymba-eu to stack the harvested paddy stalks into large stacks
						v
						v
						A
					cehbympeh-eu to take three stalks out of each of the stacks of paddy, and threshing ceremonially
						v
						v
						A
					the threshing floor
						Figure
						k'aw
						A
					cehbymsak'awdeh-eu to prepare the threshing floor
						v
						v
						v
						A
					cehbymsak'tawseh geu geu-eu to make a framework on a steep mountain side on which to thresh paddy
						v
						v
						v
						A
					cehbymk'euthe pole they drive into ground
						v
						v
						v
					V above threshing area of the first stack & hold onto
						U
					cehbymUk'ok'o-eu to put a 'cap• of straw on top of the paddy stack to protect from rain & birds
						v
						v
						V
						A
						A
					for paddy to head
						Figure
					cehcehnuipaddy, esp. when wish to differentiate it with husked rice (cehpyu)
						v
						v
						A
						v
						vv
					cehcu a banana leaf wrapped around both broken and unbroken rice (cehguiv cehcu)
						v
						v
						v
					cehdak'apuv a measuring basket, usually one in a village, all use to measure when buy and sell
						v
						v
						A
					to thresh paddy, by beating it cehdola-eu for the paddy to ear cehduidui-eu to soak rice before cooking it cehdzehpaddy which has been pounded just once and
						Figure
						v
						A
						vv
						v
						A
						A
						v
						A
					winnowed, but needs to be pounded again cehdziya-eu to make small stacks of rice that have been harvested, to make easier to carry
						v
						A
					the broken rice from pounding, feed to chicks
						Figure
					ceh' guiv cehcu cu-eu to take two large banana leaves, one with ashes and paddy husks, and one with rice, paddy and money, to the spirit priest as 'payt• for repeating spirit incantations for him
						v
						v
					v
					cehguiy cehyehahrna very small, but also very tastey mushroom
						v
						v
						A
						v
					(bym) where the paddy is coming to a
						vv
					Figure
					for the paddy to come to a head cehjia paddy house cehjidzahpaddy bins that are made, usually by
						Figure
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					several· families, half-way between fields & village
					cehjik'attehy-eu the first pouring of paddy into the paddy house, for those who have separate shel­ters for their paddy house shrine
						v
						v
						"'
					cehjipyak'ahthe porch on a paddy house (cehjiguiga, cehjipyaŁ k'ahv}
						v
						v
						v
						v
						y
						v
						v
						v
						v
					cehjisehku a crude, temporary shelter in the field or jungle to keep threshed paddy in until they can carry it to paddy house
						v
						v
						v
					cehjisima ug'm(g'tm) a little structure by the paddy house for the paddy house shrine
						v
						v
						v
						y
						v
						vv
					cehjitsi-eu the ceremonial opening of the paddy house
						v
						v
					cehkanyoea green paddy field, i.te.t, when plants get to be high enough (12t-18 inches) to cover the brown of the earth
						v
						v
						v
					for the above to develop
						Figure
					cehkashuishuit-eu for the paddy to become ripe, and thus 'brown', or 'yellowt' (shui)
						v
						v
						v
						vv
						vv
					cehka apoelaw-eu the ancestor offering made at paddy planting time
						v
						v
						v
						v
					cehka daw-eu the start of paddy planting, with spec­ial precautions to keep spirits out cehtka-eu to plant paddy cehka mawnesmall reddish grubs that Akhas eat
						v
						A
						""
						v
						v
						v
					(yehka mawne}
						v
						v
						vv
					cehka ni to taste sour
						v
					cehkmpaddy, while it is still in the husk
						v
						v
					a paddy husk
						Figure
					cehla-eu 1. for an animal (as dog, bear), to start to bite me
						v
						v
					2. for a person to come and scold me severely
					cehv
						cehv
							cehv
							nmv yuv dzav-eu a ceremonial taking of before the harvest to take home and eat
							'new
							rice'
						cehv
							cehv
							Aoyoev byuv threshing on
							dzeh-eu it, so as
							to to
							shake the mat out get all the paddy
							after
						cehv
							cehv
							pehv deh-eu to wash new to get the stiffness out
							cloth
							by beating,
							so
							as
						cehv
							cehv
							pi-eu paddy
							to carry house
							the
							paddy
							from
							the
							field
							to
							the
						cehv
							cehv
							piv tiA tiA-eu they make when lage
							(tiA) their
							a temporary fields are far
							pile from
							of paddy their vil
								-
						cehv
							cehv
							"' pyun
							husked
							rice
						cehv
							cehv
							"' pyuv g'ov-eu mnmyawv sheunv-eu by the two parties chew uncooked guilty
							an ordeal where-rice to see who is
						cehv
							cehv
							pyuv bahv (bahvv)sa"' they keep their husked
							the woven basket rice (cehv pyuv
							in which bahv)
						TR
							TD
								Figure
							S l. v
							paddy,
							before
							it
							has
							been
							husked
							(cehv
							kmvv)
						cehv
							cehv
							g'oA-eusiv while unhusked kernels to
							pounding paddy they pound later
							take
							out
							the
						cehv
							cehv
							tsi haw-eu a means of divining whereby they siv use paddy to see if it comes out even three times vin a row (cehv pyutsi haw-eu)
						cehv
							cehv
							s1.v
							yoev
							paddy
							seed
						cehv
							cehv
							siv man the
							yoev shaw"'v-eu a ceremony done by the first in the village to plant his rice. It purifies seed for the whole village.
						cehy
							cehy
							jivshuiA bay ciy lawv-eu liquor made from new rice
							the
							offering
							of
							the
						cehŁ
							cehŁ
							tahv with
							dzehA-eu the first pounding of many unhusked kernels remaining
							paddy,
							often
						cehv
							cehv
							tahvv-eu to pound
							to one
							pound paddy (cehv 'pounder' full of
							tsmn"' tiv paddy)
							tahvv-eu
							-
						cehv
							cehv
							tahv sure
							vpyu-eu the to get all of
							second pounding of paddy the husks off
							to
							be
						cehv
							cehv
							tawnA ahv-eu (k'na"' joA)
							to
							put
							threshed
							paddy
							into
							a
							basket
					cehtaw" do-eu to take paddy out of the paddyhouse cehtawnk'no -eu to put paddy back in a basket after
						v
						A
						v
						A
					it has been sunned
					cehyamo.-eu to weed the rice field cehyeh-eu to reap the rice cehza-eu to winnow rice after pounding it cehzah zah-eu to bring the husked rice to the middle
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
						y
					of the winnowing tray so it can be taken out, by swishing the tray around in a circular fashion
					ceh dza-eu to quarrel
					..,v
					ceh-eu to argue
					-ceh-eu, beuceh -to shoot back and forth, a gun
						A
					fight
					-ceh-eu, daceh -to put a point on a stick -ceh-eu, deuceh -to war against each other
						v
						A
					-ceh-eu, jahceh -to have a race doing something
						v
					-ceh-eu, mceh -to have a race doing something
						v
					-ceh-eu, midza-to put a fire out by hitting it
						v
						v
					with something
					-ceh-eu, pyeh-when cutting a round thing, to
						A
					whittle it off to a point
					-ceh-eu, toceh -to peck at each other (as chickens)
						A
					-ceh-eu, toe-to point at something
						v
					-ceh-eu, tsoceh -to kick each other -ceh la-eu, nah lo-12 noon, the passing of the
						A
						v
						A
					zenith
					-ceh la-eu, u.., cisehg'nah-midnight, the pass
						v
						v
						v
						-
					,,.
					ing of the zenith of night -ceh loe-eu, aloe-to rape
						v
						v
						v
					Cehbanthe Wa people
						v
						,,.
					cehdo-eu to tear off from, as when tearing meat from a bone
						v
						A
					-eu should ..•n• , to be proper (kuceh-eu
						(verb) ceh
						v
						v
						vv
						-
					proper to call, etc.)n
						·
					-ceh -eu ku-the proper thing to call someone, as
						"
					I
						I
						v
					a relation
					cehpyaa-eu to tear something
						..,v
					..,
					dew (ceuga le-eu -for dew to 'fall'}
						Figure
					..,
					to hang up
						Figure
					-eu
						-ceu
						V
						I
					-to sneeze Ja -to praise, to speak highly of
						Figure
						ceu
						V
						-ceu -eu
						I
					V
					-ceua-eu, pehatah" -to wear a shoulder bag on the
						"'
					..,v
					shoulder, on the same side that it hangs
					"' "'
						cia
					boe.., loayo" a land snail, believed by them to be poisonous (coiboe., loayo")
						.,
						"'
					ci" coeaa bawaa tree with sweet fruit ci" coeaciv n1. a vine with sweet fruit deun1.for something to be strong, as a rope,
						"'
						V
						"'
						v
						ci
						V
						•
					.,
					cloth, wood
					cia-eu for something to be strong, as a rope, cloth, wood
						"'v
					ciagu.., a type of vine they use to make carrying bags (kaaya}
						"'
						"'
					Blandforda's olive bulbul
						Figure
					..,
					cihaa barking deer
						..,
					ciha.., ama( see a.., maceh)
						.,
						..,
						A
						,/\
					ci" haciajaja-eu to call a barking deer with a bamboo whistle to lure him close enough to shoot
						..,
						"'
						..,
						.,v
					"' "' "'
					ciahaciama a female barking deer (ciama}
						..,
					ciahaci" ma ucoeathe horn of a female barking deer that grows right in the middle of its head, and brings very good luck
						"'
						..,
						..,
						"'
					"' "' "'
					ciahaciapoeaa male barking deer· (ci" poea) ci" hadeuabah a very small type of barking deer
						..,
						"'v
						..,
						"'
					(a little like the Indian chevrotain} ciaha.., hoe-eu for a barking deer to bark ci" Jaw" n1. to be filthy (yaw jaw)
						"'
						vv
						A
					• •
						ci
						v
					Joe Joe-eu to crawl on onea's stomach, as a baby, or in play
					civ
						civ
							civ
							lawv ma taw-eu tokav perpetual disagreement
							get two people who to become friends
							are
							in
						civ
							civ
							ma
							a
							female
							barking
							deer
							(civ
							hav
							civ
							ma)
						civ
							civ
							ma ( v. & r. ) ter this
							a
							male
							calls
							his
							wife's
							younger
							sis-
						civ
							civ
							miv head
							the monkey dress
							fur
							Akha
							women
							wear
							on
							their
						TR
							TD
								Figure
							ni
							(ni)
							a
							vine
						civ
							civ
							ni
							dat"'v-eu
							for
							a
							vine
							to
							climb
							up,
							as
							on
							a
							tree
						civ
							civ
							ni lahvv-eu thing, as
							a
							for a tree
							vine
							to
							be
							wrapped
							around
							some­
						TR
							TD
								Figure
							piv piv-eu boys or men
							a girl who sleeps with · ( tsawV piV piV-eu)
							lots
							of
							different
						civ
							civ
							piA-it" lu "brainfevert" bird, this. It may be the shikra iv(iv lu, tsehA g'aA-ivpuv
							whose call is like goshawk or pied harrier. v kavlaA, yaka g'oA)
						civ
							civ
							poev
							a
							male
							barking
							deer
							(civ
							hav
							civ
							poev)
						civ
							civ
							Asatree more
							a type of tree. The bees that live in this (and another type called 'nyehv dzahvvJ) sting severely than those living in other trees.
						civ
							civ
							shehv from
							vabawv this with
							a type of tree. their betel nut
							They mix when they
							some chew
							bark it.
						TR
							for
							the
							heart
							to
							beat
						civ
							civ
							tehv
							lav
							ma
							a
							small
							type
							of
							stag
							beetle
						cit"
							cit"
							teut"'
							a
							large
							jungle tree,
							they
							eat
							the
							fruit
						civ
							civ
							teuA (teuA) notches or
							metal gears
							thread,
							as
							in
							screws,
							metal
						ci"
							ci"
							teu""v-euteu"" or notches
							to
							make,
							or
							to
							have,
							the
							above
							threads
						civ
							civ
							yaw" 1. a. generic family 2. a type of small
							term for birds woodpecker
							in
							the
							woodpecker
						ci"
							ci"
							vyaw
							byaA
							pigmy
							pied woodpecker
						civ
							civ
							vyawceh" lehA v(civ yawkehv -
							golden-backed leht),.v
							three-toed
							woodpecker
					ciyawshehcah a woodpecker with red beak (ci
						v
						v
						A
						v
					yawseutcah)
						v
						""
					black-naped green woodpecker to lift into
						Figure
					Figure
					cibyawt-eu to stack up things that have to be lifted up to be stacked
						v
						""v
					cicaabawa type of tree that has fruit that is sour, until one drinks water when it becomes sweet. Barking deer eat this fruit.
						v
						v
						v
						v
					civ cehtcehhaw-eu to compare two things, esp. those things which can be picked up (ciy cehthaw-eu)
						""
						"
						""
					to hang up
						Figure
					cicu(siv) a small variety of a pot with a special
						v
						v
					airtight lid on it made by the Chinese, often used
					to store liquor in ClCUniwhen people quiet down, after making noise
						•
						V
						v
						•
					civ cu-eu to adopt an infant, as when the mother dies
					in childbirth (cigeu-eu)
						y
						A
					cicu zeucu-eu general term for adopting children, with the implication that they will be payed for in some way (g'ocu zeuŁ cu-eu)
						v
						v
						A
					cida-eu to extend an arm or leg to ward off a-blow to the body
						v
					cida-eu to lift up
						v
						"t
					cidah-eu to put on the fire to cook or heat (as the rice to cook, a teakettle of water, etc.) cidzeh-eu to throw away a fair sized object ci-eu 1. to lift up
						v
						vv
						.,
						"'v
					2. to give birth 3• to step (kuitoci-eu -to take a step)
						v
						A
						v
					v
					-Cl-eu nym-to construct a stone or brick house
						•
						y
						I
					-c1-eu
						V
						I
					C1-for a pimple or small boil to form -c1 -eu za., nah-for a baby to be born
						Figure
						y
						•
						y
						'
						y
					Clgeu-eu to adopt infants (cicu-eu)
						•
						A
						.,
					v
					to exalt, to praise
						Figure
					to praise (cipoe-eu)
						Figure
						v
						vv
					cika-eu to lift down, as a pot from an upper shelf, or when lift down an infant from someone'ns back
						v
					ka-eu haw-to take cooked rice off the fire
						-ci
						V
						V
					I
					civ k'm-eu to reach one's hand out to have something put in it, or to stretch something out and hold it
						y
					civ law-eu to lift up a fairly large item to take outside to sun
						A
					civ litravel expense, as for food, carriers, but not the cost of riding a truck or other vehicle
						A
					.
					civ m-eu .to put rice or curry on the fire to cook
						"n
					(VC) to praise, to exalt cingav-eu to borrow something fairly large civ pi neh-eu to lift a burden onto someone's back
						Figure
						v
						y
					to praise
						Figure
					• v
					civ pyawn-eu to lift and turn a fairly large objnect
					to strike something
						Figure
					to lift up to the highest limit or point civ yu-eu to lay a small child or baby down to sleep co-ov the exclamation they make to scare away dogs,
						Figure
						A
						v
					sometimes also spirits co kov co nateh-eu the annual chasing of spirits out of their homes and village {co koco ma teh-eu)
						v
						..,
					codzeh-eu to fall all the way down {not just stumble)
					..,
					con-eu to fall down
						..,v
					co-eu, beunto fell an animal or person with a shot co-eu, dito knock someone down
						-
						..,v
						,.
						-
						-
						..,v
						..,
						-
					co-eu, k'o" to knock someonendown
						-
						"n
						-
						·n
					•
					con-eu, mawnbawto fall down in an epileptic
						-
						..,v
						"'
						"
						-
					seizure
					cohoa generic term for laughing-thrush
						..,
						..,
					Burmese great tit
						Figure
					a black-throaated laughing thrush coy hoy pyua white-crested laughing thrush
						Figure
						v
					coy hoshuiaa greater necklaced laughing-thrush colah-eu to stretch out for a nap (only say this for a daytime nap) copu-eu for a person to fall into some liquid
						v
						v
						v
						y
						A
					copui"a-eu for a person to fall into a fire
						"
					copyacosha"a-eu (VC) for something (as house) to fall down completely, with no hope of repairing it
						v
						A
						v
					coea-eu 1. to cut through something with a machete, as branches, stalks, etc.
						vv
					2. to have a sweet taste
					(verb) coea-eu used to show onea's willingness or abil­
						v
					ity to do something, often used in the negative (mav v
						v
						i
					coeanya .-I don't dare go)
					-coea-eu, boey coea-for an insect to bore into wood or fruit
						v
						v
					-coea-eu, g'oe -to be able to completely trust
						yv
					-coea-eu, UV coea-for Akha woman to wear headdress
						v
						v
					coeak I aw( siy) the spherical silver ornaments they make and wear, about the size of a dime
						v
						A
					coeamyaabeu-eu for a water buffalo's horn to be split and oozing blood, caused by spirits having 'shota' them
						v
						v
						A
					4
						0
					coeani g'eh-eu to taste sweet coeaseh-eu to hack to death with a machete coev ah-eu to run or fly into someathing
						v
						v
						4
						vv
						.
					coev do"a-eu to break out, to rush out (as a bear rush
						-
					ing out of a cave) coeadzaa-eu to •attack-eat', as birds or fish coeadzeh-eu to strike something to pieces, shatter it coeya-eu 1. to run with great exertion
						y
						..,v
						y
					2. for something bad to happen to someone else (as sickness, robbery, extra heavy work, etc.)
					-coe -eu IV
						-coe -eu IV
							-coe -eu IV
							cehA
							coeV
							-
							to
							run
							very
							fast
						coev
							coev
							lav-eu
							for
							something
							bad
							to
							happen
							to
							me
							(the
						speaker),
							speaker),
							to
							take
							a
							loss
							on
							a
							transtaction,
							etc.
					to be odious to someone coele-eu to fly around in a certain area, to fly back and forth, as a bat coepa-eu to run into and shatter to pieces
						v
						V
						A
					coidoi (doi) a hunting horn, made from a water buffalo's horn
						v
					coiloi(loi) a type of long flute (30-40 inches) made from a type of bamboo 1zaka) that has long sections. Can only play at night after evening rice.
						v
						v
						v
						A
					a person who has leprosy
					to kists
					vcu-uv
						vcu-uv
							vcu-uv
							lu
							the
							great
							barbet
							(bird)
							vcu
							lu
							-to
							match
						the
							the
							call)
						cu
							cu
							(CL)
							a
							wrapped
							bundle
							of
							something,
							with
							the
							four
						corners
							corners
							drawn
							up
							and
							tied
							(i.te.t,
							hawv
							cu
							tiv
							cu)
						cu-eu
							cu-eu
							1.
							to
							raise,
							care
							for,
							look
							after
						2.
							2.
							to
							fold
							the
							four
							corners
							of
							cloth
							or
							leaf
							up
							to
						make
							make
							a
							packet,
							and
							tie
							up
							the
							corners
							into
							a
							bundle
						-cu-eu I
							-cu-eu I
							Cl. V
							-
							to
							adopt
							infants
						-cu-eu,
							-cu-eu,
							duV
							-
							to
							dig
							and
							pile
							up
					-cu-eu, hawcu -to wrap up cooked rice in a leaf to take to the field or hunting, to eat later
						v
					-cu-eu, sha-to adopt older children (lit.t, 'beg-raise')
						v
					-cu-eu, zeun-to buy an infant and raise as one'ts own (lit.t, 'buy-raise')
						v
					cu hu-eu to look intently at something or for something
					cu mdza-eu to wrap a leaf around meat or other food and put it in hot coals to cook
						v
						vv
					cu seh-eu to be caring for a person when he dies (the son who does this to the parents gets a bigger sh·are of the inheritance)
						A
					Figure
					Figure
					for a flower to bud
					cuv lolo-eu to send something rolling along (culu" lut-eu)
						v
						v
						v
						"'v
					cunehthe hot springs spirit
						v
					"
					the 'lord of the water'
						Figure
					cu.., sahtlaŁt-eu to sacrifice a chicken to the 'lord of the water' when one sleeps or hunts in the jungle, both to stay well, and to get game
						"'
						"'v
					cuit-eu to be very hot, esp. when touch something hot
						"'v
					ca" (WM) a cubit (saw-B)
						..,
					ca• (CL) anything that is very long and fairly small,
					as cords, vines, silver chains (jasaw, yahca"t, shi.., shica, yeh.., saw..,, aca", latui, etc.t)
						v
						v
						v
						..,
						Av
						v
						Av
					"
					ca" behtthe placenta, esp. the cord part of it (jawt
						"'
						"'
					caw.., -slightly more polite)
					ca" behtga le-eu for the placenta to be delivered (jawtcawtga le-eu -slightly more polite)
						"'
						"'
						..,
					cabeu" da"-eu for the testicle, of either humans or animals, to go up out of the scrotum causing pain (the polite way of saying it is this, the impolite way is, lehu" ceh" da"-eu)
						A
						..,
					ca" k'ahta loop of string, cord, rope or vine
						"'
					cak'ahtk'taht-eu to make a loop of string, cord, rope
						A
						"'
						"'v
					or vine
					ca" k'eutg'awtha..,t-it-eu for the mother to take the infant out to the stake on which is hung the basket with the afterbirth
						"'
						"'
						"'v
					cak'euttso"t-eu to drive a stake in the ground on which to hand the basket with the afterbirth
						A
						"'
					a strand of braided hair ca• pyeuthe spring-pole in the spring-pole snare
						Figure
						A
					ca" sho" a bow knot or half bow knot tied in a string,
					cord, or rope
					A
					casho" sho"-eu to tie the above know
						casho" sho"-eu to tie the above know
						catah(tah) 1. the navel
							A
							v
							vv
					2. the bud end of fruit (the 'navel' of fruit)
					cattahga-eu for the umbilical cord to slough off
						"'
						v
					cateuteu-eu (teu) 1. to cut notches in something
						A
						"'
						,..v
						,..v
					so as to be able to climb up
					2. to cut notches in two pieces of wood so as to fit them together
					catmtmy-eu (tmv) to tie the end of a rope so it will not ravel A "'
						A
						V
						tut
					catu-eu to measure the circumference of some­thing by putting a string or cloth around it, and
						A
					"t
					then seeing how many 'fistst' (tut) it is long
					Figure
					the umbilical cord
					cayuiyui-eu for a second child to be born in a village before the stake for the afterbirth has been put up for the first ("the second child will die")
						A
						A
						A
					ca" byeh-eu to boil something to a mushy consistency
						"t
					Figure
					-to boil and drink water
						cu
						A
					cadza-eu to cook and eat ca-eu 1. to cook in water
						A
						vv
					,..v
					2. to wrong someone
					-eu dzahmi-to make an offering to the house
						-ca
						A
						I
						v
						v
					spirit, called 'dzahmi'
						v
						v
					ca" hm (hm} 1. a feather ·2. body hair (as on humans)
					3. fur (on animals) cahm ci-eu to pull feathers out (as out of a chicken) cathm POshag'eh-eu for fur to be real fluffy
						A
						A
						v
					,.. .., cajacamyah-eu (VC) to be cooked done
						A
					,.. ,..
					•
					catpyeht-eu to boil something until it 1S very mushy
						,..
						"'v
					•
					cashitblood which 1S said to come from the female
					,.. ..,
					organ of the sun when the sun and moon have intercourse during an eclipse
						-
					cam, cam" the sound of a wild boar eating, crunch,t· crunch' (keh, keht, or, pawm", pawm")
						Av
						1
						Av
						"'v
					Figure
					to be ruined, destroyed to be crippled (one's legs) to have a crippled arm
						Figure
					-caw-eu, mya• pyawv nameh-to be disgraced, to have a ruined reputation
						A
						y
						y
					-caw-eu, soe-to stick in, as when one sticks something loosely into thatch, or sticks a quiver for arrows into onen's belt
						A
						y
						-
						·n
					ceh• ahle-eu to run into a place lower than where one started (used for Akhas who fled from China into Burma)
						y
						A
					to run away and disappear
						Figure
					to run very fast
						Figure
					to run
						Figure
					-ceh-eu, deh-to compare two things by putting one over the other to see if the same size or not
						A
						y
					-ceh-eu, g•o• -to compare two things, like boards, to see if they are the same length
						A
					-ceh-eu, yaw-to compare the height of two people by having them 'stand' (yaw) together
						A
						4
						4
					cehg'o-eu to run back (esp. used of wives running back home, leaving their husbands)
						A
						A
					-cehhaw-eu, civ ceh-to compare two things that are present, esp. things that can be picked up
						A
						A
					-cehhaw-eu, yu-to take and compare two things
						A
						y
					to run around something
						Figure
					cehk'a-eu to run out of sight, as when a deer runs over a mountain
						A
						y
					cehlehjinyoeorange-bellied leafbird (,E_ehnlehjiv nyoe)
						A
						A
						v
						y
						y
						A
						yv
					to run and hide
						Figure
					cehlehka-eu to joke and laugh, to talk about var­ious things in a light manner, sometimes to say senseless things
						A
						A
					ceh,.. nyaw., slightly immature rice which they pound and
					fry before eating (has a nice smell)
					A ' V
					-1 -eu ma -to stay as a group, not to scatter
						-ceu
					I
						I
						V
					a snipe, or woodcock, or curlew ceu-eu 1. to split, as firewood
						Figure
						A
					2. to hatch out, as babyt·tchicks -eu k'ta boe -to split a bamboo to find the
						-ceu
						A
					I Y V
						I Y V
						bamboo grub (k'taboe) inside
							.,
							.,v
						-ceu
						A
						-eu
						lu
						ceu-
						-
						to cut a
						bamboo section as a fish
						trap, and put it in a dam so fish will enter it
						-eu ml shu -to cut pitchpine
							-ceu
							A
							I
							v
							V
						-ceu,..t-eu, ya ciya za-for chicken eggs to hatch
							A
							v
						ceu,..-i-eu to split and come apart, as ax handle, gun stock, etc.
							vt
						ceu,., pat-eu for wood to split in two cit-eu to 'dress' a fowl or animal before roasting,
							""v
							"'v
						•
						by pulling out feathers or scraping off fur
						cit-eu, ceh" leh" to bang cymbals cit-eu, kahciA to play a violin-like instrument
							-
							"'v
							-
							-
							"'v
							v
							-
						•
						.,.,v
							-
							ci
							-
								-
						-eu, mehtsoeto iron clothes
							v
						.,
						ka-eu to pull out chicken feathers and drop on floor
							Ci
							A
						•
						A cit-eu ancestor offering) nyawt(nyaw") metal tongs yawa type of rataan
							(done in the Ya Ci
							""v
							ci
							A
							"'
							Ci
							A
							"
						bu., za., a small male goat (ciŁ myeh,.. buv -a
						"' "' large male goat
							ci
							ci
						yeh" yehci-eu to rain until nightfall, etc.t)
							(verb) ci,.,t-eu ..t. until night (u
							.,
							v
							•
							A
							-
						citg'tatseht-eu for all the villagers to work in the blacksmith'ts field one day each year (lacig'a
							,..
							v
							·
							"'v
							v
						,., ,.,
						v
						nga-eu, latcila,., g'atseht-eu, yag'atseht
							y
							"'v
							""v
							-
						,., ,., ., .,
						eu)
						Figure
						to eat the evening meal
						• y
						c1-1 -euCl-for night to fall
							•
							A
							I
							A
						C1ma a poetical term for blacksmith (used with dzoemae, pi ma, C1ma)
							•
							A
							..,
							V
							•
						A
						.
						C1myeha goat (cimeh")
							A
							A
						A
						C1myehC1bua large male goat
							•
							A
							A
							•
							..,
						A
						C1myeh" C1ma a female goat
							•
							A
							•
							A
						(verb) ci" nya-eu to be able to keep something, or for
						"
						something to remain until sundown (tinah jaecinya-eue-to be able to keep till sundown, as fresh fish that are caught)
							y
							A
							·e
						citaw shawtaw (1-:c ) evening and morning "e
							A
							..,
						-coe-eu, ya" -to weed a field (not rice) with a mattock, while crop is growing, or after harvest
						"
						A
						cog'oa yellow-billed scimitar babbler (coeg'o"
							A
						"
						loeg'o", coeg'o" lo)
							A
							A
						co-eu to be cool "e
							A
						cue-eu tu suck up, as a bird sucking up nectar -cu-eu, nawy -to step and break something off, as the stem of a plant CUdaw"e-eu to 'suck-drink', as from a wet rag
							A
							A
						CUdza-eu to 'suck-eat', said of the 'terrible death' spirits who do this to the blood of people who are wounded at the site of the terrible death (shae)
							A
							v
							""
						cu-eu to suck up, as when suck something up through
							A
						a small bamboo tube
						-cu"e-eu, bya-to embrace.eor hug
							v
						-cu-eu, ka" -to tie the top of a bag with something
							"e
						to tie someone's feet together
							Figure
						-CU-eu, kuiCUlaCU-to tie someonee's hands and feet
							A
							v
							A
							A
							A
						-cu"e-eu, la" cu" -to tie someonee's arms together
						-cu"e-eu, lah" -to tie by twisting around and around
						-cu"e-eu, nyeh" -to squeeze shut, as a dog's mouth "
						-cu"e-eue, pa.... mae-to tie the thumbs and big toes of a dead person together
						da(WM) a load, consisting of two baskets da(B) a standard, as in a school
							v
							y
						dabapyuk'omoney which weighs 8 'ba', or about 80 old coin by weight
							v
							v
							v
							A
							v
						to throw something, as rock, ball, etc. daceh (ceh) 1. a pointed stick
							Figure
							y
						2. the pointed stick used for the ceremonial plant­ing of the first rice, then stuck in ground above the field spirit hut
						daceh ceh-eu to make a pointed stick
							v
						dacui(cui) a stick used to beat cows, buffalo, and somet.imes people
							y
							y
							vv
						dacuijui-eu to switch someone or something with the above stick
							y
							y
							"'v
						dacuipyaŁ-eu to prepare the above stick
							y
							y
						dadza the stick they use to measure the body, so as to make the coffin big enough
							y
						dadza deh-eu to measure the length of something, as the length of wood needed to make a_ndoor, or the length of the corpse
							y
							yv
							·
						dadza dza-eu to compare one thing with another in order to make it to the same specifications
							y
						to finish up, as in a court case to lean against
							Figure
						Figure
						d Y A
						-a -eu, pan-to contribute one's share to a community
							.
						project
						-da-eu, yak'a-for a legal decision to be given, thus ending the case (yakŁarnehŁ dzada-eu) -da-eu, yav yeh -to break off the opium habit dagaw laduan old style, lar·ge, hollow type bf
							y
							y
							y
							y
							v
							y
							vv
							v
							.
							v
							A
							"'
						da(hi) a sharp piece of bamboo, used to cutthe umbilical cord at birth
							y
							vv
						bracelet day heh (hm) a trumpet hi·
							v
							y
							.
						dahma type of rataan, use it for making stools (deuhm-pf.e)
							v
							v
							v
							v
						dajawa bicycle (dajawnyijawtehjev, latate, liyeh, latadabui, sehbe)
							v
							.,
							v
							v
							v
							v
							A
							v
							v
							v
							v
							A
							v
							v
							v
							v
							v
				.,
					.,
						da
					ka an amphibian, smaller than a crab, that walks very slowly. When a person walks slowly they say he is like this animal.
					a piece of wood, a stick
						Figure
				.,
					.,
						da
					kawkahza(kah) wood from a tree which is v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						a
					fairly small, not big enough for lumber (cf. bawekahza)
						"'
						v
						v
					dakaw.., sha-eu to go out and prepare wood for the construction of some building
						v
						v
					dakaw., yeh-eu to saw wood
						v
						y
					dakawkaw-eu . to jab repeatedly into a place, as when trying to drive an animal out of its hole or cave
						y
						A
						A
				"'
					"'
						dae
					k'ahe(k'ahe) a hoop of any sort, usually made of bamboo and rataan
						"'
						"'
					"' v
						dae
						lo
					k'ahecu lo-eu to roll a hoop (dak'ah., cu .,
						"'
						v
						y
						lu
					lue-eu)
						"'
					to roll a hoop (dak'ahlu-eu)
						Figure
						v
						v
						v
					to roll a hoop (pf.)
					dak'eu(k'eu) a bone ornament on women's headdress, used to scratch in hair and ears
						v
						A
						A
					when I am given a responsibility by someone
						Figure
					dala(la) 1. a wooden scoop or spoon, for curries etc.
						v
						A
						A
					"'
						dae
					2. a paddle for a boat (law., heu-eu la)
						A
					daleh(leh) a 'bamboo stare' design which symbolizes that a relig. ceremony is under way in the village
						v
						v
						v
					dalehka-eu to put ('plant') the above by the path
						v
						v
				.,
					.,
						da
					lehlehe-eu to make the above
						.,
						"'
					dalehlehlaw(law) a huge bamboo 'star' made by placing nine of them together, each with nine holes
						v
						v
						v
						A
						A
				"'
					"'
						dae
					leh(baw) the soft new shoots of a fern-like plant
						A
						.,
					(dapya) that they can make into curry
						.,
						A
					daleu(kahy, hmy) a type of scales for weighing things, that has a stone tied to it that moves back and forth, with notches to indicate weight
						v
						v
					a flashlight (nahma nahdo} dapadeh-eu when take a stick, and beat on some­thing with it to make a noise, usually in play dapanyipadeh-eu to hit two halves of a stick
						Figure
						v
						v
						A
						v
						A
						v
						A
						v
						4
					or sections of bamboo together to make a noise
					dapyaa fern-like plant
						v
						A
						(baw
						vv
						)
					data(ta} a wooden or bamboo stake
						v
						A
						A
					datata-eu to put in a wooden or bamboo stake
						y
						A
						A
					datothe stick put in to hold up the board in the 'jateh' bird trap
						v
						A
						v
						A
					to put in the above
						Figure
					datsi dua pole they fix for fishing with line and worm, usually leaving several small branches on it to which they tie strings
						v
						v
					datsi tsi-eu to fish without a hook, but with bait on the string. When the fish, eel, crab, turtle, etc. bites down on the bait, one must pull it out real fast (it will not work for every kind of fish)
						y
					a person's back
						Figure
					datsuig'ah-eu for one's back to be stiff from sit­ting in one place too long, or doing some type work
						v
						A
					a person'ts spine
						Figure
					a thin bamboo strip da (FP)· (see ta) -da-eu, pazaw-(see full)
						Figure
						v
						v
					da-m ... da a type of bird that they cannot see (aw-m ... aw)
					day (WM) 1. a load of something carried by_ animals (k'taday ti,.. da,..)
						A
					2. the width of one's thumb (lama ti ... da) da,.. (FP) (see ta)
						4
						,..v
						v
					•
					daah-eu to put out and sell things, as in a market
					., .,v
					da-eu 1. to offer something
						.,v
					2.
						2.
							2.
							to use a live decoy
						3.
							3.
							to put up with, endure, suffer
						4.
							4.
							to make application for something, as in a
								(B)
					government office
					-da-eu, dayah -to be a guest (to 'suffer' being a guest)
						.,v
						.,
					-da-eu, dawda-to repeat a proverb
						.,v
						.,
						.,
					v
						i
					-da-eu, ni-to put birdlime on a branch to
					.,v.,
					catch a bird
					-da-eu, k'nawda-to spread out one'ns sleeping roll in preparation for sleeping
						.,v
						.,
						.,
					-da.,n-eu, pu -to establish a village, esp. used of a new village
					to spread things out to sell
						Figure
					da., g'a (g'a) the wooden piece put on a horse to hold the frame (dakawn) on which goods are tied
						"'v
					.,
					•y
					da-i -eu to lose, esp. in gambling
						V
					-in-eu pu shui -to start a new village
						-da
						V
						"'v
						f
						Ł
					daka g'eh-eu to pull down a hill, either physically, as by a horse, or when someone 'pulls' you way down to Rangoon in a court case
						.,
					dakaw(kaw) the wooden frame on which goods are
						.,
						.,v
					.,
					tied before being put on the wooden piece (dag'a)
						.,
					which is on the horse'ns back
					da., k'oa type of tree which is good for lumber and firewood
						A
					dama any fowl that is used as a live decoy, as chick­ens, doves, parakeets, quails, etc.
						.,
					dami-eu to catch an animal, usually a fowl, by using a live decoy
						.,
					dayah a guest
					.,
					dayah da-eu to be a guest
					., .,v
					dayu(maw") a cicada which lives at higher elevations
						.,
						v
					daza-eu to win, esp. used in gambling
						v
					•
					dazaw(baw) clumps of wild grass which grow in the jungle dahtdi-eu to flap a wing in flight dahtdoi great coucal dah-eu for there to be something, esp. used with a path, i.te.t, gama dah-eu -for there to be a path -dah-eu, Cl to place something on the fire to cook
						v
						v
						vv
						"'
						..,v
						"'
						v
						v
						v
						v
						y
						-
					-dah-eu, gatma shat-to open up a path
						v
						"'
						"'
					-dah-eu, k'tadah-to make a paddy container
						vv
						v
						v
					to open up, as a path for there to be a footprint
						Figure
					Figure
					v
					-daht-eu, zeudaht-to build a house with the posts on rocks rather than in the ground
						"'v
						"'
					dahtka a type of tree scorpion
						"'
					dahk'a dahtshawshawt-eu the ritual of purifying
						v
						"'
						v
						"'v
					a dead person
					k'a-eu the ritual where they burn chicken
						Figure
						k'ta
						V
						V
					feathers over the corpse, then keep that chicken
					to carry to the grave with t_he corpse
					the chicken they do the above to
						Figure
					dahlaan animal they say lives in China, about the size of a dog. They make minced meat from the animal, wrap it in it's fur (dahlau•) for med.
						v
						v
						v
						v
					dah" laha blue whistling thrush (pregnant women do not eat)
						v
					dah" lita python that lives on the hillst(dahta" dah" li.) not as large as the type on the plains dahpathe wing of a termite dahta" having to do with the mountains (dawta• zahill people, dahttaya" -hill field) "' ..,
						,..
						.
						..,
						v
						,..
						v
						v
						v
						-
						"'
						A
						tat
						dah
					dahSl a magpie-robin
						v
						•
					hill fields
						Figure
					dahte1. the back of a four footed animal
						v
						v
					2. the dorsal fin on a fish
					dahtsehdeh-eu a ceremony they perform which breaks all relations with their clan, usually so they can marry someone from their clan
						v
						A
					dah-eu 1. to have time, to be free to do something
					2. to wear something around one'ns neck
					jav g•aduv
						(verb) dah-eu in place of someone else (la
						A
						v
						v
						i
					dah-eunmeh. He went in the headman's place.)
						v
					-dah-eu, bi-to give in place of -dah-eu, dah za-to take someonen's place -dah-eu, lawdah -for men to wear a silver ornament
						A
						v
						v
					around their neck
					dah zaa representative, someone who goes on behalf of someone else
						v
					dah zadah-eu to take someone'ns place
						v
					beh-eu the first thing • • • (mdahv beh-eu the first thing done) v
						(verb) dah
						v
						v
						-
						i
					-dahbyah la-eu, CU-for water to rise in a
						v
						vv
					A
					flood
					to be married
						Figure
					dahdza-i-eu for a young couple to set up housekeeping
						v
						vv
						v
						-
					dahdzala-eu for hardships to ease up, to be a little better off
						v
						v
						v
					dahvn-eu indicates the presence of any liquid (icudah-eu -for water to be present)
						v
						A
						vv
					v
						a
					-dah -eu seh-to be missing some part of the
						v
					V
						I
					body
					dah-i-eu when a young man goes out of his father'ns house on his own (cf. nymdahv dah-i-eu)
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
					-dahle-eu, myabi-for one'ns eyes to fill with tears
						v
						vv
						A
						v
					dam-eu (B) 1. to give something as an offering
						v
					2. when they call a blessing upon a house, esp. as part of their religious customs
					dambi-eu (B) to punish someone by making them do
						v
						A
					something, esp.nfor some misdeed
					dao(B) a plam tree dawa bad omen, which reveals that the spirits are
						v
						v
					•
					going to do something awful (as if a dog climbs up on the roof, etc.)
					•
					dawcoe straight, as in straight ahead (dawcoe ni)
						v
						v
					daw-eu to drink, smoke tobacco, or smoke opium
						v
					-daw-eu, gama shadaw-to make a path straight
						vv
						v
						v
						v
					-daw-eu, k'oe-to drink or smoke something on the sly, try to keep it hidden from others
						vv
						v
					-daw-eu, mawne-(B) to castrate a bull
						vv
						v
						v
					-daw-eu, ngaw-to twist something or turn some­thing to make it straight
						v
						v
					-daw-eu, sa-to distill and drink (liquor)
						v
						Ł
					dawjaw-eu the ceremony a spirit priest performs for a person who has confronted a 'bad omenn' (daw)
						v
						vv
					so that the spirits can do him no harm for water to cause soil erosion dawlawrain which has fallen and is running down a slope dawlawdawkaw(kaw) a ditch to prevent erosion (can be in field, garden, near house, etc.) dawlawuijaw (jaw) a ditch dug around the house, or near the house, to keep it dry dawlawyoe-eu for rain to run along on the ground
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						A
						A
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						·
					Figure
					(esp. as it runs down the slope) dawmawnle-eu to see or meet up with a 'bad omen' dawsha sah le-eu to see or meet up with a 'bad omenn' dawtahpu-eu to see or meet up with a 'bad omen' daw(daw) language, word, sentence
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						vv
						vv
					.,
					daw(WM) four kyats, old coin, when speaking of fines
						v
					and Akha customs dawbaw-eu for someone to leave behind a word of in
						.,
						-
					struction
					dawbaw-eu to discuss dawbi-eu to instruct, command dawbyoe the anus (very impolite)
						v
						v
						v
						,..v
						v
					to greet someone
						Figure
					dung
						Figure
					dawcece-eu to have a bowel movement (fairly im­polite .tganyii-eu is more polite)
						v
						v
						vv
						.
						y
						v
						vv
					cawcidawk'ok'o-eu to answer in a rude way to someone
						v
						v
						v
						A
						A
					dawda(daw) an Akha proverb dawdada-eu to relate an Akha proverb dawdah the bottom, as the inside bottom of a cup dawdahthe buttocks of humans or animals (fairly
						v
						y
						..,v
						v
						v
						vv
						v
						v
						v
					impolite) (dawk'm)
						v
						vv
					dawdah tehtk'a-eu for an Akha woman to brush off
						v
						""'
						vv
					the seat of her skirt three times while telling
					the man divorcing her, or her deceased husband,
					"I'm leaving you" (so her soul will not remain)
					dawdawvt-ehtjaw-eu to wait around for someone or something
						v
						v
						vv
					a flowery or picturesque word dawv deh g'a-eu 1. to visit, in general sense
						Figure
					2. for a young man to go to another village to court a girl
					dawv deh g'a sqawshaw-i-eu the first trip of a new bride to her home and the ritual held
						v
						vv
						vv
					dawdzaw" dzaw-eu to describe something that happened, esp. in the sense of answering charges in court
						..,
						"t
					dawdzm a ladder (dadzm)
						..,
						v
					•
					dawdzm dawtehthe notches, or steps, in a ladder
						A
					.., ..,
					daw.., dzm u.., g'mthe top of the stairs, where the ladder or notched log meets the porch
						..,
					daw.., dzudzut-eu to crouch down, to hunker down, sit­ting on onet's heels
						v
						"'v
					to wait
						Figure
					77
					daw.., ga g'to a favorite exprestsion a person keeps using
					dawg'alaw-eu to be apologetic, to apologize for being poor, or for having wronged someone
						..,
						..,
						.,v
					dawg0" g•o-eu to be obedient, to do what people tell one to do dawhaw-eu to wait and see dawhaw lawhaw-eu (VC) to test or try someone
						..,
						1v
						A
						..,
						.,
						v
					dawja do"t-eu for an argument, or hassle to break out dawja ja caw-eu to converse dawja ja-eu to talk together dawja ja ut-eu to converse daw.., ja myalat-eu for a hassle to develop over some­
						..,
						..,
						..,v
						..,
						..,
						"'v
						..,
						"'v
					thing, esp. when someone has made a mistake, and the 'words multiply'
					daw.., ja ya ja-eu 'it will mean a court case't. It means that the result will be a legal discussion.
					dawkaw.., (daw) a word, words, sentence, expression
					.., ..,v
					dawkedung (dawce)
						..,
						..,
						..,
						..,v
					daw.., k'ahk'o-eu 1. a farewell to someone who is departing
						..,
						A
					2. to think through carefully before anstwering dawk'mthe buttocks of humans and animals (daw.., dah..,) dawk'mmawlat-eu to see someone'ts buttocks through
						..,
						..,
						v
						"
						"'v
					..,
					a hole in his pants
					dawk'o-eu to exchange back (make an exchange to get
						A
					..,
					back somethingtone had before)
						·t
					dawma saja(B) a covenant dawma yaw dzahta very important word or expression,
						..,
						..,
						v
						"'
					..,
					esp. used for those handed down by the elders
					..,
						tm
					daw., ma.., ni without any backtalk or objection
					dawmeha person'ts buttocks (not animals) -a fairly polite way of saying it
						..,
						.,
					daw.., rnehyaw kah for a person to be slow about his work, postponing it etc. (litt., 'heavy bottomedt')
						daw.., rnehyaw kah for a person to be slow about his work, postponing it etc. (litt., 'heavy bottomedt')
							..,
						dawngehg'eh-eu to pronounce a blessing on someone
							v
					dawv
						dawv
							dawv
							mehv work,
							vyaw pyadoing it
							for a person to right away (lit.t,
							be quick about his 'light bottomed')
						dawv
							dawv
							mehv yaw pyav or not to have
							to any
							have a rip pants on
							or
							hole
							in
							one's
							pants,
						dawv
							dawv
							mehv mehvv-eu sense
							to
							give
							an
							oration,
							esp.
							in
							a
							relig.
						dawv dawv
							dawv dawv
							. miv • miv
							(miv) • ·• J U 1 -eu...,
							a
							tail (of an animal) to wag the tail
						daw..,
							daw..,
							.ni do" le-eu for the female animal to become diseased and from syphilis)
							organ of a domesticated swollen (probably
						daw..,
							daw..,
							nuiv able
							nuiv dzaw to sit up
							dzaw-eu
							for
							an
							infant
							to
							become
						dawv
							dawv
							nuiv nuiv-eu to sit, (dawnah" nah..,v-eu)..,
							much
							the
							same
							as
							nuiv-eu
						TR
							to
							converse,
							in
							a
							friendly
							way
					Figure
					.., dawngehngehdzaw dzaw-eu for an infant to learn
						v
						v
					..,
					to talk
					dawoeoe-eu for an infant to have a bowel movement v
						..,
						A
						A
					(children's language, not too polite, adoetdoe­eu is a little more polite)
						"'
						..,v
					daw.., pa-eu to change money (pyudawpa-eu) dawpeh to be near, close in proximity
						v
						v
						v
						..,v
						v
					..,
						la
					daw.., peh peh -eu to draw closer daw.., peh tehni up very close
						..,
					dawpeh tsui" tsuito be extremely close, right on top of the objtect spoken of
						v
						A
					the foundation, base, as base of tree
						Figure
					dawpo" po"-eu to talk back in a discourteous way, to retort with "No" when someone requests something of you
						v
					dawpoetdawtma (gu) a couplet (litt., 'male and female words')
						..,
						..,
						..,
					to argue back and forth
					Figure
					to have said the final word on it
					"" ""v
					satsat-eu to whisper
						daw
						V
						·
					dawsheu sheu-eu to lengthen or drawl out a sound, as shamans do when they hold one note a long time
						..,
					dawtaw-eu to wait right there for someone (daw
						..,
						..,v
						..,
					tsa-eu)
					..,v
					dawtaw" lu· all,
						A
					..,
					everyone
					..,
						cu
					•
					n1.,
						n1.,
						•
						•
					J l.
					ni)
						V
					"' ..,
						tet
						te
					daw-eu to slip and fall on one'ts buttocks dawtot-eu to repeat magical .incantations (similar
						..,
						"'v
					..,
					to nehtot-eu)
						A
						"'v
					dawtsa-eu to wait right there for someone (dawtaw-eu)
						..,
						..,v
						..,
						..,v
					Figure
					to send word to someone
					dawtsuithe meaning (may be somewhat artificial)
						A
					..,
					daw..,
						daw..,
							daw..,
							u..,
							daw..,
							dah..,
							ma..,
							si..,
							not
							to
							comprehend
							at
							all
						TR
							(lit.t,
							'don'tt know
							heads
							or
							tails
							of
							the
							words')
						daw..,
							daw..,
							yeht""'
							a
							flowery
							word
							or
							expression
						daw..,
							daw..,
							yehA
							yeht""v-eu
							to
							use
							the
							above
					daw.., zaza-eu 1. to mumble in such a way that people cannot hear or understand what you say {they do this in certain types of spirit incantation)
						A
						A
					2. to refrain from telling some terrible thing,. esp. a 'bad omen' (daw), so that the spirits cannot afflict them
						..,v
					de"t-eu for there to be room, still can fit in
					"' ..,
						det
						la
					dela"t-eu -I'm ready to go, let's get goingt!)
						(verb) -eu .ready to • • • ( i
						V
						v
					baw -ready to give birth
						-de
						"
						la"t-eu
						VI
					dezaa child conceived before a marriage, although
						"
						..,
					the paternity may be established (g'o" bala..,
						..,
						A
						doe
					nyi"-eutza..,, za..,)
					..,
					de (FP) ( see te)
					de(FP) (see te)
					..., ...,v
					(verb} devv-eu has been dzehA devv-eu,
						(verb} devv-eu has been dzehA devv-eu,
							(verb} devv-eu has been dzehA devv-eu,
							indicates that the weeds and (mycleared away deyt-eu, myav etc.t)
							other dev-eu
							growth ,
						dev
							dev
							k'eu
							ni
							to
							be
							devoid
							of
							living
							things
					-dehle-eu, ho caho ba-for a grey squirrel to make its distinctive noise
						v
						A
						v
					deh ah-eu to beat into, or to put in after beating, as they beat poinson into a stream to kill fish
						v
					deh bah(bah) the bund of earth that is built to hold the water in a paddy terrace
						y
						v
					deh-eu to strike, hit (yadeh-eu)
						v
					-deh-eu, cehpeh-to wash new clothes by beating to get the stiffness out
						y
						v
					-deh-eu, sak'aw-to level a spot for threshing paddy (tsak'tawdeh-eu)
						v
						A
						v
						A
					-deh-eu u yeh-for rain to beat down on something
						v
					/
						V
					(as a person, a field, etc.)
					-deh-eu, ya-to break up the big clods in the field after digging it
						v
					a silver coin (WM)
					deh ga (ga) a levelish place, usually near streams and rivers, where they can make paddy terraces
					deh ga yaw oean old coin
						v
					deh gaw-eu for something to crack when struck, esp. used with glass and wood
						Ł
					deh geu-eu for something to fall on one and give him a sprain, but no broken bones
						A
					deh ka-eu 1. to push or knock down a small item, as fruit from a tree
					2. for people to be rushing from a place, as when school is out and the students are racing home
					deh ko-eu to knock on some object by slapping it with one's hand, to rap something and make a sound
						A
					deh k'aht(k'ah) the level playground made at the top of each Akha village, near the village swing, where the girls dance
						v
						v
					81
					deh k'ahgeu"t-eu for the Akha girls to sing and dance at their village playground
						v
					deh k'aw(k'aw) a fairly level place, with high mountains near or around it, including flat valleys
						A
						A
					deh k'eh-eu for something to fall on one and break a bone
						"'v
					deh law ... (law ... ) the terrace in which paddy is planted {deh ma deh law ... )
					deh ma (kaw) a terraced field that uses wet cultivation (deh ya)
						vv
						vv
					deh ma jatsione type of wagtail (biŁd) -may be a local dialect
						v
						"
					deh ma kmtsoa type of medium sized tree they use for hedging around their fields and gardens. They sometimes beat the large seeds and burn the oil.
						"
						A
					deh ma mo-eu to weed a terraced field (deh ma ya" mo" -eu)t
						A
						.
					"'
						mo
					deh ma nyeh" bah" a type of grasshopper, esp. seen in
					terraced fields
					deh ma pyaŁ-i"t-eu for a terraced field to be wrecked by its bunds falling down
					deh ma yamomo-eu to weed a terraced field
						"
						"'v
					" -deh mi-eu, midza... -to put out a fire by hitting
						.
						A
						v
					it with something
					deh na"-eu for somethingto fall on one and make a bruise, but not a wourtd
						·
					deh nama waterm·ellon
						v
					deh sa" (sa") a flattish area on a mountain, but not as large or flat as a deh k'aw
						"
					deh seh-eu to be killed by a falling object (tree, house, lightning bolt, etc.t)
						"t
					deh shit"-eu to ricochet off something else and thus lose force of the blow, or bullet ('tstrike-die')
					deh ta" a plant that grows near rivers, eat leaves in
					curries sometimes, when they do not have enough
					rice will sometimes dig root and mix with rice
					deh tsah-eu to turn over a fairly large object, as
						v
					a 'ri .... c table' deh tsi-eu to wash something by beating, as clothes deh ya" (kawv) a terraced paddy field (deh ma) deh ya" deh bah(bah) a bund in a terraced paddy
						v
						v
						v
					field
					deh ya" deh dahthe lowest terrace in a terraced paddy field
						v
					deh yak'a paa type of frog that lives in low, wet places
						"
						v
					deh ya" tso-eu to build terraces in a terraced paddy
						A
					field
					deh.., ceh-eu to compare two things by putting one on the other, or when measure a board to see if it is long enough to match another
						A
					dehdasome kind of protection, as a ledge that will keep things from falling off a shelf
						v
						v
					deh-eu 1. to scold
						..,v
					2. to press or push with hand
					deh-eu, byafor a bee to sting deh-eu, k'oe to scold a person behind his back -deh.., jehnehv-eu, myanui-to pull an eye wide
						-
						v
						..,
						-
						-
						v
						y
						-
						A
						A
						A
					open
					to push aside dehv joe-eu to push and skid along a medium sized ob­ject, as a desk dehka-eu to cover over
						Figure
						v
						v
					dehv k'aw-eu to press down to make it either level or make a slight depression (as when a doctor checks for edema)
						Ł
					dehk'oe-eu to scold someone behind his back
						v
						v
					dehleh-eu to make excuses, to try to cover up for one's mistakes
						v
						A
					to stick something onto something else
						Figure
					83
					Figure
					to push onee's way through
					dehpa-eu to push people out of onee's way so as to get through
						v
						A
					deh..., pu..., -eu to swell up from the sting of a bee or wasp
					dehepyawe-eu to push or turn something around with onee's hands, as anothere's head
						...,
						"'
					deh..., sae-eu to level off a spot (for a house, field, etc.)
						"'
					dehteh-eu to be covered over, as by sand, water deh..., todehto-eheto be mutually helpful to each
						v
						v
						A
						v
						A
						"'
					other deheto-eu to brace something up, as a leaning tree dehtue-eu to straighten something up, as a leaning
						..,
						"e
						"'
						"'
					tree
					Figure
					dehtsi-eu to wash something by rubbing it dehtsoe-eu to block an opening with onee's hand dehue-eu to push into something, as to push someone
						v
						v
						v
						v
						"'
						"'
					into a cave, into a crowd, etce.
					deu-eu to be very strong, as person, crosse-bow, etc.
						"e
					-deu-eu, me-eu -to be prepared for a task that will take a lot of effort .., "'
						v
						"'
						deu
						hme
					a type of rataan, esp. used for stools (dahme) deu-mdi-eu to play a banjo style instrument deupyuea type of tree, they eat the flowers
						v
						"'
						"e
						v
						v
						"'
						"'
					(noun) deusome (for both animate and inanimate)
						..,
					div
						div
							div
							-ehe"' daV
							for
							this
							reason,
							ande.eno
							other
						-
							-
							"' die
							-eu,
							ba"
							-
							to
							•raise
							up,
							as
							onee's
							arm
							or
							foot
						-div -eu,
							-div -eu,
							caw..,,
							-
							to
							•raise
							up
							something
							large
						di"e-eu;
							di"e-eu;
							dzeh
							-
							to
							throw
							something
							up
							•in
							the
							air
					•
					"' "'
						-
						die
						-
							-
					-eu, yue
					raise di.., seheta-euto make a down payment on something
						v
					.., ..,
					one is buying
					lift
					small item
					to
					or
					a
					-di-eu, pyeh-to cut off the end of a round thing so that it will be perfectly smooth
						A
					to be equal, even
						Figure
					di dehni to be level, smooth (as a seed bed must be)
					..,
					-di-eu, ya-to smooth out
						A
					di.., ah-eu to strike into (as when they beat carbon into a sprain to help cure it)
						vv
					dico-eu to knock someone or something down (cf.n, k'oco-eu)
						v
						v
						A
						v
					di-eu to hit, to beat (as blanket, dog), to strike -di-eu, ceh-to thresh paddy by beating
						v
						vv
						v
					-di..,-eu, dah-to flap a wing, as in flight -di-eu, deu-m-to play a banjno-like instrument
						v
						..,v
						v
						v
					-di-eu, dilo-to strike flint to make a fire
						..,v
						v
						v
					-eu indi-to swim
						-di
						V
						"'
						V
					I
					di..,-eu, jm-to seal an official document, to stamp
					..,
					an official seal on something -di-eu, pa-i-to gamble by throwing Chinese dom
						..,v
						..,v
						v
						-
					inoes, also gambling by playing cards
					diga-eu to hit something and cause it to fall down
					..,
					digah-eu to hit something and cause it to turn around dik'na-eu to hit something a hard blow, as with a
						..,
						v
						v
					stick
					dileh-eu to knock off something
						v
						"n
					•
					dileudi.., k'aw-eu to hit until it is all cut up dilo (si) a flint stone dima (kah ) a wooden stick they use when threshing
						v
						A
						..,
						..,v
						v
						vv
					paddy
					dimaw·nmaw-eu to threaten to hit someone, but not actually hit
						..,
						vv
						..,n
					dimeua dry fluffy material they make from either
						..,
						"
					banana trees or 'zaw' trees, into which they cause the spark to fall when making a fire with flint
						..,v
					di_, na-eu to strike and cause pain
						"
					di_, ne" di_, law-eu (VC) to beat until red and cut
					up (dileudik'taw-eu) dipat-eu to strike and break to pieces, as a pot
						v
						A
						_,
						v
						"'v
					a hammer
						a hammer
							Figure
						di
							di
							v
							pu
							"
					dipyadiy sha-eu (VC) to completely break up some kind of man-made object (house, basket, etc.)
						v
						A
						A
					dipyat-eu to partially break up something dipyehdiv leh-eu (VC) to beat something to a pulp dipyeh-eu to beat something to a pulp, but usually
						v
						""v
						v
						A
						A
						"
						Ł
					only partially so
					to kill by striking
						Figure
					a lily-like flower, in the jungle ditahv-eu to strike and hit with a small objtect, and
						Figure
						v
					usually without much force (ditu-eu) ditm a felled tree that has been cut in lengths for firewood or for lumber ditu-eu to strike and hit witht_ a small objtect, and -eu
						v
						A
						v
						v
						Ł
						usually without much force (harder than di
						"
						tah
						vv
					perhaps) -dm-eu, byat-to fold over dmgui ga-i-eu to move down south (into Thailand)
						v
						""
						v
						vv
					dmma ( r • ) how a male refers to his sister, older or younger
						v
					dm byoea type of jungle fruit tree, they eat fruit
						v
					dm-eu to wear, to put on (clothing)
					-drn-eu, abui -to pull a blanket over one in pre­paration for sleep
						v
					· gu-to sew and wear (clothes)
						-dm-eu
						I
						A
					dm-eu g'a-eu (VC) to wear (clothes)
					...,vdm g'adm lm(NC) clothing dm haw-eu to strut around in real nice clothes (shehhaw-eu)
						v
						"
						A
					dm(CL) used for large, long items (log, beam, bolt of cloth, dead-fall trap, etc.n)
						v
					to kneel down
						Figure
					a log
						Figure
					dmma dmnaŁ k'nahthe 'log' which the shamans see, and say that until a person gets past it he cannot really die
						v
						v
						v
					dmtuiŁ (tui) a pole or log placed on the lower side of a hill, and then filled in with dirt
						v
						A
					to put in the above
						Figure
					dodo do-eu the type of singing boys do at the playground
						v
						-
					do the blame, or the consequences, for something done wrong, or not heeding a warning
					do daa representative, as when the person cannot go himself he sends his representative
						v
					do-eu the type of singing boys do at the playground doe-eu to be bad, sometimes lazy
						v
					-doe-eu, adoe-for a baby to have a runny bowel movement
						v
						v
						v
					-doe-eu, deh-to slander, to say malicious things
						vv
						v
					about someone -doe-eu, gawdoe-for a rooster to crow -doe-eu, g'adoe-to be tired out, exhausted
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
					-doe-eu, jaw-tired of staying there
						v
						v
					-doe-eu, ya poe-for a rooster to crow
						vv
						v
					doehu-i(IP) exclamation indicating extreme tired­ness
						v
						v
						v
					doe doe-ehn(verb) all around (doe doe-ehnnaha-eu asked all around the village)
						v
						v
						v
						V
						-
					(verb) doe-eu all around, thoroughly (nahadoe-eu went around everywhere asking)
						v
						v
						-
					-doe-eu haw -to look everywhere, very thoroughly
					I
					-doe-in-eu ga -for the word to spread everywhere
						v
					f
						f
						V
					doi doi leha type of cicada that calls while they are plowing their fields (duduleh)
						A
						A
						A
						A
					du(FP) used with statements where one is not sure,
						v
					but is of the opinion that something will happen
					dubui gui-eu to read one's plam to determine the per­son's future (also look at fingers and joints)
						v
					dua-eu to be alike, . to be similar
						"'v
					V
					-du -eu t'1. · ga-to be the same
						I
						y
						V
					du (CL) for round things not too long (roll of cotton,
					wooden roller in cotton gin, ear of corn, etc.)
					du-eu for something to billow up (as dust, smoke)
					-du-eu, sadu -to roll cotton into the rolls that they spin thread from
						v
					k'oe -for smoke from a fire to billow up
						-du-eu, u
						V
						y
					du(CL) indicates a place that has been dug (pit trap, house site, well, etc.)
						v
					du(VS) indicates a place where something is located
					..,
					habitually, or a place for something (jawdu..,, "' "'
						v
						aha
					cehapyuaahdu, seuag'adu, etc.)
						""
						v
						v
						..,
						..,
						.,,v
					du.,,a-a (FP) used with statements where one expresses
					one's opinion as to what will happen in the future (du-u)
						..,v
					du.., ci(cia) a root (a" bawduci-a tree root)
						v
						""v
						v
						"
					.,
					very small root from trees etc .
						Figure
					""
						cia
					du ka-ia. a root to grow down into the
						""v
					-eu for ground du.., cu-eu to dig and heap up dudo-eu to 'dig-out', as to dig a ditch to thŁ place it needs to go dudza-eu to dig and eat, as yams
						..,
						A
						.
					.., .,,v
					du.., dzeh-eu to dig and thus destroy something (build­ing, plants, etc.)
					du-eu to dig (ya" du-eu -to dig a field)
						..,v
						.,,v
					-eu indicates something is completed, ful­filled, nothing lacking (nahadu-eu -to ask until you know all about something)
						(verb) du
						v
						v
						v
						v
					-eu noe -to have thought something out fully
						-du
						V
						V
					I
					to dig a pit trap for animals
						Figure
					-du-eu, ya-to 'dig' (hoe) the field in preparation for planting saliva (peh) phlegm duk'ak'na dzeh-eu to spit (esp. with sense of getting rid of something) k'ak'na-eu to spit
						vv
						y
						"
						v
						v
						du
						V
						V
					Figure
					Figure
					duk'ak'na pui"-eu to spit into a fire duk'ak'na sheh-eu to spit on something or someone duk'apoesheh-eu to spit in an angry way duk'atoeshik'nalehtoedeha locust borer
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						v
						A
					(it 'dies' when you spit on it, but 'revives' again if you pour ashes on it)
					duk'nah(k'nah) a hole that has been dug, usually fairly deep
						v
						v
						v
					duk'nahk'ah-eu to dig a hole
						v
						v
						v
					duk'aw(k'naw) a hole or depression in the ground, k'nah', and usually not dug by man
						v
						A
						,.v
						usually not as deep as a 'du
						v
						v
					dupa-eu to re-bury, as when they buried a person incorrectly the first time, must re-bury
						v
						v
					dupahv-eu to bury someone
						v
					dupu(pu) a clump of some growth in a field
						v
						v
						v
					dupudeh-eu to break up the big clods in a field after it has been dug
						v
						v
					dupya-eu to dig and destroy (as when dig someone'ns terraces down)
						v
						Av
					duteh(teh) a notch, or 'step' in a steep path
						v
						A
					,_ dutehteh-eu to dig steps in the side of a steep
						v
					,. ,.v
					hill
					-dui-eu dza -to eat until one is so full onet's
						vv
						'
					y
					stomach is distended dui (WM} ten million (from their proverbs} dui-eu to be finished (as finished growing), to give
					up since there is no progress
					dui dui-eu very difficult)
						(verb} dui dui-eu extremely, very (shat
						v
						-
					-dui-eu, noe-to be extremely worried (noedui noe.., sut-eu)
						·t
						..,
						..,
						"'v
					duibui lui, doi-m.tdoi loi)
						dui.., bui lui brown wood owl (dm-mt
						v
						y
						vv
					da"t-eu to climb up
					to scoop up onto something •
						Figure
						byat
						"'
					-da"-eu, -to throw dirt or sand into the air, or onto someone
					•
					dat-eu, cah something climbing a tree, as a vine dat-eu, cito lift up da-eu, dzeto dye something indigo black dat-eu, dz idzoto have a debt
						-
						"'v
						-
						-
						"'v
						•
						..,
						-
						-
						A
						v
						-
						-
						""v
						..,
						A
						-
					"' "'
						dat
					da"t-eu, gatto climb up a steep place on a path -da"t-eu, geu -to pile things one on top of thet·tother -to place food on the table to eat -da-eu, lm-to have convulsions -da"t-eu, myawdze-to dye something indigo black
						-
						-
						-da"-eu, ku
						y
						A
						y
						..,
						v
					to sniff up nasal discharge -da"t�eu, nui da" -something which is cohsidered dir­ty, or a filthy, dirty habit -dat-eu, nui ma -to be angry
						Figure
						""v
					v
					-dat-eu, ngato have convulsions
						"'v
					-dat-eu, nymtda" -1. to stay as a guest in some-
						"'v
						"'
					one's home
					2. when one gives a feast and moves into a new home
					""vA
						dat
					--eu, po-to roll up onto
					'"'v
						dan
					-eu,
					g awto breathe in
						'
						v
						-
					'"'v
						dan
					-eu, sheh ... to pour a liquid
						-
						-
					'"'
						dan
					-eu, shehnto pour sand, paddy,
						-
						'"'
					the like
					da-eu, sheunto be married to get married '"'v
						-
						,.,v
						v
						-
						dan
					Figure
					--eu, tsen-for water to be sucked up by a tree, or to come up to the surface on its own
						v
					da ... k'a za-eu to find a place to stay overnight
						"'
					-
					dale-eu, ga to fall and hit, to fall on something '"'
						-
						A
						"'
						-
						dan
					le-eu, haw -to look up above
						-
						"'
					dalo k'mn-eu a trap for fish that are jumping, going
						A
						"'v
					upriver to spawn '"'
						dan
					za-eu to 'climb and get'
					dathe spur on a rooster
						...
					-da ... la-eu, zada-to become a young man (reach puberty) ,.,v
						v
						v
						"'
						o
						)
					the mythical underworld {mi
						Figure
						v
					A "' "'
						Figure
					obyanyahk'naw ... ya nymnthe mythical name of the house where spirits and people used tonlive together in peace
						v
						.
						-
					'"'
						dawn
					ah-eu 1. to put in
						v
					2. to send
					to inflate with air
						Figure
					'"'
						dawn
					bu-eu to put something in a stream to float down
					dawn-eu to put in
						'"'v
					to pack in
						Figure
					to throw something into the water
						Figure
					'"'
						dawn
					pui-eu to throw something fairly large into a fire and burn it up
						4
					daw-eu 1. to perch, as a bird
						A
					2. to wrestle (daw ceh ceh-eu -pf.)
					...
					daw ... -eu -first to eat)
						(verb).ndaw ... -eu the first... (dza
						v
					deh-ehdehla-euv nya to be fed up with seeing some­one, to be sick and tired of them
						A
						v
						A
						v
					deh-eu to be full of food
						"'v
					-deh-eu, haw -to be tired of seeing someone
						A
					deh..-. bi la-eu to get over being poor, and now having all the things one needs
						vv
					dehceh ceh-eu to have a contest in living (i.e., to see who will get richest, etc.)
						A
					dehda-eu live on into the future (i.ne.n, 'as life progressesn')
						A
						A
					dehdza-eu to make a living
						..-.
						vv
					dehdzeujawdzeule-eu the times past in our lives
						A
						v
						y
						v
						A
					to live in harmony with someone deh-eu to live, to have life -deh..-.n-eu, sajaneh -to be straight inn.dealings,
						Figure
						"
						v
						v
					to follow the customs and regulations to have a muscular twitch
					Figure
					-deh-eu, yaw deh-1. to live, to 'live one's life'
						A
						A
					2. polite and grown-up term for sexual intercourse dehg'eh-i-eu living, as it applies to the future dehka jawka le-eu (VC) the way of living that came
						A
						vv
						A
						v
						A
					down from the ancestors dehla-eu to sprout up, as a plant dehle-eu to be born (polite) dehseh-eu to live and die, as when one lives and
						"'
						v
						..-.
						A
						"'v
					dies in one place without moving (jawseh-eu) dehta-eu to live with someone dehtaw-eu to grow so that they meet, as branches
						v
						"'v
						A
						"'v
						"
						A
					from trees across the river from each other dehtsandehtsah-eu to live in amity, esp. after being reconciled dehtsasila-eu to come to know the correct way
						A
						v
						A
						v
						A
						v
						y
						vv
					to live
					dehzahshinzahshaw-eu the custom of purifying a dead person deu(CL) each time one crosses a stream, tideudeunceh ceh-eu to war against each other
						A
						v
						v
						v
						vv
						A
						v
						A
						""
					to tape a tree
						Figure
					deun-eu to cut in a hacking motion, usually with a machete
						""v
					to engage in war
						Figure
					-deun-eu, k'nawlaw -to hack out a feeding trough ""v""
						""v
						v
						V
						deun
					-deun-eu, k'naw-to beat on a sprain with a metal tool to help it heal faster
						v
					-deu-eu, law-to hollow out a boat from a log
						"'v
						V
					-deu-eu, seh-when weaving cloth, to pull back the frame (seh) which makes it a tight weave
						A
						v
						v
					-deu-eu, zalaw-to cut bamboo into strips with which to weave mats
						A
						A
						A
					deugawabawthe wild toddy plam tree, they eat
						A
						y
						v
						v
					the shoots
					deuha(kah) an ax
						"'
						v
						vv
					the blade of an ax
						Figure
					deuhav hashmthe blade of an ax, stressing the metal aspect of it
						A
						v
						v
					to fit the parts of an ax together deuhav myav the wooden piece that is driven into the
						Figure
						A
					back of the ax blade to give it balance
					an ax handle
						Figure
					to fit a new handle into an ax deuka-eu to cut and plant, as cutting branches from
						Figure
						A
					a fruit tree and planting them
					deunk'ehdeuk'oe-eu (VC) to cut up, chop up
						"'
						A
						A
						A
					deupa-eu to cut in half deuseh-eu to kill with a machete or ax deutan-eu to have a deep cut from a machete, esp
						A
						A
						A
						A
						A
						"'v
					in the arm or leg
					deuttseh"t-eu to cut off
						A
					deu" yawt-eu to skin something by cutting through deu" yoe-eu to cut something at an angle, esp. a tree do" (CL) one trip, one time of going (Ayawheu do"
						""v
						.,
						A
					oe-eu madah-a. He is not free to come this trip.)
						.,
					do"t-eu 1. to go out, to exit
					2. to pay something, as taxes
					(verb) do"-eu gives the idea of going out or through
					something (byoedo"t-eu, cah do"t-eu, ceh., do"-eu, coetdo"-eu, dudo"t-eu, ga do"-eu, ibeu" dot-eu, jahdo-eu, ka do-eu, kaw·" do"-eu, k'eu,.. do"-eu,
						v
						v
						v
						v
						""v
						v
						"t
						A
					v
						m
					leh., do"-eu, lu do"n-eu, do-eu, noedo"-eu,
						A
						v
					v
					peh" do"t-eu, sheu do"t-eu, teh do-eu, yudot-eu; etc.)
						A
						""v
					to come up and outt(from below)
						Figure
					do" le-eu to come out (from a place above the speaker)t, or out and down from the speaker
					dopi-eu to pay a fine for one'ts wrong and thus get off the hook
						A
						vv
					dopoison do... -eu to burn
						A
					Figure
					to burn beeswax tapers
						Figure
					to eat something poisonous by mistake -do-eu mdzabaw -to start a fire, by blowing -do-eupatsah-to patch a cloth -do-eu, za -to repair a fishing net
						Figure
						A
						/
						l.v
						V
						A
						I
						v
						v
						"t
					to burn a beeswax taper
						Figure
					dotla-eu 1. to be poisonous
						,.,
						vv
					2. for a mother to develop sever anemia after giv­ing birth to a child, usually caused, they feel, by breaking some food taboo
					-du -eu· la du -to wear a bracelet
					A A
						A
					dula-eu to reach perfection, to become well done (the latter when speaking of food)
						"
						vv
					to soak in water, to leave in water
						Figure
		(verb) duia-eu to do something to cause some object
			(verb) duia-eu to do something to cause some object
				A
			to enter water (yuduia-eu, baduia-eu, g'oduiA­eu, ladui-eu, cehaduiduia-eu, etc.)
				v
				A
				A
				A
				A
				A
				A
				v
				A
				A
		to soak rice before cooking
			to soak rice before cooking
			to drown
			Figure
			dz
			food, for animals or humans
				Figure
			poisonous food dzadodza-eu to take poison (to commit suicide)
				Figure
				v
			.,.. ..,v
			dzatdzasheu-eu to refrain from eating certain foods, as when they make one ill, or when women refrain after having had a baby
				"'
				v
				vv
			to have a limp
			for animals to graze
			vv"' "'v"'
				dza
				-it
			pot(verb) to repeat something (dza-ipoti-eu -to repeat going to that place)
				·
				vv
				v
				vv
			to make a curry, espt. one with meat in it
				Figure
			dzakuidzatmyehto be very tastey, delicious food
				v
				v
				"'
				v
			dzatlahtlah-eu to add more curry to a dish that is running low, while people are eating
				"'
				..,
				vv
			dzatmuitdzatsawtflavoring for curry, including all the spices
				"'
				"'
				"'
				v
			Y
			dzapadzaja(NC) indicates all the kinds of food that can be eaten
				v
				v
				A
			dzapeha solid food as opposed to a liquid food
				v
				A
			dzatsha-eu to feed someone by bringing food to them (as a mother bird)
				"'
			dzattadza-eu the part of the marriage ceremony
				"'
			,.. ..,v
			where the couple gettingt_tmarried eat an egg together "'
				uit
			dzaliquid, as opposed to a solid
				v
			"' "'
			dzatzawtthe breast of any fowl dza baw(baw) the topknot of hair that Akha men
				..,
				..,v
			leave without cutting
			Figure
			man's braided hair
			dza haw-eu to compare two things, as their length, height
			dzabadawtba-eu to sit around eating and drinking light refreshments (not a meal)
				..,
				v
				"'
				vv
			dzabyaa type of hornet that Akhas fear very much.
				..,
				..,
			They believe the sting can kill.
			dzabyawlado-eu to prepare a special meal, as at a funeral, or when they call a spirit priest to repeat spirit incantations
				v
				v
				A
				A
			dzadawdawdawsha-eu to take the first fruits to one's parents and grandparents, before eating any oneself
				v
				A
				v
				A
			dzadehdawdeh-eu (VC) to eat and drink to the full
				v
				A
				v
				A
			dzado-eu to eat something poisonous by mistake dzadui-eu to eat until one's stomach is so full it
				v
				A
				v
				v
			is distended dzatdzadawtdaw(NC) food and drink dza-eu to eat
				v
				v
				v
				v
				vv
			for the moon to eclipse to discuss something
				Figure
			Figure
			-dza-eu, beu-to dip up and eat -dza-eu, boe-for an insect to eat or bore into
				vv
				v
				vv
				v
			wood or fruit
			-dza-eu, bu -to be carried away in water -dza-eu, byeh-to chop and eat
				vv
				vv
				A
			-dza-eu, ceh -to quarrel
				v
			-dza-eu, coet-to 'attack-eat', as birds and fish dza-eu daw-eu to eat and drink dzat-eu, dawpyehto argue back and forth dzat-eu, duto dig and eat, as yams
				vv
				v
				vv
				vv
				-
				v
				..,.
				v
				-
				-
				..,.v
				v
				-
			dzat-eu, dzadoto take poison dza-eu, dzatga dzagafor animals to graze
				...,v
				v
				A
				-
				-
				vv
				v
				A
				A
				-
			...,
			-dza-eu, dzata-the part of the marriage where the couple eat an egg together -eu gat-for animals to graze ahhaw.., -to eat the noon-day meal
				v
				v
				A
				-dza
				V
				I
				"'
				-dza..., -eu, g
				I
				v
				·
			-eu g'o-to 'peck-eat', as birds
				-dza
				V
				I
				A
			-dza-eu, jamyawmyaw-to get something by lying
				vv
				v
				A
				A
			-eu lu-to fry and eat something fairly soft
				-dza
				V
				I
				v
			-dza-eu, m-for a girl to get married (i.te.t, go
				vv
				v
			live with her husband in his village)
			-dzat-eu, meu-to rule (lit.t, 'eat') over a valley
				.,v
				v
			or town in a valley
			-dzavt-eu, nahma keu-for the sun to go into an eclipse
				v
				v
			-dza-eu, pui-1. to burn completely, so that noth
				vv
				A
				-
			ing is left but ashes
			2. to roast and eat, as meat, corn
			-eu sha-to make one's living by begging (lit.
				-dza
				y
				I
				v
			'beg-eat')
			-eu to-to peck and eat, as birds do
				-dza
				V
				I
				A
			-dza-eu, tsawpyehpyeh-to get something by arguing
				vv
				v
				"
				v
			-dza-i-eu, dah-for a young couple to set up housekeeping
				vv
				vv
				v
			dzaka dawka le-eu (VC) the way of eating and drinking handed down from the ancestors
				v
				v
				A
			k'a-eu to spill food while eating
				dza
				V
				vv
			dzak'ehrevenue, esp. in a legal sense, as a head­man getting fines etc.
				v
				v
			dzak'eh., dola-eu to get revenue from a case
				v
				A
				vv
			dzak'mdawg'awgeneral term for dishes etc. used when eating
				v
				v
				v
				A
			dzangehdawdzeh left over bits of food
				v
				v
				v
			dzangeu-eu to get something stuck in one's throat while eating
				v
				vv
			dzapya-eu to buy and eat meat :to help someone out,t. as one who has to pay a fine
				v
				vv
			dzaseh-eu to kill by eating, as when a plant is killed by bugs or insects
				v
				A
			to have a meal with someone
				Figure
			dzatuidawtui(NC) the state of non-ending food and drink, always enough
				v
				A
				v
				A
			dzatsehtany animal, whether domesticated or wild, which has been killed by some other animal, esp. a tiger or leopard (this kind used for medicine)
				v
				4
			dzayoeseeds that are eaten (as opposed to si
				v
				v
				v
			yoe, which are seeds that are kept for planting) to eat something accidentally -dzah-eu, bya-for a colony of bees to be present (as in a tree, a hive, the ground)
				v
				v
				v
			Figure
			the lower section of the village (dzawdah)
				Figure
				v
				vv
			dzahg'ahthe middle section of the village, between the upper and lower sections (dzahg'ahlahceh)
				v
				v
				v
				v
				v
			dzahhuthe upper section of the village, where the village swing is located (dzawhu)
				v
				v
				v
				vv
			dzahkuiv di-eu to kill a dog for the building of a house
				v
				v
			the house spirit (or spirits)
				Figure
			dzahmica-eu to make an offering to the house spirit
				v
				v
				A
			v
			dzahtaŁ pertaining to the hills, as dzahtaya-hill fields (dahta-pf.)
				v
				¥
				A
				v
				A
			the place where something is located (pu za-the place the village is located)
				Figure
				v
			dzah bawdzah pyehmen's braided hair (dza bawv dza pyeh-pf.t)
				v
				A
				A
			dzah-eu for lots of people to be gathered in one spot
			-dzah-eu, k'ag'eu-to make charcoal -dzah-eu, midza-to burn logs
				v
				v
				v
				v
			-dzah pui-eu, midza-to burn a pile of something
				A
				v
				v
				-
			dzah yehsticks that are shavedt, with the shavings left on at one end, put on graves in some areas
				A
			dzahv (CL) used for rolled up items law, adzah)
				A
				v
				vv
			Figure
			-dzah-eu, adzah-to tie something into bundles, as paddy stalks, straw, etc.
				vv
				v
				v
			-eu gah-to be bound together
				-dzah
				y
				,
				v
			-dzah-eu, hawmeh-to be hungry, and to remain that way (hawdzah-eu)
				vv
				v
				A
				v
				vv
			-dzah-eu, Udzah-1. to put on a turban by wrap­
				vv
				v
			V
			ing around one's head (for men)
			2. to wear a turban -eu yayeh -to crave opium, and to remain that way (that is, there is none to smoke, or cannot get hold of it) dzahseh-ito be starving for rice, opium, or
				-dzah
				V
				I
				V
				v
				A
				v
			something to drink dzahta(ta) a chisel dzahtata"t-eu to chisel, to make a hole with a chisel
				v
				A
				A
				v
				A
			dzahteh-eu to refrain, and keep refraining, from speaking, also with the idea of keeping one's heart under control
				v
				vv
			dzawdahtthe lower section of the village (dzahdah-pf.t} dzaw-eu to relate or tell someone something that that person did not see or hear dzawg'ah(see dzahg'ah) dzawhuthe upper section of a village (dzahhupf.t) dzawmeh-eu to explain about something so that the other person comes to understand dzawneh-eu to explain in fair detail what happened dzaw-eu to study, learn (saw-eu -B) (verb} dzaw-eu for it to be a regular custom of one, for one to do it regularly -dzaw-eu, dawngehngehdzaw -for an infant to
				v
				v
				v
				v
				vv
				v
				y
				v
				vv
				v
				v
				v
				v
				-
				v
				vv
				v
				vv
				vv
				v
				v
				v
			·
			learn to talk
			-dzaw-eu, gama cah dzaw -for an infant to learn to walk
				v
			-dzaw-eu, jaw" -the habit of doing something, the way one lives
			dzaw geu-eu to learn from someone else, and accept their example
				A
			dzawdzuia type of grass (they use it in making a woman'ns headdress)
				v
				A
			dzawgui the downslope area of a house
				v
			dzawgui dzawnya both the downslope and upslope areas above and below a house
				"
				v
			dzawnya the upsnlope area of a house
			" dzeah a type of jungle tree, birds eat the fruit
				v
			{dzehah)
				"
			dze" da-eu to dye something indigo (myawdze" da"n-eu)
				"n
				v
			dze" dzeh-eu to strain off dze"-eu to strain something, as through a cloth dze" hm(hm") a toadstool
				v
			dze" hm" leula-eu for toadstools to come up dze" ji" a palm swift (dzeh" ji")
				A
				"
			to be left over, an extra dzelo a bee-eater (bird) dzengaw" a forest eagle-owl dzeh" ah (see dzeah) dzeh di"-eu to throw something up in the air
				Figure
				"
				v
				v
			(verb) dzeh-eu the idea of getting rid of something, ehdzeh-eu, dzeh-eu, dzeh-eu, g'o" dzeh-eu,
				discarding it (ah
				"
				dzeh-eu, baw dzeh-eu, b
				y
				v
			heu dzeh-eu, jehdzeh-eu, keu.., dzeh-eu, ngaw_, dzeh-eu, pi dzeh-eu, sheudzeh-eu, etc.)
				ci
				"
				du
				"
				A
				"
			-dzeh-eu, i" lu" -for ripples to form, for small waves to rise (on river or lake)
			-dzeh-eu, za -to cast a fishing net into the water -dzeh-eu, -miscarriage after the child is fairly
			well developed (5-9 months, they figure)
				za
				"
			101
			dzeh guia crude stretcher they make to carry sick
				v
			people on
			to make the above -dzeh g'eh-eu tah -to hit a blow with one's fist
				Figure
			I V
			dzeh k'o-eu to throw back something that belongs to
				A
			that person, as throwing back change from a sale
			(they consider this rude)
			dzeh pu-eu to throw something in the water, as a fish
				A
				-
			ing net
			dzeh tsah-eu to spread out and cover over
				yv
			to throw into
				Figure
			dzehbeua spear trap for big game, made with a bam
				v
				A
				-
			boo spear
			dzehv beucapyeu(pyeu) the spring-pole that is bent in the spear trap (dzehbeuya pyeu)
				A
				A
				A
				Av
				v
				A
				A
			dzehbeundzehyehthe bamboo spear in the spear
				v
				"'v
				.
			.., .., (dzehyeh)
				trap
				y
			..,v
			dzehbeutahn-eu to set a bamboo spear trap for big game
				v
				A
				""v
			dzehbeuya pyeu• (see dzehbeuncanpyeu•)
				v
				A
				"'
				"'
			..,
			dzeh-eu 1. to be left over, extra
				..,v
			2. to be very active, into everthing, "like chil­dren and monkeys"
			(verb} dzeh-eu indicates a superlative degree (kaw
				..,
			..,v
			dzeh-eu -faster, huidzeh-eu -bigger, etc.n)
			..,v.., ..,v
			-dzeh..,-eu, jedzeh-for animals to give birth to
			.., .., 'animal rejects' (jecaw)
				..,
				A
			""
				tmn
			-dzehn-eu, ngehdzehn-to say more than one
			..,v.., needs to, or more than one should
				..,
			"' .., ..,
				le
				leu
				le
			dzehv -eu (VC) to exceed what one was supposed to do, either good or bad (as disregarding some caution others had given)
			dzehyeh(yeh) the bamboo spear in the spear trap )
				..,
				..,
				..,v
				(dzehbeuŁ dzehyeh
				..,v
			.., ..,
			dzeut-eu 1. for something to be past, in point of time (usually used with a full verb}
				y
			2. to escape, to get past the problem
			v
				i
			dzeu-eu, -1. to go by a place (thatt· is, the place one was planning to go)
				vv
			2. (he) has already gone
			-dzeu-eu, k'a-for something to be overwhelmingly intense
				v
				A
			dzeutv
				dzeutv
					dzeutv
					lat"'
					ngeh
					'as
					for
					the
					pastt'
				dzi"
					dzi"
					dzeu"
					•ni
					for
					two
					pieces
					of
					wood
					to
					be
					joined
					very
				well
					well
					along
					the
					length
			....
				dzo
			dzita debt ....
				v
				dzo
			dzida .... -eu to have a debt (dzidzo" na-eu) dzidzotna-eu (see above) dzo.... shu-eu to cancel out a debt
				v
				v
				A
				v
				"'
				"t
				dz i
				V
				"t
			to pay back a debt dzi-eu to be very good at something, as a good shot, a good house builder, etc. (yaw dzi) to make a rock fish trap hemp, from which they make rope (dzi.., aca .... ) dzibua plant (may be meliaceae cedrela)t, they eat
				vv
				yv
				v
				v
				A
			the shoots and leaves (zuibu") dzi-eu to ride dzig'a (g'a) a riding saddle
				v
				..,v
				v
			the cost of riding, as lorry fare
			a blue-winged siva (du li")
			-dzm-eu, ladzm-to put hands together in a cupped position (as when they receive ancestor offering)
				vv
				A
				"
			dzm (CL) a pair of inanimate items (yu datidzm
				v
				v
				-
			a pair of chopsticks)
			dzm-eu to fill up, or to fill in (as when a hole fills up with dirt, or a wound fills up with flesh)
			dzo-awlet's go
				vv
				v
			103
			-dzoe-eu, cah -for two people to walk and meet at a place
				v
			-dzoe-eu, la-to meet up with someone .at a pre­arranged site
				v
				v
			-dzoe-eu, midzatah-to keep pushing firewood together (as it burns), to keep the fire burning
				v
				v
				v
				v
			-to meet someone
				Figure
				tah
				V
			Figure
			to meet someone
			to take and join together
				Figure
			to agree
				Figure
			dzoetaw-eu for two things to be brought together so that their sides join (as two boards) dzoetsa-eu for two things to be brought together so that their ends join (as two boards) dzoebyehwhen the village priest dies without a son to take his place (pu byeh) dzoecawa village prieste's helpers, junior village priests (they are often understudies) dzoedzathe inherited right to rule, excercise author­ity by the right of descent for the son to inherit the right to rule dzoedzatseh-eu for the inherited right to r
				v
				A
				v
				A
				v
				A
				A
				v
				v
				v
				v
				v
				v
				A
				v
				v
			Figure
			2. sometimes used in a scoldy sense when say that someone wants others to do his will
			dzoev hada-eu a ceremony a village priest performs to keep the spirits from bothering him
				v
				A
			dzoev k'amawk'a(NC) a collective term for the village priest, blacksmith, spirit priest, and an elder who knows the religious ceremonies well
				A
				y
				A
			dzoeelathe right foreleg of an animal that is killed by the villagers while hunting, which is given to the village priest
				v
				A
			dzoev ma the village priest, the most important person in an Akha village, head of all religious activities
			dzoenma ay zawna respectful term for the village priest, also indicating the head village priest where he has several helpers
				v
				v
			dzoema ka-eu for the elders to appoint a person to be village priest
				y
			dzoeyah law-eu to make one of the three offerings the villagers make each year to the spirit of their mi, yaw la, kayeh")
				v
				vv
				village priest (the offeringsŁ k'm
				v
				vv
				v
			dzoenzaan apprentice to then-village priest, who may someday inherit the office
				y
				y
			dzoezamawnza(NC) a respectful term for the elders of the village
				v
				y
				v
				v
			dzudzu-ehjaw-eu for one to be sitting around, not doing the work he should be
				v
				v
				v
				v
			dzu-eu to crouch down, hunker down, as when one sits on onen's heels (dawdzudzun-eu)
				v
				v
				v
				v
			just to be sitting around doing noth
				Figure
				-
			ing
			dzuza-eu to crouch or hunker down so as to hide
				v
				A
			from someone
			to shiver (as from the cold) dza(WM) a drop of some liquid dza-eu for a liquid to drip dzaka-eu to drip down dzaw-eu to be worthy dzawle-eu to fit it just right, as a patch that fits
				Figure
				A
				A
				A
				A
				A
				v
			a spot on a jacket just right
			to split bamboo for flooring dzehde-eu to clear a place for some type of living quarters -dzeh-eu, gama -to clear a path with a machete
				Figure
				A
				v
				A
				v
			dzeu"-eu to weave bamboo, rataan, grass, etc.
			-dzo-eu, daw-to be addicted to smoking (opium or tobacco)
				A
				v
			-dzuŁe-eu, leh-to go to the bazaar to buy
				A
			Figure
			-dzuie-eu, ja" gaw ama -a type of itch they get, esp. in rainy season
				A
				v
			Figure
			to have scabies
			dzui(CL) a drop of something, as a rain drop, a tear drop, etce.
				A
			dzui-eu to bathe (iCUdzui-eu)
				A
				v
				A
				A
			e
			-e(FP) A clitic that is attached to other endings when answering a question with certainty (meh-e, ma-et, law ya-e, mi-a-et, and nga-e). It is also used with negative statements made with , and with zero -mangeu-e)
				v
				vv
				vv
				vv
				vv
				vv
				vv
				vv
				vv
				certainty (nga-ev, a-e
				v
				v
				vv
				vv
			eh besides, morever ehba-eu to say things that are just to pass the time, not serious ehdoe-eu to slander, to say malicious things about someone
				v
				vv
				v
				v
			Figure
			eh-eu to say something, to speak
				v
			-eh-eu, hawv eh-to cook rice in a pot (as opposed to steaming it)
				v
				v
			ehga-eu to say something that is heard by the person it is said to
				v
				v
			eh" g'ani approximately
				v
			eh" hehka-eu to clear one'ns throat (done in their ceremonies quite a bit -it scares spirits away)
				"
			but, however (eh" k 'aw" ni) eh" k'o-eu to answer, to reply (ngehv k'on-eu)
				eh
				"
				k'naw
				A
				·
			,.v,.v
			eh" lawv (FAP) an auxiliary final particle which calls for the listener's assent, "Isn't that so?"
			·eh" neh-eu to tell someone ehnig'a-eu to say in joking (lit., 'say play') ehnoe-eu to remind someone of something
				"
				v
				"
				v
			v
			-a yes, that's so
				eh
				V
			ngeu-::i. never mind, let it be, you cannot help it (said to someone else)
				Figure
				"n
			ehngeu" lu-u" never mind, drop it (said when the speaker has done something wrong, or has not been able to do something like he wanted to)
				"
				,.v
			eu
			-eu (FP) used in the following statements; declarative positive, declarative negative, and in questions demanding an explanation (it tends to be a bit scoldy in the latter)
			eu leu a small swing
			eu leu bi..,-eu to swing on a small swing
			eu leu leu sheunsheu-eu to swing someone on a small swing by tying a rope or vine to the swing and swinging them
				..,
				..,v
			eu(FAP) this signifies strong assertion that what
			..,
			is said is true -eu(FP) much the same as -eu (FP), but tends to be
				..,
			used more with;
			1.
				1.
					1.
					negative statements
				2.
					2.
					about something in the past
			-eu.., a particle which indicates possesion (nga..,n-eu.., mine)
				-
			euceugu"-eu for young men to 'yodel' in the fields, half singing, half shouting
				..,
				..,
			eu-eu to carry a child on one'ns back
			..,v
			-eu-eu, tsaw-to jump on someone'ns back -
				..,v
				..,
			-eu aneuto belch
				-eu
				Ł
				I
				"'
				Ł
			109
	gan( CL) indicates a place, an instance
		gan( CL) indicates a place, an instance
			"'
		gaone type of object indicatorn. (pyeuŁ-eu gaya mawn-eumeh -saw that it had happened)
			y
			¥
			v
			v
		gabahbah-eu to get off the path, go on the wrong path
			v
			v
			v
		v
			a
	gacaw (see hahgacaw -pf.)
		gacaw (see hahgacaw -pf.)
			v
			y
			v
		gada(dav) a path made by large wild animals, as when they go to a hot springs to drink, or for
			v
			v
		armed bandits if they frequent a certain way through the jungle (tahjoe gadav)
			y
			v
		gadatseh-eu to 'cut off' a path frequented by
			v
			v
			A
	game (that is, to wait there with a gun to shoot)
		game (that is, to wait there with a gun to shoot)
		a steep place in a path gadada-eu to climb up a steep place in a path gadahtsoe-eu for it to have value, be worthwhile
			Figure
			v
			A
			A
			y
			v
			.
			v
		gadawgasha sha-in-eu to welcome back those who have made the coffin
			y
			y
			y
			v
		y y v
			y y v
				ga
				ya
			dzethe edge (deh gadze-the edge of the terraced field)
				y
				y
			-ga-eu, ma-to be better (feel better, as when one has been sick)
				v
				v
			gagua path in the trees where rodents and small animals go constantly
				v
				v
			a crooked, winding road
				Figure
			ga
				ga
				y
			gadi-eha zigzag pattern (to go back and forth as moving along) gag'Og'o.-eu for a path to be winding, crooked gahu long ago (ahu -pf.) gajaw the path that goes around a village
				g'o
				A
				v
				A
				v
				v
				A
				v
				v
				v
			gajaw j aw-eu to go on the path around the village
				y
			Jawa constantly traveled path
				Figure
				v
	about something, concerning
		about something, concerning
			about something, concerning
				Figure
			gakaw"
				v
		110
		gamdza-eu tsawhaa person who makes his living
			v
			v
			vv
			v
			y
		by working (usually means farming)
		(B) to workt, usually for a wage (myawm-
			ga
			v
			m
			vv
			-eu
			.
			v
			y
		eu -pf.)
		gama (k ah ) a patht, a road
			V
			V
		gama cah dzaw dzaw-eu to learn to walk, as an infant gama dah-eu for there to be a path or road opened,
			v
			v
			vv
		either new or old gama dzeh.-eu to clear a path with a machete ma gabahjust above the path (gama gak'ah) gama gadahthe end of the path
			"
			ga
			v
			v
			v
			"
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
		v ..,
		gama gag'ah(g'ah) a bend in a path .., .., v ..,v
			..,
			..,v
			(ga
			bah
			)
		gama gak'ah" just above the path ma gav ..,
			"
			(ga
		ga" ma gao• just below the path ot)
			"'v
		.., ..,v"'
			g a
			.
			tat
		ma g a(see gatat) ga" ma gatsm(tsm) a fork in the path (gatsm
			"
			"'v
			y
			"
			"
			v
			v
			)
		..,
		gama ju-eu for a path to be slippery
			vv
		..,
		gama paw-eu to get off the path, or out of some­one's way .., .., "'
			v
			ga
			"
			sha
			(ga
		ma dah-eu to open up a path ma latdah-eu) gama sha" daw"t-eu to straighten out a path "
			v
			"t
			..,
		gatma yaw dawa straight path gama yaw di a level path, easy to walk on (gama yaw sa) gama yaw ua slippery path
			"
			"
			v
			vv
			v
			j
			V
		•
		gama yaw nawta path that l.S overgrown with weeds
			v
			"
		ga
		yaw
		saa level path, easy to walk on ( ga
			v
			V
		ma yaw di)
		v
			•
		l.S difficult to walk on
			gama yaw sha.., a path that
		gama zovt-eu to walk, esp. in sense of child just learning to walk
			..,
		111
		ga" mahka-eu to be far away (verb) ganeh-anthis indicates the superlative degree
			v
			v
			v
			v
		ganeh-a-terribly frightened, more so than others)
			(gu
			A
			v
			v
		ganyeh nyeh-eu for men and boys to dance like the Shans or Burmese, using their hands and arms
			y
		ganyi" i"-eu to have a bowel movement (polite way of saying it)
			v
		gaonjust below the path (ga" ma ga" o)
			v
			"'
			·n
			A
		v "' "'
			tan
		gaonga" belown-and above the path v v y
			ga
			la
		gapehon the way (ga" peh-NC) above the path (on the slope above path)
			v
			v
		Figure
		gatah" pa"-eu to celebrate the new year for there to be a steep slope in path going
			v
			ga" toe
			v
		down
		gatoega" da" steep ups and
			v
			v
			•
		(NC) downs in a path
		•
		toe-eu to go down a steep place in a path
			ga" toe
			v
			y
		•
		ga" tsm(tsm) a fork 1.n a path (gama gatsm)
			v
			v
			V
			v
			vv
		ga" yaw sulots of work to do ga ah-eu to fall into something ga byan-eu 1. to fall, crash down (esp. something made
			A
			v
			"'v
		of stones or bricks)
		2. for a large group to gather (as people)
		ga byah-eu 1. for something to fall in and fill up
		2. for sudden surrounding of something by large group of people (bandits) or animals (birds)
		ga bym-eu to fall into a pile (as leaves)
			vv
		ga dale-eu to fall on something and hit it ga do-eu to fall through ga-eu 1. for something to fall
			"'
			"n
			"
		2. to be nicked, as a machete (mi cehga-i-eu)
			v
			vv
		•
		-ga-eu, Jema -to lose in trading ga gaw"-eu for something to fall and be cracked
			v
		ga g'eu-eu to have fallen, but to be hanging down from
		something, partially suspended by it
		ga jiluall, everything
			v
			A
		ga ka-eu for something to fall (same as ga-eu)
		ga k'o-eu to bend over, as when weeding (aw k'o-eu)
			A
			A
		ga k'oev a speckled wood pigeon
		ga na-eu to fall and hurt oneself
			vv
		ga nui-eu to fall and sink into (a liquid) ga nuiseh-eu to drown
			A
			A
		""
		ga pat-eu to fall & break, split ga p1.-eu to fall and close (as in a trap) ga pu-eu to fall into some liquid ga puseh-eu to fall into a lake or river and drown
			"'v
			..,v
			""v
			,..
			,..v
		ga seh-eu to fall and die
			A
		ga tot-eu for some small thing to fall on one
			"'v
		ga tut-eu for something to fall and hit something on its way down
			"'v
		ga tuit-eu to fall into a pile (ga bymtta-eu)
			"'v
			"'
			..,v
		ga ui-eu for lots of people or birds to gather around something
			vv
		ga zahga-eu the Akha poetical way of describing how everything on earth came about ga.., doe-it-eu for the word to spread everywhere ga-eu 1. to hear
			v
			..,v
			..,v
		2.
			2.
				2.
				to love
			3.
				3.
				to pity (esp. when g'awshaga-eu)
					..,
					v
		..,
		ga-eu g'oet-eu (VC) to love
			..,v
			"'v
		ga..,t-eu yaw-eu (VC ) to love GalaIndians (Ga.., lana)
			A
		.., .., ..,
		a type of butterfly ga.., la.., ma.., naw'Gurkha fruit' gourd (cucurbitaceae,
			Figure
			..,
		cucurbita pepo)
		galamatawtawhaw-eu to look through field glasses
			v
			v
			A
			v
			v
		galamitsacement
			v
			v
			v
			v
		1·a na-eu to suffer from a venereal disease
			ga
			V
			V
			vv
		galapehtawa safety pin (lit.n, 'foreign fastener')
			v
			v
			v
			A
			-
		Galapyunwhite people
			v
			..,
			"'
		(B) arithmetic
			Figure
		gataw magataw-ehŁ to hear very faintly
			v
			v
			..,
		gahdzah-eu to be bound together (two pieces of wood, people, etc.n)
			v
			vv
		gah-eu 1. to be fast, as a bullet
			vv
		2. to be wild, as an animal
		gah ma a leafhopper
		(kahn) a spear (gahpa-the spear point) (CL) for a generation, but in a specialized sense
			gah
			v
			"'v
			v
			A
			gah
			v
		(mahdzahg'oegahli-eu -death for 9 genera­tions)
			v
			v
			v
			vv
			..,
		gahcehn(kah) a metal digging tool, for holes
			"'
			vv
		..,
		(verb) gah-eu to be in plentiful supply (jagah-eu) ho a type of rodent smaller than 'pyaiv'
			v
			A
			vv
			gah
			v
		..,
		yoe a spear handle gaw-eu (B) to lay stones or bricks
			gah
			v
			vv
		-gaw-eu, seu.., -for a tooth to ache badly gawlu.., (lu) a man's tobacco pipe
			vv
			v
			..,
		gawteu(teu) a tobacco pipe stem
			v
			A
			Av
		a woman's tobacco pipe
			Figure
		gaw ja (kah) a machine gun (B) paste, glue gawdoedoe-eu for a rooster to crow (ya poe
			vv
			gaw
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
		doe-eu)
			vv
		gawdu(du) ridges or spurs from main mountain
			v
			v
			vv
		gaw-eu a type of graft where they cut away bark and tie on some dirt for roots to start
			v
		•
		gawgua generic term for all ducks
			v
			v
		•
		gawJaw( j aw) a mountain
			v
			v
			v
		•
		gawJawdawdahthe base (foot) of the mountain
			y
			y
			y
			y
		•
		gawJawg'awpah near the middle of the mountainside
			v
			v
			v
			-
		gawjawjawlaa spur (lit., 'arm') going out from the main mountain
			v
			v
			y
			A
		•
		gawJawnahdeh (deh) a flatish area high up on a mountain
			v
			v
			"
		•
		gawJawu ... du (du) the top of the mountain gawmeuthe laws of the land, ways of govt. gawpu (kah) a mat (gawpu dzeu-eu -to weave it)
			v
			v
			v
			y
			...,
			v
			v
			A
		(noun) gawtidaw the height of ... (anyogaw·
			y
			v
			v
			v
			y
		ti.., aaw -the height of a water buffalo) to stand up gawyawyawdzaw dzaw-eu to learn to stand up, as an infant (yoe) a staff, a walking stick
			...,
			A
			A
			v
		Figure
		to pile things one on top of the other
			Figure
		the sound of a person crying geu.., geu-ehthe sound of rocks rolling down a hillside, or lots of people making a racket gm... ca• a Communist
			Figure
			,..v
			v
			-
		gm-eu together, sometimes means to be mutually dependent
		-gm-eu, meh ... baht-to be of one mind
		,..
		-gm-eu, nui ma -to agree with each other
		goyt-eu to search (that is, an official, or soldier, as for opium) go ... za-eu -to search and find
		to call back to someone who has called
			Figure
		-eu to cry out, to call out
			gu
			v
		gu" ga..,t-eu to call so that another can hear -eu to call to another person so he can hear (as when village priest calls to 'God') gu (CL) a pair, both animate and inanimate (maw" ne
			gu" tsa
			A
			"
		ti.., gu, kuitawti.., gu)
			"
			A
		"'
			cit
		gu.., (baw) a type of onion, they eat the stem
			..,.v
		gudzagudawla-eu to be afflicted by spirits
			"
			"
		.., ..,
		"
			"
			in their struggle for life
		gu-eu due to, responsible for gu ..,. 1i..,. (B) a coolie guti ti-eu to have a cramp in a leg or arm muscle,
			vv
		"
			"
			esp. common in pregnant women
		guideu-eu to wage war guiga (ga) the uncovered porches at the ends of the
			"
			A
			"
		houses
		gui" ga ceuv a covered porch just outside their door
		gui" ga k'aw" zeuposts for the uncovered porch
			"
		gui" g I 0,._ a mango tree (guijug'o) guit-i-eu to melt, as a metal
			•
			"
			OA ,
			V
			A
			"'v
			"
		•
		gui" lashelves in their homes, for utensils, food,
			A
		etc.
		0 ka-eu to make a case against a person in court oti-eu to fine a person, or make him pay a fine v
			Figure
			A
			,..
			A
		guisha., m-eu to wage war (flowery language)
			"
		to drill soldiers
			Figure
		gui byeha 'no-son person', when the youngest son in the family
			...
		gui conito be very dry, as clothes, country, wood
			"
			•
		•
		gu1-eu to be dry, as firewood
		2. to read or count
		3. when one has no curries, only ·rice to eat -gu1.-eu, law -to sun until dry
		,,.
		.
		-gu1.-eu, sahbo-to read a letter, book, etc.
			..,.
		,,.
		-gui-eu, si-to wipe dry -gui-eu, tsuie-to repeat one's genealogy gui haw-eu to count, or read, with the idea of seeing
			A
			.,.
		what is there gui ma (ma) the attic area of an Akha house (where
		they store things)
		gui ma dawdzm the ladder they use to get to the above gui pu nya miother villages (flowery language)
			v
			v
		gui sia minor infraction (as stealing someonee's fire­wood), calls for setting up drinks for elders
			A
		guiba a metal, esp. aluminum, also nickel and chrom
			v
			-
		ium, the metals used for pots and tins
		guiba (si) an alumeinum pot
			v
			v
		guiba oelaha cooking pot
			v
			v
			v
		guiv byeh(byeh) the brass condensing 'dishe' they
			v
			v
		using in distilling liquor guieceh a teakettle (la" tsoe) guielahblessing, luck guilahbaw-eu to have luck-blessing, to have worth
			..,
			.,.
			..,
			v
		.., ..,
		•
		gui.., lahesa" laba-eu to be weak in good things, to have a poor store of virtue, be sickly
			..,
			v
			..,
		guilahsaela" hui-eu opposeite of above
			•
			..,
			..,
			.,.
			..,
		guilahyaw dzahe(NC) blesseing, luck (with more to
			•
			..,
			..,
			"'
		come) guilo copper ore (actually a rock with copper in it,
			•
			..,
		they use for medicine)
		guishaa brassy taste in food guishmeany yellow metal other than gold gui.., shuie1. brass (as pots, etc.)
			•
			..,
			v
			•
			..,
			"'
			v
		2. copper (esp. when made into something)
		guieshuiemehbyathe copper coins from China with holes in them
			v
			"'
			y
			A
		guitso" 1. a large type of metal teakettle
			v
		2. a copper or brass thunderbold
		gaa{WM) two and a half old coins, the term used for
			"'
		fines and religious customs gadza..,a-eu for animals to graze
			A
		-gaa-eu, yaw ga-to be cold (a person to feel cold) ga-i-eu to walk as a four footed animal ga(kah) paddy seedlings ga-eu to trade in goods (jegaga-eu)
			"'v
			A
			A
			"a
			,.
			,,,v
			..,
			"'
			ol\
		gaJeu-eu to make a profit at trading gaseha-eu to planta·aa paddy seedbed gam-eu (B) to make a donation of money or animals
			,.
			..,v
			ol\
			..,v
		,,,v
		esp. to help poor people
		gaw(CL) used for streams or rivers gawabi paw downstaream
			"'
		gawa-i"a-eu to be stunted in growth (as when small chil­dren .carry loads too heavy for them)
			"'v
		gawameh" paw upstream
			"'
		to Join a group
			Figure
		geua-eu to sprain something (alate" geua-eu -to fall and sprain one's wrist)
			"'v
			..,
			,.
			"'v
		A
		-eua, seuageu -for one's teeth to chatter, as
			-geu
			A
			..,
		from the cold
		geupheasant
		,,,
		geu,1\-eu 1. to be so�ething, as to be a soldier,ablack­smith, etca.
		2. to stick something in (ayehageu-eu -to stick a flower in)
			v
			"'
			,.v
		3. to take, as when something offered to you -geu-eu, ha -to accept someone or something
		,.v
		geu-eua, lu -to take by force
			-
			,..
		-geu-eu, na" ha-to obey
		,..v..,
		-geu-eu, sha" noea-to study something (think about it) and do it
			,.v
			..,
		-eu I tse" -to choose out
			-geu
			,,_
		-geu... -eu, yun-to take and keep
			"
		geuk'o-eu to 'take back', as to take back one's wife after one has divorced her
			;\
			Ł
		geumaw ... -eu to want, to want to take gu"n-eu to be afraid
			;\
		to be fearful
			Figure
		-eu, noe-to think about something and be afraid -gu"-eu, tsaw-to be startled, jump from fright gu" seh ... -eu to be terribly frightened (lit.n, 'fright­
			-gu
			A.
			"
			"
		ened to death' )
		gu,.. cu ... -eu to sew up the end of a smallish bag, or cloth tube
		gu... dm-eu to sew and wear (clothes) gu-eu to sew gu... tm"-eu to sew up (as when spirits put medicine in
			,..v
		a shaman'ns stomach and then 'sew it up')
		119
		g'
		g'na" du for, on behalf of
		V
		g'na" g'naw.., a gecko (g'eh" g'aw) g'a-eu 1. to visit someone
			"
		2. for a boy to go to another village to court a girl g'a lu)
			g'na lu a little plaything for a child (za
			..,
		g'a lu m-eu the part of wedding ceremony where couple passes egg around them three times
			v
		g I a.., strength, energy
		g'a., (CL) for people
		g'a(FAP) used only in the negative, and with emphatic sometimes scoldy, statements
			v
		g'a-a enough, sufficient
		.,v
		g'a.., ah"-eu to have strength g'a.., ba..,n-eu to be weak {lit., 'strength thin')
		g'a., bawba-eu to take someone's side, and help them in an argument or court case
			A
			A
		to encourage someone
			Figure
		g'na.., byehbyeh-eu to be discouraged, esp. feeling that nothing will come of one'ns work, it isn.nfutile
			A
			A
		to be tired, exhausted
			Figure
		"
		g'a.., doemndoe"-eu {VC) to work and be tired
			v
		g'nav-eu 1. to win
		2. to be finished, enough
		(verb) g'a.,,-eu indicates the action is finished gapoe., wages, money one gets for work
			g'a
			v
			v
		great argus pheasantn· g'na_, ju.., la"-eu to become weak (from hunger, old age) k'na-eu to be strong
			Figure
			g'na
			v
			A
		g'ak'neh_, (k'neh.,) an opening in a building other than the door
			"
		Figure
		for one'ts strength to return
			Figure
		lag'oe dzadela-eu for a child to become big and strong enough to work
			g'a
			v
			A
			v
			v
			v
		the saddleback of a mountain
			Figure
		lahtpi-eu to dam up a stream and then catch fish where the water has run out (ngalahtpi-eu)
			g'a
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
			vv
		a valley
			Figure
		g'alawlawmehta roundish, rather steep gully that does not have water running down it
			v
			v
			v
			v
		to work for someone for a wage to work for a daily wage (NC) a propitious ('good') day to rest
			Figure
		g'anganga-eu to work for each other an equal number of days
			v
			v
			vv
		g'angatseht-eu to repay someone who worked for you by working the same amount of time for him
			v
			v
			A
		sha-eu to be prepared to expend all of one's energy in some task
			Figure
			v
		tsahtlahtsaht(NC) the area of the village and
			v
			v
			v
		the surrounding area (up to the fields)
		\
		yaw k'ato be strong
			g'a
			v
			A
		yui-eu to be sparing of one's strength
			g'a
			v
		followers, disciples
			Figure
		g'ahbyeha type of 'no-son person', one who has older and younger brothers when he dies
			v
			A
		g'ahcawv ni to be hard and stiff, as metals, stone, meat, etc.
			v
		g'ahceh in the middle to be hard, stiff, as metals, stone, meat
			v
		Figure
		to eat the noon meal g'ahla Akha name for May (approximately)
			Figure
			v
		12 1
		g'nahsia type of infraction that is fairly serious
			v
			A
		(as entering someone'ns home or paddy house) -must
		give a pig for this
		to be bent
			Figure
		to dig in a crooked manner g'awdi-eu to retract, as a snake retracting after
			Figure
			v
			A
		striking, or an earthworm retracting from something
		g'naw-eu to spin thread (salag'naw-eu) -g'aw-eu, sa-to breathe
			vv
			v
			v
			vv
			v
			"'
		g'awka-eu to transplant, as chili plants g'awk'no.,,.n-eu to pull something back
			v
			v
		g'nawlehn-eu to pull off
			v
			"'v
		g'nawleuhaw-eu to look up (baleuhaw-eu)
			v
			v
			A
			v
		the body (human or animal)
			Figure
		g'nawmawya-eu for the body to feel stiff from too much work
			v
			v
			vv
		g'nawpyawn-eu to turn to another direction (as turn­ing one'ns head to look)
			v
			vv
		-g'nawyeu-eu, tesa-to hold anote for a long time in singing, or for a cock to hold its crow
			v
			v
			v
			·n
		g'naw -fish)
			g'naw (g'naw) fish or snake scales (nga
			v
		g'naw-eu for domesticated animals to give birth
		g'aw tsi-eu for domesticated animals to be past the stage of having more offspring
			vv
		bu a radish
			g'aw
			v
		cawcawn-ehg'neh-eu to want to have goods or
			g'naw
			v
			A
			A
			v
		animals like others have
		-i-eu to separate
			g'aw
			vv
			vv
		g'awv jaw-eu to separate and live seperately
			vv
		kawa type of plant found in the jungle, they eat the leaves
			g'naw
			v
			A
		k'a a bitter green that grows wild
			g'naw
			V
			y
		Figure
		g'awloea type of greens that grow in an area that has been cultivated
			v
			v
		loe n1. to be big, large g'awmyahmag'eeh-ehbefore long (in time) mya many, a large number myahn1.for a long time nyoecurry, to eat with rice g'awnyoedzanyoe" (NC) various greens that can
			g'aw
			v
			•
			v
			v
			v
			v
			g'aw
			v
			g'aw
			v
			v
			•
			g'aw
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
		be eaten to cook curry paleafy vegetables
			g'aw
			v
			"'
		Figure
		sour greens cabbage
		g'awsi1. kidney (in some dialects)
			v
			v
		2. testicles of cocks and young boars (in other dialects)
		g'awshaesha-ehg'eeh-eu to be pitiable, as when lost a great deal to robbers
			v
			v
			v
			v
		to pity someone, to feel sad for them (NC) greens and vegetables
			Figure
		Figure
		g'awtsehŁ tsehe-eu to separate from, make a complete break
			v
			A
		g'awza dza-eu to eat a meal of separation at the time of a funeral or divorce
			"
			"
		g'eh also, too (ama g'eh -the mother also)
			v
		g'eh-eu indicates either the state of being or the trans­ition of the state of being
		(verb) g'eh-eu indicates the above (dawngehg'eeh-eu, dawahg'eh-eu, pag'eeh-eu, yu" g'eh-eu)e, esp. when the direction is down (as to take down)
			v
			v
			A
			v
			A
		g'eh la the Akha name for March (approximately)
		g'ehabawa cherry tree
			v
			v
			v
		g'eu di-eu to uncover something
			v
		g'eu dzeh-eu to pull apart, to pull and throw away g'eu-eu to pull -to pull a cart (as an ox) -g'eu la-eu, agah -for thorns to catch and pull
			-g'eu-eu, lan
			"
			law
			V
			""'v
			..,,
		(as catch in clothes as walk by) g'eu leh-eu to pull out, as to pull an arrow out g'eu pya-eu to tear something
			A
		..,v
		to tear something apart
			Figure
		-eu to pull to death (as a man tied to a horse that is frightened and runs) g'eu yaw-eu to skin something by pulling it off g'o-eu to chew
			g'neu seh
			A
			,..v
		..,,v
		g'onm"-eu to chew up
		..,,
		g'oen-eu to be friendly, to get along with others (g'noeŁ-eu ga-eu)
			"'v
		..,,v
		-g'oen-eu, la-to 'tame' someone so they will be kind and courteous to others
			"'v
			,.
		g'oe-eu 1. to trust someone
		2. to entrust a task to someone
		number nine -g'oe-eu, joe -to fill in a hole in the roof -eu taw -to completely enclose a place, sides
			Figure
			..,v
			-g'oe
			V
			/
		and top
		to make a temporary shelter g'ehn-i-eu to be separated (used mostly of animals) g'oah-eu to pick up (something fairly small) and
			Figure
			"'v
			"n
			"'
			""v
		put in (g'onun-eu) g'nonba-eu to put meat on something to roast
			"'
			"'v
			"'
		•
		ba..,, the wall by the door in their houses g'o" ba..,, lanyi-eunzaa child born out of wedlock
			A
			"'
			..,,
		..,
		;
		obymn-eu to pick up and put in a pile
			g'
			A
			"'v
		headed paddy
			Figure
		g'oceh-eu to compare two things by picking them up and putting them together
			A
			A
		g'OCU ZeUCU-eU (see cicu zeuncu-eu)
			A
			v
			v
			v
		the new rice offering
			Figure
		g'odocawn-eu to cut three stalks of paddy for their ancestor altar g'odui-eu to put a small object in a liquid to soak to 'peck and eat'n, as birds
			A
			A
			A
			A
			A
		Figure
		to bundle up old paddy stalks g'odzeh-eu to pick up a small objnect and throw away g'odzoe-eu to put three things (as paddy seeds)
			Figure
			A
			A
			v
		into a Y position g'o-eu to pick up (something not too large) g'nojah-eu to believe at face value (whether true
			A
			A
		or false) the opening of a door or gate
		Figure
		g'o" S1-eU to get the meaning, to understand g'oshaw-eu to understand
			v
			A
		g'otav-eU 1. to remember
			A
		2. to pick up (something small) and set it down
		g'otonsha-eu to support oneself on something, as a cane
			A
			""
			vv
		"" ""v
			ton
			ton
		g'o-eu to brace something up with a stick, log, or piece of wood
			A
		g'otu-eu to take a small thing and lean it against something else
			A
			vv
		g'o" tsaw" tsawn-eu to plant with the aid of a dibble stick
			""v
		g'otseh.,..-eu to bring weapon into position to use (as a gun, crossbow, machete, etc.)
			A
		g'o" yoe.., (kah) a straw
			g'o" yoe.., (kah) a straw
			daw_, tsa-eu to speak parting words (say farewell) g•oŁ dehla"-eu to come to life again g'o-eu to return (g'Ole-eu, le"
				g'oA
				Ł
				"'
				"'v
				A
				g'oA
				g'oA
				-
		la"-eu,
			·
		-
		eu, g'o-i"-eu depending on direction}
			A
		-g'o-eu, cehn-to run back (esp. of wife who leaves husband and runs home)
			"'v
			A
		for a path to be crooked to look back, to look behind -g'o-eu, ya" sm" -.nto return from working in one's
			A
		fields g'o-i-eu to return (down} g'ola"-eu to return (from a lower place)
			"'v
			"n
			A
		to return (up}
			Figure
		g'ole-eu to return (from a higher place}
			A
		Figure
		h
		ha
			ha
			v
		ceuceu-eu to sneeze
			v
		"
		ha-eu to greet, to welcome
		ha geu-eu to accept, as accept a new custom, etc.
			"t
		ha-i-eu, sha -to take something (small in size) to someone who lives at a lower point
			vv
		ha la-i-eu to go meet someone
			v
			"
		haha-ehthe sound of rustling (as an animal moving through the jungle)t, rain beating down, a dog growl­ing just before biting someone, etc.
			v
			"
			"
		hahdu" jalaa long-tailed sibia
			"
			"
			v
		hah-ahtright here (heu ga)
			v
			vv
		hahbyaa great hornbill (bird)
			v
			A
		hahbyahahtse the mixture a great hornbill makes around the female when she is setting
			v
			A
			v
		hahv caha crane (bird)
			v
		hahcah" dzeht-eu to be paralyzed (due to the shadow of a crane hitting one)
			v
			A
		hahg'teha wreathed hornbill
			v
			"
		hahnaa pied hornbill
			v
			A
		hahzalama a quail (k I ahzalama)
			v
			A
			v
			v
			.,
		"
		haw ... the palace of a ruler
			(B)
		hawbi paw (see kuibi paw)
			"
			v
		haw-eu and (nga" haw"t-eu nawI and you)
			v
			"
			-
		haw ba-eu to just be looking casually around, no set
			v
		purpose
		haw byo-eu to lose sight of something
			A
		haw deh-eu to be tired ('fed up') with seeing someone
			A
		haw doe-eu to look everywhere
		haw-eu to look
		(verb) haw-eu 1. to experience something
		2. to try something (mhaw-eu -to try doing)
			"
		daw-1. to wait and see
			-haw-eu
			I
			V
		2. to test someone -haw-eu, g'aw" leu" -to look up
		haw-eu pya-eu to look after something or someone (as people, animals, garden, etc.) (VC)
			A
		-haw-eu, saw-to try to figure out something
			"
		haw lah-eu to take care of, esp. in the sense of see­ing that nothing disappears
			"t
		haw maw"t-eu to look and see, or to happen to see something
			-
		haw mui-eu to be attractive, nice to look at
			"t
		haw pi"t-eu to care for someone so they wont't get sick or killed
		haw sa-eu to look at something without having any compunctions or embarrassment (often used in the negative)
			"t
		haw si-eu to look and know (as looking at a person and knowing he is the guilty party)
			"t
		haw te..,-eu to look after growing things, so that they do not get injured etc. haw tehaw pi-eu (VC) to care for people, animals, garden, etc. haw teh..,t-eu to stare at something without seeing it haw tseh"-eu to look across something (as a valley or
			..,
			y
		lake) to the other side
		haw tso"t-eu to keep one'ts eyes on just one thing, to stare at it cooked rice hawbeu.., ah"t-eu to dish up rice (for eating)
			..,
		Figure
		an owlet haw.., bu byaa long-tailed nightjar (bird) haw.., bu ma a forest eagle-owl
			Figure
			A
		hawbyawladaw-eu to prepare everything for a
			..,
			A
			A
		..,
		meal, and to have the table set
		Figure
		to feed someone a meal
		hawcaboiled, soft rice (wet rice, sometimes feed to sick people)
			v
			"
		hawca" daw-eu to boil rice and meat from a kill to­gether, and the whole village feasts on it
			v
			v
		hawv cehdalaa wooden spoon they use to stir rice while it is cooking
			v
			v
			A
		hawcehpyu-eu to stir up partly steamed rice, and sprninkle water on it, to get it to soften and get well-done
			v
			v
			v
		hawcehnon-glutinous rice hawka-eu to take cooked rice off the fire
			v
			A
			v
		.
			ci
			v
		hawcu cu-eu to wrap rice up in a banana leaf to take to the field or hunting
			v
		hawcu gato bring the uneaten part of the above back home
			v
			A
		hawdzahn-eu to be hungry, and must remain so
			v
			vv
		hawv dzawnbawlaw a type of bamboo, they use it to cook rice in when camping (thus the name)
			v
			v
		hawdzinsa-eu to keep a hot fire going under the rice (so it will cook quickly)
			v
			A
			"
		"' "'v
		hawehnehn-eu to cook rice in a pot (rather than
			v
		steaming it)
		hawga" cold rice that they carry to the field to eat in the middle of the day
			v
		hawgasha.., ceha dish with rice and meat in it that they use in their rituals, esp. for feeding the coffin
			v
			A
			v
		hawgaha small container woven of bamboo strips
			..,
			v
		with a lid (it is round)
		hawgu" a duck (many dialectical differences)
			v
		hawv g'aw(g'aw) a 'rice dish', woven, from which one
			A
			A
		or two sitting together will eat their rice
		hawjawjaw-eu to sit down to a meal (around the 'rice table')
			v
			v
			v
		hawjeh (jeh) a 'rice table' from which they eat rice. It is about 12t-16 inches high, round, and woven of rataan and bamboo
			v
		hawjeh shadah-eu to put the 'rice table' in posi­tion for eating (hawjeh sha-eu) hawjeula-eu for rice to expand ( as it is cooked) a type of rice noodles the Shans make hawkumat(hm) a wooden scoop used to dish up rice
			v
			v
			vv
			v
			vv
			v
			v
			vv
			_
			v
			v
			v
			v
		Figure
		hawk'ehtsui-eu to count the number of handfulls of rice a person takes when eating (in play)
			v
			v
			A
		hawlahdzalahlah-eu to dish up more rice and curry
			v
			v
			v
			v
			vv
		hawlahlah-eu to add more rice to a person'ts rice dish when it is getting low (while he is eating)
			v
			v
			vv
		hawlulu-eu to fry rice
			v
			v
			vv
		•
		hawm dzasag'eh-eu to cook rice and curry
			v
			v
			v
			A
		hawm -eu to cook rice
			v
			v
		•
		hawmehdzah-eu to be hungryt, and remain that way hawmeh-eu to be hungry (hawmeh" meh"t-eu} hawmehlo"-eu to have enough to eat hawmehsha-eu not to have enough to eat
			v
			A
			vv
			v
			A
			v
			v
			A
			v
			A
			vv
		hawnyawsticky, or glutinous rice hawsabah{bah) a wooden rice steamer haw sa la"-eu for the rice to be done
			v
			..,
			v
			A
			..,
			..,v
		V A
		hawsahlahma they use the leaves of this plant for a new mother to sit on
			v
			v
			v
		haws i (si) grains of rice
			v
			vv
		V
		hawshaw'holy' rice that they use in their ceremonies (it usually includes a boiled egg)
			v
			"
			-
		haw.., shui" dza-eu the very first rice they eat from their rice field
			..,v
		hawta" the mat over the fireplace (k'awta-pf.)
			"
			"
			A
		hawtah (tah) a wooden plank they put the rice steamer on between the two steamings, while they stir the
			"
		rice
		hawtah(ya) a rice cake (made of glutinous rice)
			"
			"
			A
		•
		hawtahhawjeh(jeh) a rice cake (see above)
			"
			"
			"
			"
		"
		•
		hawtibahone wooden rice steamer of rice hawtsehtsehdza-eu for a person to be able to
			"
			y
			"
			"
			v
			v
			"t
		make a very little curry go a long ways hawtsu.t(tsu•) a ball of rice, wadded up in the hand hawtsutsu"-eu to form the above
			v
			A
			"
			A
		hawv yoe yoe-eu to mix rice and curry together (as when they feed a very small child, or the dogs)
		he(WM) a thousand heh-(verb suffix) to take (see below) hehg'eh-eu to take (down) hehla-eu to bring (up)
			"
			vv
			--
			"
			"
		.,..vhehle-eu 1. to take (up)
			v
			"t
		2. to bring (down)
		heh(IP) here!, as when handing someone something, or when pointing out something
			"
		heh(FAP) used when encouraging the listener to accompany the speaker in a projtect he is about to undertake (Dzaw, ima heh. Come on, let's go.)
			"
			"
			"
			"
		hehnym-mtnow (in time) (nym-m, nym")
			"
			"t
			y
			"
			"
		heu-eu 1. to rake back (as with a mattock)
		2. to row
		heu gahere (this place) heu hui-i this big
			"
		heu kaw-eu to ecrape a line (as to demarcate something) heu lo-eh" like this heu mineh because of this
			A
			A
			v
		heu myani this many, this much
			A
		131
		heu mya" nah a couple or three days
		heu myah koemyah an indefinite time heu namatsemoreover heu na" na"-ehthis much
			1v
			v
			A
			v
			v
			v
		-hi-eu, mah-for a horse to whinny
			v
			v
		hmboloyeh" a coral ground mushroom, they eat hmboetahtcia large type of ground mushroom
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
		to pick mushrooms
			Figure
		hmngov a lesser panda
			v
		hm(CL) a very general designation for misc. objects,
			v
		often borrowed terms (NC) elegant, expensive clothes
		Figure
		hotbo" bala a type of bamboo gopher like an Indian gerbil
			v
		hotbo" banea type of bamboo gopher
			v·
			v
		ho byaw a small type of flying squirrel ho ca1. a general term for small rodents
		...
		2. a mouse or small rat
		bi
			bi
			v
		ho caceh a tree shrew
			,..
		ho cabyatsawa chipmunk ho cacabua male mouse or rat ho cacama a female mouse or rat ho ca ... ho gua run that rodents use ho caho k'toe a rat (the 'thief rodent•)
			,..
			v
			v
			,..
			,..
			v
			,..
			,..
			v
			,..
		V
		ho calak'teh a climber in the jungle, they eat the fruit
			,..
			,..
		ho-eu, ho a type of chanting while planting rice
			-
			-
		v
			a
		ho k'aa small, porcupine-like animal (feeds in the dark of the night)
			v
		ho laa type of rodent with a long snouth and terrible smell. Climbs trees, eats small rodents, chickens, some say fish. Is very smart.
			v
		..,
			lah
		ho a type of jungle rat, little larger than house rats
		ho nah 'rodent day' in their cycle of days (must not
		start an ancestor offering on this day)
		ho pigeneric for bamboo gophers
			..,
		ho pi.., doindoicommon hoopoe bird (ho pu doedoe)
			..,
			..,
			v
			..,v
		ho pi.., pi.., bumale bamboo rat
			..,
		ho pi.., pima female bamboo rat
			..,
		a porcupine
			Figure
		..,
			pu
		ho pubu.., a male porcupine .., v
			v
			pu
			pu
		ho ma a female porcupine ho pu doedoe(see ho pidoidoi)
			v
			v
			..,
			v
			..,v
		ho pyalaseha type of mole
			A
			A
			v
		ho shu..., a flying squirrel
		ho ye a type of wildcat, eats meat and fruit, similar to the Indian marten
		for a barking deer to bark hoe-eu the angry growl of a bear or pig when about to
			Figure
		..,v
		attack, or warning you away hulo hail (taboo word) a rataan mat
			v
		Figure
		..,
			hu
		si(si..,) cowrie shells used for ornaments, cere
			..,
			-
		monies, and gambling hu dza-eu (B) to take by force
			..,v
		hubaw ali first-born son
		.., ..,
		hubaw zafirst-born child
			...,
			..,
		meh hu to go before someone
			-hu -eu
			I
		V V V -
		hu.., nah day before yesterday
		hunah hu the day before the day before yesterday hui..,n-eu to be big
			..,
		..,
		hui.., za.., nyiza.., important and unimportant people
		a bamboo section used to carry water
			Figure
		i" bah.., meh.., k'eh.., a type of bamboo water.acontainer where a hole is cut near one end in the side
		for a spring to bubble up water
			Figure
		•
		v
			i
		bui-eu for water to boil
			vv
		buia"' ma whirligig beetles V
			'V
			i
			A
		• cawaa travel companion
			v
		'v ""
			'v ""
				'v ""
				l ceua(ceua) a water dipper made from a gourd
					"'v
				iCU water
					•
					v
					A
				v
					i
				cu-ahbu-eu to be carried away by water
					v
				,..vv
					i
				cu ... -ah" nya-eu to be able to swim, dive, etc.
				i" cu,.. bakaw(kaw) a pole for carrying water when
					A
					"
					v
				carry it by a shoulder pole
				i" cubya-eu to sprinkle water on something (ia
					A
					"'
				,.. cu,.. byasheh-eŁ)
					A
					..,v
				for water to flood i" cuadah-eu for water to be present
					Figure
				,.. ..,vv
					i
				CUdzui-eu to bathe
				A ,..vi" cui"' coea'sweet water'a, usually used to indicate s\r\reet tasting fruit drinks they buy in bazaar
					A
					"'
				v
					i
				to swim
					Figure
				CU
					A
				Figure
				a drop of water a gourd used for a water container
				iCUiso so-eu the sound of running water
					•
					v
					•
					v
					V
					v
				A
				Figure
				i" cui" tsehacold water
				,.. _..
				mosquito larvae i" CUk'aw -eu to carry water a well (lah du)
					Figure
					A
					A
				..,v
					Figure
				icu,.. lawk'aaw(k'aw) the water source for the viallage
					v
					v
					A
					,..v
				iacu,.. meh-eu to be thirsty
					"'
				,..v
				134
				""
					it
				cusheh-eu to water something, as plants in the dry season
					A
					..,v
				v
					i
				CUtsa.., poe(poe) rapids in a river ..,
					A
					y
					..,v
					i
				dehama an insect that lives in water, and stings didi-eu swim
					y
					v
					..,
					.,v
					..,
				itto (uitdidi-eu)
					'"'
					•
					""
					y
				when coming and going
					Figure
				...
					i
				dzawtSl. a wagtail (bird) an egret i-eu to go (from higher point to lower) ""
					""
					vv
					it
				Figure
				Figure
				geu (geu) the shelf in house where keep water pots
				an island
					Figure
				v
					i
				jeu.., jeu-eu for the water level to be high (lit.t, 'water swollen')
					vv
				.
				v
					'
				JU JU-eu to slobber
				kahtone's home 1. k'a ... -eu to go out of one's sight 1. k I awa wave of water, a high ripple of water 1 lah._,, hot water (iCU1 lah..,)
					1.
					•
					V
					""
					'v
					'v
					v
					'
					v
					v
					A
					•y
				1. of (iV lu1 lulu-eu)
					.
					...
					A
					.
					...
					A
					A
				lu" a wave water dzeh-eu, ""
					'v
					lat
				1. nawnawto trample on
					.,
					..,
				1. nene ... -eu for the water to be muddy
					'
					v
					v
				1. n1.birdlime, used to catch birds
					•
					v
					•
					..,
				i... ni.., atbawtthe tree they make birdlime from
					""
					""
				..,
					i
				niy da,..t-eu to put birdlime on limb to catch bird
				nma type of tree that grows near water
					•
					1.
					v
				..,
				the brain after awhile, sometimes later today
					Figure
				Figure
				V
				no c1.later on this evening
					•
					1.
					•
					A
				v
					i
				no na g'ahlater on this afternoon v A
					...
					i
				to pass through the middle of something
					pa-eu
				""
					it
				pu(si) a gourd used as a water container
					.,v
				..,
				..,, ..,,
					i
					a
				pu., neh the shoots of the gourd plant (they eat)
				puv coea type of gourd they eat, too thin for
					v
				use with water a large gourd used for water
				Figure
				isahni (verb) fairly • • • • to be fairly large)
					"'
					..,
				Figure
				a person who is destitute
					Figure
				v
					i
				shasha.,-eu to be very poor, hard up the village water supply
					v
				Figure
				V
				i shrnv
					v
					i
				Figure
				shoi urine
				v
					i
				shoi shoi-eu to urinate v
					i
				tui" tuin-eu to have the hiccups (uituitui"-eu)
					"'v
					v
					A
				v ..,,
					i
					tsah
				tsah-eu to darn up a stream (for fishing or v tsahntsah-eu)
					"'v
					for play) (ui
					"'
					..,v
				v
					i
				yah.., (kah) a fish net to pull fish out of water
					vv
				v
					i
				yah.., yah-eu to catch fish and crabs with a net or basket
					..,v
				..,v
					..,v
						ba
						)
					iy basin, serious wrong doing (i
						v
						A
				ibana-eu to be under the •curse' of sin and thus sick or suffering affliction of some kind
					..,
					v
					A
				"'
					ba
				i.., pi-eu to bear the brunt of one's sins, take• the consequences
				idehiceh quarrels, trouble
				.., ., .., indehiceh dola-eu for quarrels and friction to break out (as in a village)
					.,
					..,
					..,
					A
					vv
				"'
					lan
				i.., ma shathe ocean
					A
				today
					Figure
				•
				J
				...
					co
				JaV a crested bunting
					•
				jacu( si) a bell
					v
					v
					,..v
				•
				V hoa finch
					J a
					v
				laa shrike (bird)
					j a
					V
					v
				a jew'ns-harp ( j aoe") ..,
					jay oe
					v
					v
					ja
				paha loosely woven basket they use to trap small
					v
				•
				birds in
				japawdeh-eu to pull string to make bamboo clapper operate to scare birds away from field
					v
					A
				jasaw(ca) a rope made of cow hide
					v
					v
					A
				jateh" sheu-eu a trap made to drop on birds and kill
					v
				them
				jatseuna sparrow
					v
					...
				jatsigeneric for wagtails golden weaverbird one hundredth of a viss in weight
					v
					v
					j a (WM)
				Figure
				ja bo bo-eu to turn over a clay pot or dish and throw down to make a loud noise
				ja bu ja doe-eu (VC) to say malicious things about othersn, to gossip
					yv
				to have a friendly conversation ja caw,.. ja dzoe-eu (VC) to speak politely together Ja ceun-eu to praise ja di lazeuna type of insect that lives in water
					Figure
					..,v
					vv
					"
					"
				ja doja meh-eu (VC) to confess something, reveal something previously hidden
					A
					,..v
				ja doe" ehdoe-eu to make slanderous remarks to a person'ns face
					v
					vv
				Ja du-eu to discuss and reach a firm conclusion -ja-eu, ya" k'a-to judge
					"
					v
				ja guia little platform on which they make certain offerings
					v
				137
				Ja k'ah tso-eu to put ceremonially prepared bamboo strips up over both doors
					A
				ja leh (si, leh) 'rice ballst' used in ceremonies
					vv
				ja maw maw-eu divining where lost or stolen articles are ja meh-eu to explain, to tell
					v
				ja noe-eu to remind a person of something, or challenge him to stir him up and wake him up
					vv
				ja pya-eu to 'tear down' some project by saying things that will hinder it
					A
				ja pyawt-eu to twist what someone has said to make it be the opposite
					"'v
				•
				Ja pyu.., ni at once, right away (point of time)
				"'vv
					.
				Ja sawt-eu to discuss atcertain matte_r (ja saw" ja u-eu)
					.
				.
				seh-eu to brag (often without justification)
				ja tsav ja tsah-eu (VC) to discusi terms of reconciliation with two parties not in agreement
					v
					-
				ja tseht-eu to say the final word
					"'v
				"'v
				a ut-eu to discuss the possibility of things taking
					J
					•
					·
				place
				jaboloyehta flower (they wear it)
					v
					"'
				.., ..,
				jacehtceht-eu to whistle
					v
					"'
					"'v
				"'
					dat
				jav geu-eu to wear ornamental clothing on special occasions to impress others (as swagger stick)
					A
				.
				-eu to call a domesticated animal (esp. dogs & cats), or to call wild animals so as to kill them
					J
					a
					vv
				ja-eu, mehja.., -to call wild animals with a leaf or bamboo whistle so as to kill them
					"'v
					v
				"' "'
					jat
				jagugatweeds and undergrowth in the jungle (jatga)
					..,
					v
					"'
					A
				jaguv lu a plant used to make curries tasty i3.W a type of red rice jale'.htthe wind (ja.,. lehtbaw-eu -the wind blows)
					v
					myah
					v
					]av g
					I
					.,.
					"'
					"'
				ja"' lehtlehbyoe mythical wind hole (in legends)
					"'
					v
				an ant lion (insect)
					Figure
				a whirlwind to blow to tell a lie
					Figure
				Figure
				nehneh-eu to send something by black magic to enter one'ns enemy
					ja
					.,.
					A
					A
				janehpo-eu to send back the above, also by means
					"
					A
				"
				of black magic
				a type of large firefly jasawnthe coral tree (Papilionaceae, erythrina
					Figure
					"
					A
				stricta), make rice steamers from this
				•
				••
					""'
				Jasawna... Jl the black bulbul
					v
					y
				""'
					.
				a jungle tree, sometimes use leaves as bait when fishing with a hook
					J a ... sawnk'a
					y
				.
				tsi ... nyoe" the long-tailed broadbill (bird) jahceh ceh-eu to have a race at doing something ""'v
					Ja
					v
					...
					don
				jah-eu to make something from something else jah" doe-eu to do something bad to someone jah"-eu to make (usually to make something of wood
					v
					vv
				for the home), or to prepare (as food)
				to make meat curry, espn. for special occasions
					Figure
				to cook curry
					Figure
				jah" geu-eu to act a part (as to act as if one is a spirit priest even when one is not)
					Ł
				jah" g'eh-eu to be haughty, thinnk oneself better than others
				jah k'o-eu to get even with someone, repay them for something bad they did to you
					...
					A
				jah" mui-eu to repair wooden things that can say 'jah"-eu' for jahsa-eu to fix something so it won'nt break or spoil to straighten things out between enemies
					"n
					v
					A
				Figure
				139
				jahtsoe-eu 1. to fill in a small hole with something (as a leaf)
					v
					vv
				2. to replace something you borrowed and wrecked
				jah-eu to believe
				jahcaa type of jungle tree, they eat the fruit
					v
					v
				jahci-eu a game like checkers they play at wakes
					v
					.,v
				a spirit which causes arms and legs to swell jamhaw-eu to be obsttinate, to go your own way in spite of warning of others
					Figure
					v
				the 'bosst' (usually used in sarcastic way)
					Figure
				jawbaba"-eu for a person to boss others around, but he does not help out
					v
					v
				to be tired of staying (as in hospital) j awdu( tsah V) a living place jaw" dzaw-eu the habit of doing something, way of
					Figure
					v
					v
				living
				jaw-eu to live, to stay, to be present (animate)
					v
				a living place
					Figure
				jawgaw-eu to live together (as when two villages
					v
					A
				move together and become one)
				j awj it-eu to move a· short disttance away
					v
					""
				jawk'ahthe section of the country where one lives jawk'awpi-eu a fairly polite way of saying that
					y
					v
					v
					v
					vv
				a young person (either boy or girl) has had sexual
				intercourse (and thus will now grow into an adult)
				jawla the Akha name for February (approximately)
					v
				jawla yamthe dry season (as opposed to raining and cold)
					v
					v
				jawnah a 'sabbatht' day, a holy day, when they must not go work in their fields
					v
				jawpa"t-eu to move a short disttance away (jawjit-eu)
					v
					v
					""v
				v ..,
					pa
				-jawpa·t-eu, meh., tsoe., -to change one's clothes jaw" sa" do"t-eu to be in good heal th ·
					v
				to be unable to stand something jawtsasila-eu to come to know the right way to
					Figure
					v
					v
					y
					vv
				live (proper behavior, etc.) jawtso" ta..,,n-eu to loaf around doing nothing jawtsoen-eu to block the way for someone with one'ns
					v
					v
					v
				body jawzanpaw-eu to move ('flee') to a new location jawzashale-eu a polite way of saying a girl is
					v
					"'
					v
					v
					v
					v
					vv
				pregnant out of wedlock
				jaw (WM) 1. a cycle of days (an Akha week)
				2. one time around -Jaw-eu, caw -to help someone, as you work with them
				. .
				-Jaw-eu, gaJaw -to go around a village (not through) jaw-i-eu (B) to help someone
					v
				jaw pa-eu to figure up at the end of the year what each family still owes the village fund
					A
				Jaw-eu to stalk someone or something (as game)
					v
				(verb) jawv-eu doing something in a circle (g'ov
					A
					m
				-eu, cijaw, cah jaw-eu, jaw-eu, etc.n)
					jaw
					v
					v
					v
				..,, ..,,v
				-jaw-eu, hawnjaw-to sit down around 'rice table' for a meal
					vv
					..,
					v
				jawjaw..,,-ehn1. for a group to surround someone or
					"'
				..,
				something
				2. for someone or something to keep walking around a certain place (as a leopard circling a village)
				J. a poor type of rataan
					aw k' a
					4
				V
				Jawun-eu to surround a place in order to get in, or
					v
					"'v
				to surround one'ns enemies
				small scales for weighing things
					Figure
				..,,
					je
				(FAP) follows a direct quote
				"'
					jen
				le(B) a clerk, secretary
					v
				"'
					jen
				lo ni to be wide
				"'v
				jepanka pan-eu to rotate one'ns crops (jawpaka pan-eun, jehpa" ka pan-eu)
					"'
					"
					v
					y
					"'v
					v
					"'v
				141
				Japan
				jepapa-eu to change to something or someone else (as rotating duty)
					v
					y
					vv
				( CL) a kind
					je
					v
				inheritance
					Figure
				bio-eu for the father to specify what inheri­tance each son will get
					je
					v
					v
					A
				byeh polite way of referring to 'animal rejects' (see jecaw)
					je
					v
					v
					A
				(NC) referring to the elders {polite)
					Figure
				cawany 'animal reject', which because of abnormal birth or abnormal actions, must be killed
					je
					v
					A
				one'ns close friends (polite)
					Figure
				dzeh dzaduthe place outside their village where they eat the 'animal rejects' (jev caw) polite term for 'animal rejects' (jev caw) -eu 1. to sift
					je
					v
					v
					v
					A
					Av
					je
					v
				Figure
				2. to scrape or rub
				for it to thunder
					Figure
				to trade gajeka g'neh-eu to engage in trade (as occupation)
					Figure
					je
					v
					A
					v
				one's money and goods
					Figure
				to prepare something ahead of time hu 1. the first (in time)
					Figure
					je
					v
				2. in tre front
				'
				smbaw ada)Jeja" da a rich person (sm
					Figure
					v
					v
					v
					av
					v
				.
				Jejev-ehto rub in with a back and forth motion
					v
					v
				.
				Jelaba-eu for the 'soul' of a domesticated animal to flee
					v
					v
					vv
				the original investment (when trading)
					Figure
				ma ga-eu to lose in trading
					Je
					v
				Figure
				.
				Jev-ok a... 10 any type of transparent rock, including glass
					v
					1
				.
				shi
					shi
					...
				Ja general term for plague among domesticated
					e ...
				animals ( j eshishi-eu to die of plague)
					..,
					"'
					...,v
				Je... shi ... k'na dzena vulture
					•
					"'
				V
				.
				Jeshuinyaw gahto be smart, have great wisdom
					..,
					"'
					v
				tmfor the sky to be clouded over, with low clouds or fog prevalent
					je
					..,
					..,
				etmnen-eu red clouds (at sunset or sunrise)
					J
					.
					...
					..,
					"'
				tmyu-eu for ground fog to be present (as in the mornings of cold season)
					je
					..,
					..,
					A
				jeyehnthe great spirit that protects animals (they
					"'
				..,
				pray to him when animals are sick)
				J ezaanimals (whether domesticated or not) zaje.., ku(ku) an animal shelter
					...
					..,
					je
					..,
					v
					""
					A
				.
				shinfor animals to have some plague jeh-eu to be thin (as a personn_nor animal) jeh ngawnni to be thin
					Je... za ... J
					.
					e
					y
					"'
					"'
				j eu1. a kind
				...
				"'
					an
				2. a clan (tsawnJeu, jeu..,) dzaw-eu to learn the Shan self defensive dance
					"'
					..,v
					jeu
					..,
				-eu something can be done, but will be very diffi
					jeu
					..,v
					-
				cult
				(verb) jeu ... -eu indicates expansion (either physical
				"'
					in
				or financial) (ahjeu-eu, jeujeu-eu, za-eu, haw ... jeulan-eu, etc.)
					.,
					.,v
					.,
					..,v
					..,
					jeu
					..,v
					..,
					"'v
				Ł
					o
				jeu ... le le-eu (VC) to expand, for someones offspring to multiply
				ceremony to increase one'ns life span "' "'
					Figure
					j
					in
					jin
				(noun) also, too (nga-I also) j inbarice liquor
					"'
					"'
					..,
				"' "'
					jin
					jin
				bacehfermented rice (sell in market) "' "'
					..,
					v
					j
					in
					j in
				ba.., pehthe rice that is left after distilling liquor
					A
				jibajisia small pot of fermented rice they make for their ceremonies
					v
					v
					v
					v
				jibajiteua small bamboo tube to 'suck up• the fermented rice (above), although usually dried up
					v
					v
					v
					A
				•
					•
					V
				bak'a-eu to pour rice liquor for someone
					J
					•
					l.
					V
					vv
				jibasabahthe wooden container used for dis­tilling liquor
					v
					...,
					A
					"
				ji" baa knife, as a hunting knife (mi ceh" jiba)
					A
					v
					A
				•
				all
					Figure
				l.
					J
					•
					V
				jidaw" k'ama a very heavy drinker
					v
					A
				ji" dzeu(dzeu) the metal roller in the cotton gin
					A
					Av
				to be finished
					Figure
				ji" gugu-eu for a boy to sleep with lots of difŁ ferent girls
					A
					A
				jig'aji" yeu a drongo, if it fliŁs over a village and calls out, means someone will die
					v
					A
				•
				haha kingfisher
					J
					•
					l.
					V
				"
				• • V
					.
				euprofit from trading
					J
					l.
					J
					...,
				• •
					.
					.
				V
				J eueu·-eu to make a profit from trading
					J
					l.
					.,
					J
					..,
				•
				.,
					. .
				JOe a black drongo ji" joe aw-aa hair-crested drongo j ijoe gui" a bronzed drongo
					J
					l.
					A
					,..
					"
				a racket tailed drongo ji" ju,.. jipyeh a white-browed fantail flycatcher
					a racket tailed drongo ji" ju,.. jipyeh a white-browed fantail flycatcher
						Figure
						v
					ji" joe mi
						.,
				"'
					jit
				k'eh.., pah le"t-eu to 'open the paddy house'
				to makes lots of fermented rice for
				•
					Figure
				ceremonies
				j1.,, mu ia" maw" some type of intestinal worm (they differ as to whether pinworm or tapeworm)
					.,,
				a plant they plant for med. (stomach trouble)
					Figure
				• •
					J
					l.
					V
				n1. all
				ji" seh ... -eu to run out of, esp. when speaking of money (lit.t, •used up to death')
				. .,
					.
				shortened form of jibajiS
					Figure
					y
					y
					y
					l.
					y
				J l.
				jisiy teuŁ da-eu to pretend to be sucking up 'liquor' from the fermented rice pot
					y
					A
				J l.
				Sian infraction against someone's paddy house
					A
				• • y • • y • • y
				teu" (see bal. teu")
					J
					l.
					J
					l.
					y
					J
				•
					. .
				l. (WM) 25 Vl.SS, as when speaking of pork (not used for everything)
					J
				Jl-eU to clear, as a field (yaji ji-eu)
					v
				. .
				Jl la-eu for a tree to be about one cubit high
					v
				•
					. .
				Jl nu1. one-quarter of a viss (WM)
				• •
					a
					v
				Jl yaw bawa type of large herb that has a bulb they sometimes feed pigs, or eat
					v
				jm lojm jawk'eh-eu a ceremony held one year after an elder has died
					A
					v
					v
				•
				Jm zeuthe post that the center wall in home is
					v
				attached to
				di-eu to stamp an official seal , this generation)
					jm
					v
					v
					jo generation {heu jo-a
					v
				ba a warm area (as warm place to plant seeds) joe ah-eu to wriggle into (on one's stomach) joe-eu 1. to crawl on stomach, as a snake
					jo
					v
					...
				2. to roof something over
				-joe-eu, deh-to push and skid along a medium sized object
					v
				-joe-eu, ngaw-to push or grapple some big object along, skidding it
					v
				-joe-eu, tahJoe -for dacoits to commit armed robbery
					...
				-joe g'eh-eu, naw ... -to slip, but not fall all the way to the ground
				-eu to repair by filling in (as hole in roof) joe joe-eh ... cah-eu to crawl along (.used of a snake)
					joe g'oe
					vv
				-eu to roar (must be member of cat family, as tiger, leopard)
					joe
					v
				-joe-eu, zajoe-for a shuttle to pass through the threads (in the weaving process)
					vv
					A
					v
				judoa type of plant, use in medt., and sometimes
					v
					A
				chop up with meat (slightly bitter)
				to be slippery (yaw ju)
					v
				v v
					ju
				-ju-eu, mu-to tempt someone to do wrong
					vv
				-ju-eu, seu-to scrape off
					vv
					A
				jug'omango tree (guig'o) juma (nui) a glass bead (they buy) jutsui ni to be clean, slick juza,...t-eu to go hide (usually used when children are
					v
					A
					V
					A
					V
					A
					v
					v
				playing)
				ju bahv the bamboo section of the ancestor altar which holds the heads of paddy
				ju da(dzm, pair) chopsticks (yu da)
					v
					v
				.
				JU-eu to trust (shaju-eu, g'oe-eu)
					v
				plural for people, like 'deu' (sinya-eu ju-a, the ones who know)
					ju
					v
					vv
					v
					v
					v
				-i-eu to become weak (used of humans getting weak, also of inanimate objects such as a rope sagging)
					ju
					vv
					vv
				. JUv
					. JUv
						. JUv
						k'oe
						tmvv-eu
						for
						there
						to
						be
						low
						lying
						clouds
						or
					TR
						fog
						(juA
						k'toev
						tmvv-eu)
					.JUv
						.JUv
						k'oe
						zahvv-eu
						for
						the
						clouds
						or
						fog
						to
						make
						it
						very
					TR
						dark
						(juA
						k'oev
						zahvv-eu)
				juimolar and canine teeth of humans and animals, also for tusk of elephant
					v
				jui-eu to remember very well
					v
				-jui-eu, mehjui-to want someone elset's goods or wife
					vv
					v
					v
				juik'eu ni to be smooth, clean, bare (nothing there)
					v
				Figure
				ja"-eu to have (only used of certain inanimate objects) -ja-eu, nui ma -to have a grudge against someone
					A
				ja" ga" the undergrowth in the jungle j a" gunj a• meuntrash, things that sweep out and throw away (ja" guja" mya) jag'a., 1. medicine
					"'
					"
					"
					"
					"
				2. poison (as when they fish with it)
				ja" g'av cini a jungle vine, use it in med. ja" g'na., tsaw-eu
					v
					"
				to injnect medicine
					Figure
				a jungle plant, eat the fruit and shoots
					Figure
				"'
					ja
				tsoen-eu to block a place by putting something there
					vv
				Ja-eu to be done (when speaking of cooking rice)
					"'v
				gaw" ma dzuin-eu a type of itch they get, esp.
					ja
					,..
					"'v
				"
					a
				in rainy season
				Jaw-eu 1. indicates relationship of people
					,..v
				2. indicates the recurrence of malarial attacks
				.
				jaw ... -i (WM) a viss
				•
					.
				Jawj i Jawg'eurubber
					,.
					V
					,,.
					,.
				• V
				• •
					.
				JawJi Jaw'aa house swift jeh,. ah-eu to scrape into jehnbym(bym") a pile of unburned branches etc.
					"
					,..
					g
					A
					"n
					"'
					"
				jeh" dzeh-eu to scrape or shave away "'v"'
					jeh
				-jehn-eu, dawn-for water to cause soil erosion
					"
				-jeh-eu, jehn-to shave (with a sharp knife)
					"'v
					"'
				"
					u
				a rake (usually wooden)
					Figure
				jehkaka-eu to rake something up (as weeds, etc.)
					"'
					"'
					"'v
				A tev ( te) pork ribs given as part of ritual or ceremony (jehtejehndzm-when two joined)
					jeh
					v
					"'
					"
					"'
					v
				indicates a piece of something a blue rock thrush jeh,.. nelah-eu a ceremony they have the day after a burial (of an elder)
					Figure
					"
				jin-eu to move, from one place to another (verb) ji-eu indicates something is moved, and how (yuji-eu, ngawjin-eu, dehjiŁ-eu, etc.) jo-eu to wash dishes and pots
					""v
					A
					v
					A
					v
					""v
					v
					"'v
				to rinse out mouth
					Figure
				•
				-eu, uma" -to 'wash the stomach' by giving an
					-JO
					A
					V
				enema
				jowaist (of a person)
				...
				•
				{WM) one 'load', made up of two baskets full
					JO
					...
				dzahthe brightly decorated cloth that Akha women wear at their waist, which hangs down in front
					jo
					A
					v
				.
				dzahdzah-eu to wear the above
					"
					"n
				A
					JO
				•
				pa(pa) a belt (jopa" pa-eu-to wear a belt)
					JO
					...
					A
					A
					A
					...,
				•
				to" a belt either made of silver, or with a big
					JO
					...,
				•
				silver buckle in front, that men wear
				.
				tsia belt made of braided cotton thread ju-eu, nyehto massage a leg or arm
					-JO
					A
					v
					-
					"'v
					...,
					-
				• •
					V
				JU-1 -eu to be wrinkled (as skin) k'oetm-eu (see JUk'oe tmv -e·u)
					...,
					J
					U
					A
					V
					"
					v
					V
				ukoezah"n-eu (see koezah-eu)
					J
					•
					""
					1
					V
					J
					•
					U
					v
					1
					V
					v
				juidzeh-eu to shake off (and leave)
					A
				-eu 1. to beat (as with a stick}
					jui
					A
				2. to shake something -jui-eu, da" cuito switch something or someone -jui ... -eu, dawmifor an animal to wag its tail
					A
					v
					v
					v
				-jui-eu, nga·njui-to fish with a hook and line
					A
					vv
					"'
				juimi-eu to hook a fish
					A
				-eu to sprinkle by shaking something
					jui..., sheh
					v
				k
				Figure
				V (WM) one-tenth of a viss
					ka
				kadaciv-eu to offer nine things to spirit of 'terrible death' so person wounded at such a site will not bleed to death
					v
					v
				kadah lawheu type of Chinese rainhat kadi-eu to set a maximum price for some item within a village occurs with incluse imperative (let'ns go) ka-i-eu to separate (as boards in wall separating as they dry)
					v
					v
					v
					v
					vv
					v
				Figure
				Kak'na boethe Kachin people (Ka)
					y
					y
					v
					vv
				..,
					ba
				kala-eu for the 'soul' of paddy to flee u1..., -eu to call the soul of the paddy back
					v
					v
				Figure
				kanyoenpym la-eu for a planted field to be covered with young plants kapyaw{pyaw, pyaw) a wall (gapyaw, kapyawn) an open, flat drying mat made of bamboo ..,
					v
					..,
					vv
					v
					v
					"'v
					vv
					v
					vv
					"
					v
					ka
				Figure
				te
					te
						te
						v
					te-eu to make the above
						..,v
				a loesely woven net-like bag they carry
					Figure
				the spirit that watches paddy
					Figure
				kayeh" lawkah.., the secondary gate of a village, with boards used in chasing spirits from village
					v
					v
				..,
					ka
				yehyeh-eu the ancestor offering when they chase the spirits out of their village
					A
					A
				ka do-eu 1. to rescue out of (either by effort, or by giving money)
					A
				2. to fall out of something ka-eu to plant (cehka-eu -to plant rice)
					..,
				(verb) ka-eu to drop to the ground, throw to the ground, plant in the ground (cika-eu, dalehka-eu,
					A
					v
					v
				deuka-eu, dzaka-eu,netc.n)
					A
					A
				-ka-eu, dzoema -when the elders choose a village priest
					v
				149
				eh
					eh
					v
				-ka-eu, heh-to clear one's throat
					v
				-ka-eu, guio-to make a case against someone
					v
					A
				-ka-eu, haw -to look on down below
				-ka-eu, laka -to open up a hole for seeds·twith a small hand hoe (langeuy)
					A
					A
				-ka-eu, sag'aw-to exhale
					A
					v
				-ka-eu,
				to jump down
					Figure
				-ka-eu, uma-to have diarrhea
					...,
					A
				ka-eu, uihuito sigh from tiredness -ka-eu, ya u-to lay an egg ka g'awka dzatall food that is planted by people
					"
					v
					A
					v
					"
				ka k'o-eu to save, to save back (tot.tbring back to the place it was originally)
					A
				ka lah-eu to keep in protective custody (kalah­eu, . not pf.)
					"t
					"
					"t
				(verb) ka le-eu for the custom to have come down from one's ancestors (jahtka le-eu, dzaka leu-eu)
					A
					"
					A
					v
					A
				ka neh-eu to bestow upon (as power or position)
				...,v
				a wild lily
					Figure
				ka tehpineapple (ka" teh) ka yaha plant like caladium, but larger
					A
					A
					"
				ka..., intthe interval (G'toenah tsetnah katinah "
					·t
					v
					"
					v
					v
				cah dzanat-if we go hunting after 9 or 10 days)
					v
				ka...,t-eu 1. to be distant (ga" ma ka-eu -long ways off)
					...,v
				2. to cover something, as a hole (dehka-eu)
					v
					vv
				-ka-eu, kuv ka..., -for a gully to form by erosion
					vv
				-ka-eu, pyawka-to wear glasses
					vv
				..., ...,
				"
				-eu yoet-to flow down and cover over kalo zeutthe middle house posts
					-ka
					V
					I
					...,
					"
				kamu(B) bread, bakery goods
					...,
					v
				kapit-eu to reconcile two parties who are fighting
					...,
					"t
				kapi(B) coffee
					"'
				...,
				ka.., saw(B) noodles with sauce kah(CL) 1. for clothing (ladi, u.., dzah, etc.)
					v
					v
					A
					vv
					v
				2.
					2.
						2.
						for tools (deuha, yehma, langeun, etc.)
							A
							v
							..,
							A
							vv
					3.
						3.
						for fishing and hunting (ka, iyah, etc.)
							Av
							v
							vv
					4.
						4.
						for household goods (puinje, huseu,n-za
							..,
							v
							v
							v
				ma, buinka, ag'aw, etc.) v
					v
					..,v
					v
					A
					a
				5. for very long things (sakah, kah, gama, etc.)
					v
					vv
					vv
					y
				kahbaha cord used in a spear trap (made from the
					v
					v
				'zaw' tree)
					vv
				to stretch the above across path
					Figure
				kahci(hm) a violin-like instrument
					v
					Ł
					v
				kah" cici-eu to play the above
					A
					A
				kah" pyua type of vine, they eat the fruit
					v
				kah (CL) used for small stems (ga, lakah, g'o
					A
					A
					A
				Figure
				kah(CL) 1. for sprouts
					kah(CL) 1. for sprouts
						v
					v
						a
				2. for long things (dakaw..,, to, etc.)
					v
					A
				a type of tree, they eat the fruit
					Figure
				a small tree (not big enough for lumber)
				kam-eu (B) to suffer (kam-eu) kam-eu (B) (see above)
					y
					v
					vv
				v "'
					sa
					kin
				-kam..,-eu, -(B) to witness to something, to testify for someone in a court case v
					a
				-kawn-eu kaw-to make the framework (as a house)
					"'v
					v
				I
				-kaw-eu, shmkaw to erode, to rust
					v
					-
				kaw maw a very large gun (as cannon)
				kawduty or custom charge for goods kaw ( CL) 1. for sticks and poles (icubakaw,
					v
					(B)
					v
					y
					A
					A
				"'
					da
				kaw, etc.)
					vv
					..,v
				...,v"'v
					(ya
				2. for fields , sha.., yan, ya" peu, etc.)
				..,v
				kawbyah(see kubyah)
					v
					v
					..,v
				..,
				...,
					du
				kaw..., (du) a very long stick (keep chickens away,
					vv
				knock down fruit, etc.)
				15n1
				kaw lah" the neck
				...
				kaw ... pasha-i-eu to carry an unamed dead infant in a split bamboo to bury in the jungle
					A
					"n
				kawpyadry twigs, with no leaves on them
					v
					"
				dung (ce)
					vv
				... keu jaw"n-eu to work for father-in-law and live with him (lu keugeu-eu -from the Shan)
					ke
					v
					A
				keu ka tools, instruments
				-keu ... dza ... -eu, ba la -for the moon to go into an eclipse
				keu ... dzeh-eu to burn away
				keu-eu 1. to mix something (keuleso le"-eu)
					...
					v
					v
				2. to set fire to something (ya" keu ... -eu) -keu ... -eu, tseh... -to hoe something into soil & mix
				-keu ... -eu, ya ... yeh -to slit the opiumn.npods
				keula-eu to start a fire with live coals
					...
					A
				keu... pi"n-eu to burn around something so as to pro­tect it from getting burned later
				kmceh" (ceh") a fence
					"
				•
				kmmaw a person who ru:1._es l.n a certain area
					v
				kmtuia fence or barricade to keep people or an1mals from going somewhere kmtuituipa-eu to make the above ko moko ... toto"-eu to turn a somersault, either a
					v
					A
					-
					v
					A
					A
					A
					v
					v
				...
				person, or tree ku" ceh-eu the proper thing to call someone ku-eu 1. to call
					v
					"n
				2. to scorch
				-ku"-eu, la" ku" -to call a soul back that has run away
				ku" k'oto call back
					,.v
				-eu
					.
				greater green-billed malcoha
					Figure
				kumaw a ... da (B) the top govt. official in the area
					v
				noen-eu to call and wake up someone asleep Ul -eU to call together (as for a meeting)
					Figure
					v
				v
				ku (B) subordinate rulers, as rulers whon·nare over a section of the land, but under another superior
				kuah-eu to dip up something, as curry
					v
					"'v
				kubaha bamboo section that poor women wear at the waist to keep cotton etc. in
					v
					v
				kubyahthe throat (kawbyah)
					,,,
					v
					V
					vv
				su-eu for the throat to be constricted (as
					byah
					,,,
					"'v
				when one has a bad cold)
					ku
					"
				kucu (cu, si,,,) a gourd that has been cut so it can
				,,,
				be used for a cup
				,..
					da
				ku,,, -eu to dish up things and put on the table for eating (esp. curries, but not rice)
				ku-eu to dip (esp. water) (i" cuku-eu -to dip water)
					"n
					,.
					"n
				ku,,,-in-eu to be wrinkled, messed up, used of things such as paper, wing of a bird, flat metal, etc.
					v
				kuka,,, (ka,,,) a gully made by erosion
					v
				kukav ka,,,n-eu for a gully to form from erosion
					v
				ku,,, pyusweat
					"
				v
					ku
					"
				ku,,, pyutsanju ni m-eu (VC) 'sweated and toiled' kutawn-i to be wrinkled, as skin (ju,.n-i-eu) ku,,, tsan(tsa) a spoon
					v
					v
					"
					""
					vv
					Ł
				,.
				kui" bahv (gu) a female'ns leggings kuibahbah-eu to wear the above kui" bi paw the side of the house the feet point (as
					v
					v
					"n
				they lie down)
				"' ""v
					cawn
				kuicaw" a lame person (kui" cawn-eu) kuiCUcu-eu for one'ns feet to be tied together kui" culacucun-eu to tie hands and legs dah to have no foot, or no leg, or to be missing
					v
					v
					A
					"'v
					,.
					,.
					,.
					,.v
					kui
					V
				V
				a part of either (Akhas kill this kind of infant)
				153
				kuideudapa" the board they make for kuideugui-eu (see below)
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				kuideugui-eu a type of 'song' they sing after death,
					v
					v
				with the leader pointing to a board (see above)
				kuidu the lower leg (from the knee down)
					v
				kuindu du behthe calf of the leg kuidzadza-eu to walk with a limp kui-eu for food to taste good
					"'
					"
					v
					v
					v
					vv
				.,,
					kui
				g'eu g'eu-eu to pull along with one'ns foot
				kuinku" a crooked leg (kuinku" laku" -crooked leg and arm)
					"'
					"'
					..,
				kuinlageuŁ-eu to be 'hands and legs' for someone
					"'
					A
				kuilalah-eu polite way of saying a couple refrains from sexual intercourse for ceremonial abstinence
					v
					A
				kuilasheh..,-eu a ceremonial sprinkling of an animal about to be sacrificed
					v
					A
				kuima the big toe
					v
				v A v
					pu
				kuimya" (see shimyapu-pf.)
					v
					v
				nw(gu) bamboo sandals
					Figure
					a
					v
				V noe(noe) a toe
					kui
					v
					vv
				(nui) the heel (of the foot)
					(nui) the heel (of the foot)
						Figure
						"
					V
						kui
				kuiv
					kuiv
						kuiv
						sah V
						a
						toenail
						( sah"n)
					kuin"
						kuin"
						sehv
						(sehvv)
						the
						hoof
						of
						an
						animal
					kuiv
						kuiv
						taw"
						(gu)
						a
						man'ns
						leggings
					kuiV
						kuiV
						ci-eu..,v
						to
						take
						a
						step
					kui"
						kui"
						zo..,
						cah-eu
						to
						go by foot
					TR
						a
						fuzzy haird dog
					kui...,
						kui...,
						caw"
						a
						bitch
						that
						is
						an
						'animal
						reject'
						(jev
						caw")
					kuiV
						kuiV
						hm.,,
						naV
						sa"
						a
						type
						of
						mushroom
						that
						grows
						on
						trees
					kui..,
						kui..,
						k'no"
						taw-eu
						a
						ceremony
						they perform
						when
						there
						is
					TR
						sickness
						among
						people
						or
						animals
						in
						nearby villages,
					TR
						which
						includes
						stretching
						out
						a
						dog'ns skin
						near
						gate
				kuinv
					kuinv
						kuinv
						ma av
						(kuiv, tsu)
						g'av)
						(r.n)
						a
						daughter-inn-law
						(v.
						is
					kuiv kuiv
						kuiv kuiv
						mu" nah
						a slick haired dog •'dog day'n, in their
						cycle
						of
						days
					kuiv
						kuiv
						pehv a strong 'animal rejnect'
						term (jev
						said caw" )
						to
						a
						dog
						that
						is
						an
					kui,,,
						kui,,,
						si" the
						an animal with ground (some say
						a snout •tail l.S
						like like
						a dog, lives dog too)
						in
					kuiv
						kuiv
						shehnv
						a
						flea
					kui,,,
						kui,,,
						tseu"
						a V
						ma
						a
						katydid
						(kui..,
						tseuA
						ma)
					kaA
						kaA
						(kah"n)
						a
						crossbow
					ka"n-eu 1. to harrow a field 2. to comb (as ones hair
						ka"n-eu 1. to harrow a field 2. to comb (as ones hair
						-
						uv
						duv
						ka"-eu)
				-
				a
				-eu,
				ya
				-
				to rake a field
				ka""
					ka""
						ka""
						ka"
						teu"
						(teu")
						a
						small,
						play
						crossbow
						(for boys)
					ka"
						ka"
						kaA
						zah.,,
						(zahv)
						the
						stock
						of
						the
						crossbow
					ka"
						ka"
						myanv
						(laAv)
						an
						arrow
						(for
						the
						crossbow)
					TR
						a
						quiver
						for
						arrows
					ka"
						ka"
						ngo-eu...,v
						to
						cock
						a
						crossbow
					kan""
						kan""
						pi
						the
						cord
						of
						a
						crossbow
					ka"
						ka"
						po"
						(po"n)
						the
						bamboo
						bow
						of
						the
						crossbow
					ka"
						ka"
						puiA-eu
						to
						rake
						up
						and
						burn
						(as the fields)
					ka"
						ka"
						pya-eu,..
						to
						make
						a
						crossbow
					kaA
						kaA
						teh"
						a
						pineapple
						(ka
						tehA)
					ka,..
						ka,..
						cu"-eu
						to
						tie
						up,
						as
						a
						bag,
						with
						string
						or
						bamboo
					TR
						strip
					ka,..
						ka,..
						duin..,
						•n1.
						very
						hard
						to
						do,
						as
						to
						dig hard ground,
						or
					TR
						a
						tree
						hard
						to
						cut,
						or
						a
						person
						hard
						to
						teach
				kaŁ-eu to put a wooden thing together (as making raft)
				kag'na-eu to have lots of important tasks to do all
				,..
				at once
				ka,.. u,..-eu to bind something on (chicken on stomach of people with certain sickness)
				155
				kaw" the sound of a mother hen calling her chicks kawdo"-eu to dig out with small stick or the like -kaw-eu, heu -to scrape a line to demarcate something -kaw"-eu, la" -to mark a line (as in garden, etc.) -kaw"-eu, tikaw-1. for one line to be lined
					A
					"'v
					"
					"
				2. to be the same (tikaw" lo-eh)
					v
					A
					vv
				kaw" keu-eu to stir and mix up
					"
				kawpa-eu to jab a long thing into something so as to break it
					"
					A
				kaw" pya"-eu much the same as 'ja pya-eun• (tear down another's plans)
					A
				•
					(u
					v
					du
					v
				kaw-eu 1. to hurt, cause pain kaw-eu)
					A
					A
				2. to bite, as a dog biting a person kawseh-eu to bite to death keh", kehthe sound of a wild boar eating (crunch)
					A
					A
					"
				-keu"-eu, la-for a person or animal to arrive, from a lower place
					v
				-keu"n-eu, nui ma -to be interested {lit., 'heart arrivedn•)
				keula-eu for something inanimate to arrive, as time, or books, etc.
					A
					v
				•
				keu" le teule-eu (VC) to arrive keunni until ko"-eu to be dried (apako-i-eu -leaves dried)
					v
					""
					v
					A
					A
					v
				"' v
					kon
					co
				ka" ni to be dry (gui ni)
				kosix (number)
					A
				"'
					kun
				ku", taw) a hook to hang things up on a full supply, complete supply
					(ku") jail (tsaw
					"
					ha
					v
					"
					·n
				Figure
				-ku-eu, noe-to have thought through all of the possibilities
					A
					"
				k'
				k'at(verb) all who ... , all which..t.
					"'
				k'atah-eu to fill with liquid, sand, seeds, etcŁ (sheh ... ah-eu)
					"'
					Y
					v
				k'atda ... -eu to pour and 'place' (as pour liquor in cups, and put them on the 'rice table')
					"'
				k'a.... -eu 1. to spill, pour
				2. to melt some metal
				-k'a-eu byu-to shake out (as blanket, coat) -k'at-eu, ceht-to run out of sight (around bend) -to spill food while eating
					yv
					I
					...,
					"'v
					""
					dza
					V
				Figure
				-k'at-eu naw -to rub something off onet's feet
					"'v
					I
					V
				-to pour out, or off of something
					-k'a .... -eu, tah
					V
				k'a.... (verb) very big, good, important (k'aŁ huivt-eu,
				k'a.... mui-eu, etc.t) k'ashuisand k'a.... shui ... deh a desert, sandy area (just sand)
					...,v
					v
					""
				k'ashuisaia sand bank (as in a river), a mound of sand
					....
					.._
					....
				(verb) k'aza-eu to get a place to ..... (ya.._ k'aza-eu -get a place to camp) -k'a-eu, du .... k'a .... -to spit k'a tseu" ni that very moment k'aa type of spirit which enters people and makes
					v
					v
				...,
				them gasp for breath
				k'a ba a large jungle tree, pigs eat fruit
				V
				....
					du
				k'a .... ba di .... a stick made of above wood to kill a chicken for the ancestor offerings
				k'a .... bahta fissure or hole inside a tree (cannot use this kind for a coffin) (abawtk'eh .... bah .... )
					...,
					....
					"'
				a type of ground mushroom k'a .... boet(boe) the top ridge of a house
					Figure
					...,
					...,v
				I aboev (maw) a white type of grub that lives in bamboo to split a bamboo to find above grub k'nacia type of rataan that is small around and very strong (use for machete holders, etc.) k'adah(dah) a paddy container to keep paddy seed for the next year'ns planting to make the above
					k
					v
					v
					v
					A
					v
					v
					"
				Figure
				Figure
				k'na dzegeneric for falcon, hawk, and eagle
					"
				V
				k'a dzebu an osprey
					"
				V
				a crested goshawk dzek'na hah" a poetic way of telling about 'hawks and wildcats' (chicken's enemies) k'adzeza1. a man
					Figure
					k'na
					V
					v
					"
					v
					"
				2. one'ns husband
				a young man (unmarried)
					Figure
				-k'na -eu dahk'a -ritual of burning chicken feath-
					v
				I
				V V
				ers over a coprse
				-eu nui ma -to be evil (lit.n, 'bitter') hearted generic term for pigeons and doves (k'nawgu)
					-k'a
					V
					I
					"
					"
				Figure
				Ul an emerald dove k'nagudaa barred cuckoo-dove k'naguhaha purple wood pigeon
					Figure
					v
					"
					v
					..,
					"
					"
				mountain imperial pigeon.
					Figure
				k'na
					k'na
					V
				guna" ashy wood pigeon
					k'na
					V
					V
			a green imperial pigeon k'na guia type of bamboo (they do not eat shoots)
				a green imperial pigeon k'na guia type of bamboo (they do not eat shoots)
					Figure
				V
					v
				k'ag'eucharcoal (k'ag'eudzah-eu to make) k'nag'euanhma type of ground mushroom
					"
					"
					..,
					"
					..,
					"
					"
					"
				hm" a bear
					k'na
					V
				k'na.., hm" deh.., tse.., a type of small tree, they eat the leaves (Anogenissis acummata)
				k'a hm" hm" bua male bear
					..,
				V
				hmnhm" ma a female bear k'a hm" k'awnthe paw of a bear (use. for med.)
					k'na
					V
					"
					"'
				V
					la
					A
				jaV a white-rumped munia
					k'na
					V
				•
					.
				Jaw" ni g'eh-eu to be very bitter
					k'na
					V
				•
					.
				Je(kah") a rice sifter (puije)
					k'a
					V
					..,
					v
					vv
				.
				V
				Je(maw") a parakeet (aJ i k'na j e)
					k'na
					V
					..,
					V
					•
					•
					V
					..,v
				•
				generic for doves
					k'a k'oe
					y
				V
				k'oelu" jua spotted neck dove k'na k'noe sa" pui" a red turtle dove
					k'na
					V
					V
					V
				V V
				•
				laa tiger, or in the tiger family (leopard)
					k'na
					y
					..,
				k'ala-ah" lo-eu 1. a game boys play
					"
					"n
					"'v
				2. to wait at site of a tiger kill to kill it when it comes back
				k'alajui" g'oe.., a solid tusk of tiger or leopard
					v
				..,
				which brings good luck (most of them hollow) k'na.., la.., nah 'tiger day' in their cycle of days k'na.., lehany dust or fine, dust-like ashes k'na.., lehdapa{pa) the bamboo container they put
					"
					"
					"
					Ł
					A
				ashes in a stone, a rock k'alo byoe (byoe) a cave (lo byoe) k'alo lo gaha place where lots of stones & rocks
					..,
					..,
				Figure
				"
				k'a.., lo lo ju" a black stone they use to sharpen the
				tool they use to slit opium pods
				lo seh" (B) a jewel
					k'a
					V
				k'ameh (meh) the mouth
					"
				the corner of the mouth
					Figure
				to rinse out the mouth k'nameh nga-eu to open one'ns mouth
					Figure
				..,
				sheu-eu to commit fornication
					sheu-eu to commit fornication
						Figure
					k'na
						k'na
						V
				159
				the corner ridge of thatch
					Figure
				k'aa.., mo.., mo-eu to put on the above
					..,v
				"" ""
				naa(see -kehnaa-pf.)
					k'aa
					V
					1
					v
				paa frog
					k'a
					V
					v
				paleha type of frog
					k'a
					V
					..,
				..,.
				pui.., bran, the husks from the paddy puiJe-eu to winnow the bran soa.aas to be able
					k'a
					V
					k'aa
					V
					..,
					..,v
				• paddy
				to separate the useless and useful
				k'apui.., puik'aacoarse paddy husks, cannot be fed
					v
					""
				..,
				to animals (puik'a)
					v
					Av
				k'aapuipuiv nmthe soft, inside paddy husks that can be fed to animals (k'apuinma, puinm)
					..,
					..,
					A
					v
					v
					""v
					..,
					A
				k'apuipuisiathe paddy husk found in cooked rice
					v
					v
					""
				_,
				"" ""v""v
					sia
					toa
				(k 'a_, puitoaI pui.., , pui)
					v
					..,
				•
				tua red type of wood, the tree lS excellent for firewood, ax handles, etc. (k 'ehtu) tseh" a samber deer tsehts ehala_, a samber deer buck
					k'a
					V
					v
					v
					vv
					k'a
					V
					k'a
					V
					A
					""
				tsehatsehma -a samber deer roe
					k'a
					V
					"'
					A
				tsehatsehanyawana"a-eu to suffer from ringworm
					k'aa
					V
					""
					"'
					..,
				yeh" a wolf k'aa zawbeh" jeha spiney toad (lives in jungle)
					k'a
					V
					V
					v
					v
				k'aa ZUla leopard
					•
					..,
				V
				k'ah-eu to wind up, as rope, vine, etc., also some­times used for winding it around an object
					vv
				-k'ah-eu, caak'ah" -to wind a string, cord, rope,
					..,v
					""
				vine, etc. into a loop
				(k I ah) the chest, the chest area
					k
					I ah
					y
					vv
				dzah" a flowery word for heart, and for the symbol they make on the cof,f in above the heart
					k'ah
					V
				k'aah-eu to dig something
					..,v
				-eu duk'ah -to dig a hole
					-k'ah
					V
					/
					V
					V
				k'nahJeti-eu a fine of 22.n50 old coins which a man must pay when remarries a woman he divorced
					v
					v
					A
				lah"n-eu to be anxious (lit.n, 'hot chest'n)
					k'nah
					V
				k'nahpi ca-eu a custom of cutting strip of skin when get a big jungle animal and wrapping snout with it
					v
					vv
				k'ahv sehhigh respect, respect for a person'ns wis­dom, abilities, property, etc.
					v
				k'nahsehja-eu to have the above qualities
					v
					v
					A
				k'nahseh" jehn-eu for one to think he has the above qualities
					v
					"'v
				•
				tu-eu to dig a hole and put a post in it
					k'nah
					V
					v
				I ahzalama a ground running bird
					k
					v
					v
					v
				k'ahzah" lahzah" laws of the land, rules of the area
					..,
					..,
				one'ns life (usually used in a ceremonial sense)
					Figure
				k'naw" bi paw the 'lower' side of the house (their feet point toward it as they sleep)
				k'awdaw.., the main floor beam that goes down the middle of the house lengthwise
					v
				k'naw" ama cool, cold place (esp. when speaking of planting something in a cold place)
					v
				k'naw" amjaUV a bar-winged flycatcher-shrike
					v
					v
				k'nawlaw(law) a trough for feeding animals (za
					v
					v
					vv
					A
				dzank'awlaw-a pig trough) k'naw" mehpaw the 'upper' side of the house (their
					v
					v
					v
					v
				heads are on this side)
				•
				k'naw" to" a post put in to hold up something sagging •
					ton
					"'v
				k'awto" -eu to put in the above k I awzeu(zeu) a house post
					""
					v
					v
					vv
				k'nawzeu" zeunmaha post in a house which goes all the way up to the roof joists
					v
					v
					v
				a small container (for med.n, tobacco, etc.n)
					k'naw teu
					rought on by spi­rits
				A
				A
			meat (and just meat, no fŁt)
				Figure
			shaneh k'eh-eu a ritual they perform when they
				,..v
			.,,
			shoot a barking deer
			Figure
			shay
				shay
					shay
					pawA
					a
					lung
				shav
					shav
					pyay
					a
					thigh
					(human)
				shav
					shav
					the hip joint (shav pyav pyav k'ehŁ) pyay pyay k'ehA shay zawŁ the lymph glands in the groin area ( .... ga-eu -to swell up)
				shay
					shay
					sahv eral
					lawv-eu a ritual to times without getting
					get game, anything
					if
					they
					go
					sev­
				TR
					terribly
					difficult
				shay
					shay
					shay-ehv falling,
					the sound of the rustling and that type of thing
					of
					weeds,
				shay
					shay
					shawv after
					sehŁ-eu to chitldbirth
					kill
					the
					'purifying
					chicken'
				shav
					shav
					tahv that
					shay they
					vyahunt
					every
					kind
					of
					animal
					in
					the
					jungle
				TR
					a
					board
					on
					which
					they
					cut
					their
					meat
				shay
					shay
					teh-eu to hunt for (shav teh teh-eu)
					game
					by sending
					out
					beaters
				shay
					shay
					tehy (tehyv) can be put in
					a to
					stick split at roast by the
					one end fire
					so
					that
					meat
				shav
					shav
					tehv tehy levv-eu for something to pinch 'flesht' to get caught between two things
					one,
					for
				shav
					shav
					tsahy
					the
					liver
				shav
					shav
					tsuv
					fat
					(as
					fat
					from
					a
					pig)
				shav
					shav
					uŁ ceuv-eu to hang up jungle animal they have
					the lower shot
					jaw of
					a
					large
				shav
					shav
					vyaelse,
					(kawv) but not
					a field first planted prepared to have rice
					in something planted in it
				TR
					a
					bone
					(shav
					yoev
					shav
					laŁ
					-NC)
				shav
					shav
					yoev teuŁt-eu to chew on sugar cane) trying to get
					something (like bone, good out of it
				shav
					shav
					vzahv m-eu 1. to despair 2. to be extremely
					be very hard up
					sad,
					in
					the
					depths
					of
				shav
					shav
					vzahv na(sadness
					vgawfor everything and ill health at the
					to be going same time)
					wrong
				TR
					•
			Figure
			a lymph gland
			sha.., z·aw" ga-eu for a lymph gland to be swollen and painful
			shazi" zi-eu a type of chanting men do after feasts (often while drinking)n, and sometimes in the fields
				y
				A
			shazothe strip of bamboo put through meat when it is hung up (also used to beat people who have been attacked by a werewolf)
				y
				A
			shahn-eu to live someplace which isn't really a living place
				"'v
			shahnleha beeswax taper shahlehdo ... -eu to burn a beeswax taper
				..,
				y
				y
			..,
			shahnlehdo ... haw-eu to burn two wax tapers to see whether a sick person will die or not
				..,
				v
			shawn-eu 1. to be clean (physically)
				"'v
			2. to be holy (can be used in religious ritual)
			to sweep something clean
				Figure
			•
			-shaw-eu, ton-to purify (make holy) by repeating spirit incantations
				vv
				"'
			-shaw-eu, zan-to winnow until 'clean' (i.ne.n, all foreign matter out of the rice)
				v
				"'
			shawn-i-eu for color to fade shawnjeh" ni g'eh-eu to be perfectly clean shawma a typeof wasp that livesin cracks {sho ma) shawv -eu to separatethe bad from the good, or the
				"'v
				vv
				v
				..,
				·
				.
				_
			useable from that which cannot be used
			to eat the morning meal
				Figure
			"' v
				ui
				a
			shaw lawa snakeabout the size of a hill
				"'
				·
			"'v
				in
			python, makes a hissing noise ('i, , i') {verb) shestill, yet shen{FP) occurs with imperative statements. It
				"'v
				v
				v
				"'
				·
			Figure
			tends to give the command a more polite sound.
			shehmawna louse
				"'
				"'
			shehnah a name of a day of the Akha cycle of days, the animal is forgotten now, but thought to be in the rodent family
				v
			shehdat-eu to pour a liquid
				y
				"'v
			sheh-eu to pour (also used for dusting with DDT)
			..,v
			-sheh-eu, duk'ak'a -to spit on something or someone
				y
				y
				v
			-sheh-eu, i• cu-to water, as when water plants in
				,..v
			..,v
			the garden in dry season
			-sheh-eu, icubyat-to sprinkle water with one's hand
				vv
				y
				"'
				,..
			sheu dat-eu to put a blanket or coat around someone, as when they are sick, or cold
				"'v
			sheu dot-eu to bring out certain things, as a stool for a guest, or a blanket, etc.
				"'v
			sheu-eu to carry something not too large (as carry a stool to a guest, for a wildcat to carry a chicken away, etc.t)
			-sheu-eu, akawt-to make a line -sheu-eu, kl mi-to commit fornication
				v
				"'
				av
				•
				v
			-sheu law-eu, nui tsa-to take out to sun (as blankets, clothes, etc.)
				,..v
				v
			sheu leu nat-eu for both testicles to swell up and 'split open' (will die if not have proper medication)
				vv
			sheu neh-eu to carry or move something for someone (not too large an object)
				..,v
			to mislead someone
				Figure
			sheutcehthaw-eu to bring two people in to compare
				"'
			..,
			something (as their height)
			sheudat-eu to be married (i.e., for a man to have taken, or led, a wife)
				..,
				"'v
			to be married
				Figure
			to get married
				Figure
			sheudo"t-eu to lead out of a place
			..,
			sheudzeh-eu to lead someplace in order to try and lose a person, get rid of a person
				v
			sheu-eu 1. to lead someone
				vv
			2. to refrain from eating certain foods
			-eu ti zah-for a man to have been married
				-sheu
				y
				,
				..,
				v
			once to a woman
			sheug'eh-eu to lead someone along sheuha-it-eu to accompany someone to a lower place sheuk'o-eu to lead someone back home
				..,
				..,
				vv
				A
			..,
			sheuk 'o ha-·i-eu to accompany someone back down to their home
				v
				A
				"
			sheuk'ola-i-eu to go down and bring someone back up homet
				v
				A
				v
				·
				..,v
			sheula-i ""-eu to go down and accompany someone back up
				..,
				..,v
			sheula-eu to bring a person along with you from a lower point
				v
				A
			•
			sheuu-eu to lead into shicaw-eu to die with (not always literally)
				..,
				vv
				"
			shi-eu to die shi-eu, jeshi-to die of some plague -shi -eu, nui k'ah-to be satisfied ..,
				"t
				vv
				..,
				v
				vt
				"
				nyi
			-sh • i -eu, pa.., -for a shaman to go into a trance
				V
			Figure
			to die a terrible death
			shig'ahdaŁt-eu a ceremony held one cycle of days after an adult has died
				v
				v
			shimyapu
				"
				"
				v
			Figure
			"'
				pit
			shithe 'ghost' of a person who has recently died (they are very much afraid of it)
				"
				·
			shipigula-eu for the 'ghostt' of a person who has recently died to afflict th�m (esp. for some­thing wrong they did in the burial)
				"
				"
				..,
				v
			shipiku-eu to call the 'ghostt' of a dead man to avenge an innocent man who is being wrongfully accused of the murder
				v
				"
				"t
			shipimehk'o-eu to kill a pig after an ordeal to send the 'ghost' back
				v
				v
				v
				A
			shi" taw teh .... ni to be near death
			shi.... blood
			'lake of boiling blood' (hell)
				Figure
			shi .... deu .... ni for there to be a cool atmosphere (as in a clump of trees on a hot day)
			shi.... jahjahla-eu for a blood blister to form
				.,
				y
				vv
			""'
				keun
				•
			shi.... ni to be cool, a cool place shikm lehnn1. for blood to be oozing out and clotting
				"'
			.,
			shik'm-eu to catch blood (as it runs out of an ani
				.,
				v
				-
			mal)
			shi., nenti,..-eu a ceremonial meal before some impor­tant ritual or ceremony shi .... pyeh{pyeh) the spleen "' "'v
				""'
				.,
				v
			shipyoenpyoen-ehdo-eu for blood to come out inspurts, as when an artery is cut
				v
				A
				.,
			shishajinpaw the physical side, as opposed to the
				""'
			., .,
			world of spirits shi.... shi.., caveins, arteries (lit.n, 'blood line') shish ikm
				A
			coagulated blood, a clot of blood
				Figure
			., ., .,
			shmmetal ""'
				"
				shmn
			byehn,.. a 'no-son person' (no living male progeny) ""'
				shmn
			cescrap metal from the blacksmith, throw down be
				v
				-
			fore they dig a grave
			shmdoe., a peafowl
				v
			-shm-eu, nashmn-for something to make a shadow
				v
				v
				"'
			-shm-eu, ushm-for a cloud to cast a shadow
				v
				.,
				v
			""' .,
				shmn
				la
			gui-eu for metal to melt
				v
			wire mesh, as chicken wire
				Figure
			""'
				shmn
			kaw kaw-eu for metal to rust, erode ..,
				kui
			shm(kui) a cooking stand with three legs
				v
				.,v
			279
			.,,
				shm
			k'aw k'eu-eu to beat some metal when a sick per­son goes into a coma, trying to bring .them back to
			life
			shmt"
				shmt"
					shmt"
					lo
					iron
					ore
					(litt.,
					'metal
					rockt'),
					use
					in
					.tmed.
				shmv
					shmv
					lo..,
					Apyat-eu
					to
					push
					over
					the
					shoulder
					bag
					left
				TR
					on
					the
					grave
			shmma a weed which looks like paddy, and grows with it shmmyagahthe metal binding they put around a
				v
				v
				A
				v
			machete or ax handle to keep it from splitting
			shmnenaw-eu to heat a hoe (mattock) in the fire, then step on that and step on the stomach of a per­son who has a bad stomach ache
				v
				v
				vv
			shmpadonyoa jungle tree, they eat the flowers and shoots, mixed with chili
				v
				A
				Av
				.
				A
			a nail shmshathe odor and taste of metal (in food or drink)
				v
				y
			shmtsoan iron 'thunderbolt' v v
				v
				A
				ji
			shoho.., aa white-bellied yuhina
				v
			sho-eu to stalk, as animals, or people (to check on them)
			sho beu-eu to stalk and shoot (animals)
				A
			sho haw-eu to spy on someone or something (as when they hunt)
			-sho haw-eu, k'oe-to spy on someone secretly shoe
				v
				..,
			a felt type of blanket (made by Chinese)
			shoe.., m.., polabaw pa-eu to blow something to another place
				A
				A
				v
			v
				i
			-shoi-eu, shoi to urinate
			to cancel a debt -shu-eu, myaw-to lie out of something shu" ma nabawa type of bee that makes nud nests shubyehni to be real hairy, fuzzy
				vv
				A
				..,
				..,
				..,
				..,
			an evergreen tree (as a cedar) a mythical flying horse
				Figure
			Figure
			shuiagold
				""
			shuiadoshuiado-ehadza-eu to lure or tempt people by some means so as to get money from them
				""
				A
				""
				A
				""
				.,,v
			..., ...,
				meh
				shuia
			h 'vu1 -eu, -to tempt someone
				-s
			-shuia-eu, myawa-for leaves to turn yellow from fire that has scorched them
				...,v
				A
			temptations and allurements
				Figure
			shuialo gold ore (lit.a, 'gold rock)a, used as med.
				.,,
			...,
				shuia
			naayoA a golden ear ring (Shans wear)
				...,
			to put on gold leaf
				Figure
			...,
				shuia
			teu-i yellowish in color (teu-i only used for yellow)
			...,
				shia
			shaaa terrible kind of death (shaa-eu)
				A
				.
				A
			"" ...,
				shia
			shaa-aa-eu mi.,, dza.,, the will-o'-the-wisp (ignis fatuus)
				A
				-
			"" A ...,v
				shaa
				do
				la
			-eu for there to be a terrible death in a
			family or village
			shaadzeh dzeh-eu a ceremony they perform to get rid of the spirit of terrible death ('sha') before they can bring the body back to the village
				A
				Av
			.,,
			shaahaadaa-eu a ritual to keep terrible deaths from happening in the future
				A
				""v
			.,, ...,
				-ah
				shia
			shaak'eh neh -eu for a person to die a ter
				A
				-
			rible death
			shaak'eh g'eh-eu a ceremony to keep a terrible death
				""
			from happening shaalawaa mule
				""
				..,
			"" .,,
				leh
			shaabaw-eu a strong wind that results from a terrible (shaa) death
				A
			shaama a seer or diviner who is considered to be extremely clairvoyant, can see what is happening l.n other places without going into a trance, etc.
				""
				-
			281
			shatma ga le-eu for a man to become the above
				""
			shatma seu-eu for a man to be building up to having enough power etct. to become the above
				""
			shatnyoeta vine, they use it as med. (stomach
				""
				"'
			• aches)
			shatshiv the spirit of a person who has died a terrible death
				""
				-
			shatshitgu"-eu for the above spirit to cry outt
				""
				v
				·
			shattoea parastic plant that grows high on some trees, use for med. daw-eu to be ashamed, to be shy -sha-eu, la-to make someone embarrassed
				""
				v
				Sha
				A
				v
				.,,.v
				A
			-shat-eu, lasha ... -to wear a bodice (Akha kind) ..,
				.,,.v
				.,,.
				tah
			-sha.,,.t-eu, peh-to wear a shoulder bag over onet's
				v
			head
			shayehtmag'a-eu for one to be unable to get over
				.,,.
				"'
				v
			..,
			his feeling of inferiority
			shawaah-eu to put on (as silver rings on a man's turban)
				A
				v
			shawt-eu to shuck off (as when pull hand along a paddy stem and pull off the paddy on it)
				""v
			shaw.,,.-eu to castrate a sow or a cock, also to emas­culate a person
			sheh ... aht-eu to pour in (as water, paddy, sand) (k'aah-eu)
				"'v
				v
				v
			shehtbyah-eu to fill to the brim
				""
			shehtda ... -eu to pour sand, paddy or the like onto some­thing. as a table, a mat
				""
			sheh ... dzeh-eu to throw away, as something on a dish, or in a box (can be trash from house)
			sheh" dzeuthe appearance, the shape of something
				.
			.,,.
			shehpu-eu to pour something (as· a liquid, or paddy) into a liquid (or as sand, paddy)
				A
				.,,.v
			shehttsatsa-eu 1. when just kid about various things that did not really happen
				""
				v
				v
				·
			2. when one holds something and tells someone to guess what it is
			-sheh-eu, asheh-to eat lots of curry (not much
				,...v
				y
				,...
			rice) sheh,... haw-eu to dress up in one's best clothes and strut around (as young men when courting) shi" yeh" the Akha name for November (approximately) number seven
			Figure
			shi,... deh,... deh-eu a type of spirit incantation design­
			,...v
			ed to help a sick person live seven (shin) more days
			,...v
			-sho"-eu, ca" sho" -to tie a bow knot in a string or cord
			to sniff up nasal discharge
				Figure
			shu"n-eu to soak up (as trees soaking up water from the ground)
			-shu"-eu, yayeh -to smoke opium (yayeh daw-eu)
				y
				""v
			.,
			to suffer a famine
				Figure
			shu-i-eu for something swollen to decrease (as a swollen arm, also when wood shrinks as it dries)
				,...v
				v
			. .,,
			-shu-.1. -eu, nui pehn-for one's anger to subside
				,..
				""
			"'
				ten
			shuin,... poni to be completely new, never used before
				-
				.,
			t
			ta-eu to be sexually stimulated (either male or fe­male -impolite) for a penis to be erect ta (B) a Buddhist pagoda (esp. the part that has the
				y
			Figure
			relic in it)
			ta (FP) used with statements and questions requiring a yes or no answer, and about a third party that is not present. Also, it infers the present time (da)
			ta(verb) don't ..t•.• (Tamt. Don'tt do it.t)
				"'
				"'
				"'v
			ta"' (FP) used with statements and questions requiring a yes or no answer about a third party that is not present, and when speaking about the past, or something completed (da)
				-
				"'v
			the place where something is kept tadutazathe place where things are kept (as the pots one place, the pans another, etc.) to excuse someone from paying something (verb) ta-eu a•tpast action, but the effects still linger (ehtta-eu, g'ota-eu, etc.t)
				Figure
				"'
				v
				"'
				Y
				"'v
				"'
				y
				4
				"'v
			Figure
			"'
				bat
			-ta-eu, i-to place blame on someone, find fault
				"'v
				y
			to regard someone very highly the Thai people (Tai.__.) let-eu to heal, as a wound
				Figure
				"'v
			Figure
			"'
				ta
			taya-euto set aside, to leave behind
				"'
				A
				v
			tah(WM} one hundred million
				v
			..
			"'
				cit
			tahbuni a type of large vine (it may be mimosaceae acacia concinna)
				v
				A
				-
			taht-eu to set a trap (lahtju taht-eu, etc.)
				"'v
				"'
				"'v
			to make a holet
				Figure
				.
			-tah"-eu, nabawtnataht-. to make a hole in the ear lobe
				y
				"'
				y
				"'
			tahtjoe an armed robber, dacoit, usually go in a group
				"'
			tahjoe joe-eu to commit a dacoity, an armed robbery tahla the Akha name for January (approximately) tah" pa-eu to catch something in a snare trap tah.., ( tah) a drum
				"
				y
				,,.v
			..,v
			tah(WM) a crowing period in the early morning (ti..,
			.., tahdoe-eu, nyitahdoe"n-eu •.n• the roosters
				"n
				..,
			.., ..,
			crow once, then again -Akhas believe they crow three times, and then comes the dawn)
			•
			tahah-eu to pour in (cf. shehnah-eu)
				"n
				"'
				v
			..,
			tahbyah-eu to run into and fill up (as water)
				..,
			"' "'
			tahcanthe back of an animal ( tahcanyaw mahhas a long back)
				..,
				..,
				"
				-
					-
			•
			tahceha red-billed blue magpie
			.., ..,
			•
			tahcehnyoea green magpie
				"
			.., .., "' "'
				lon
			tah.., conan Indian blue-throated barbet tahdiboe loe ui g'eh-eu to beat gongs and strike
			.., ..,
			drums in a festive mood tahdi-eu to strike a drum
				..,
				..,v
			tah.., dzeh g'eh-eu to hit someone or something with one's fist
			tahdzoe-eu to meet up with
				"n
			..,
			tah-eu 1. to pound (as to pound paddy)
				..,v
			2.
				2.
					2.
					to bump into (as a cow bumps into a fence)
				3.
					3.
					to hit with one's fist
			-tah..,-eu, beun-to accidentally shoot and hit a per­son or animal
				"'
			-tah-eu, ceh-to pound paddy
				..,v
				"
			-tah -eu di -to strike and hit
			y I
				y I
				V
			-eu midza-to pound up gun powder
				-tah
				v
				..,
				"
			I
			to step on something -eu nui ma citah-for one'ns heart to beat
				Figure
				-tah
				y
				I
				"
				y
			-tah-eu, udu-to worship something (bow down before)
				..,v
				..,
				..,
				-
			tahpo" poe-eu to turn something upside down ""
				..,
				""
				poe
			tahtahlae-eh" to be twisted around, topsy
				..,
				.,
				"'
			turvy (as in speech, in work, etc.)
			tahepu-eu to meet (tahdzoe"-eu)
				..,
				v
				.,
			tahputahdzoe-eu (VC) to meet
				..,
				.,
				..,
				.,,
			tahsawsaw"-i-eu to have very poor eyesight (almost blind)
				..,
				.,
				"e
				-
			tahseh-eu to butt to death (as a buffalo)
				.,
				,..
			tah., teu"-eu to pound down something of the nature of earth, salt, etc. real hard tah._, toe-eu to hit a glancing blow
				"'
			tahtue-eu to go right up to what is being spoken of, to reach it (as the pine tree which reached right up to heaven)
				..,
				""
			tahtsaw-eu to hollow out a drum ...
				.,
				A
				tsm
			tah.,, ( tsm) a paddy pounder
				.,,
			.,,
				maw
			tahtsm" (maw") the part of the paddy pounder
				..,
			they step on (tahtsm" mah-not pf.) tsm,., s 1. ( s i) the rice pounding receptacle
				.,,
				v
				tah
				V
				..,
				..,
			tahtsm-eu to hit and get stuck tahya" an Indian white-eye (eats cherries)
				.,
				..,
				.,
			tahzaw-eu to hit into something that obstructs the way
				..,
			taw(FAP) adds a flavor of emphasis to the statement, sometimes with a tendency to scold
				v
				-
			tawe
				tawe
				""
			'if that's the case• .•• .,
				Figure
				ga
			th de (gama taw, lawba., ..,
				.,
				v
				law
			(noun ) taw e e g Of ....
			taw, etc. )
			taw-eu to stretch out, as a skin
			taw g'oe-eu to completely enclose a place (sides and top)
				..,
			to fill in a hole in a wall
				Figure
			287
			taw lah-eu to enclose an area on the sides, but not put anything on the top taw lawt-eu to make a room by putting up a wall taw pat-eu to screen off, to section off, to wall off
				v
				"'v
				"'v
			taw taw-ehjaw-eu to stick up something (as if they hang decorations around, or cover hole in wall with a piece of paper)
				v
				vv
			taw(B) a jail (ku, pa,.. ku")
				v
				,..v
			(verb) taw1. to keep doing what doing (jawtawde please remain here, keep staying here)
				v
				v
				v
				-
			2. to go ahead of others in doing something (Ngav
				v
				i
			tawma de. I'll go ahead.)
				v
				v
			taw-eu to carry a large load {by animals, lorry, plane, or when they 'carry their religion')
				vv
			ma taw -1. to look at something through
				-taw -eu
				I
			V A Ł
			a microscope
			2. to look at something through field glasses -euzah-to carry on certain customs, or a
				-taw
				V
				I
				v
			,
			religion tebya,.. (bya) a board, a plank
				v
			,..v
			te-eu to beat on something or someone with the side of one's fist
				v
			-te-eu dawte-to slip and fall
				v
				I
				V
				v
			-te-eu, dehtse-to prepare yeast for making liq­uor by pounding a mixture of things
				v
				v
				v
			-te-eu, hawtah-to pound up the ingredients and make rice cakes
				v
				v
				v
			-te-eu, miv beumidza-to pound up ingredients for gun powder
				v
				A
				v
				v
			geu"t-eu to fall and sprain something geh-eu to fall and slide down. quite a ways tek'eh,..-eu to fall and break a bone
				te
				v
				te
				v
				joe
				1
				v
			tena-eu to fall and hurt oneself a bit {bruised is all, no wound or broken bones)
				v
				v
			tesaa sound
				v
				v
			tesag'awyeu-eu to hold a note a long time in singing, or a cock to hold his crow a long time
				v
				v
				v
			a sound that carries a long ways
			tesatyaw yui a sound that is continuous, as when a bell rings, also get with banjo & violin
				v
				v
			te (FP) used with statements and questions requiring a yes or no answer when speaking about oneself, or directing the question to a person present. It is used of the present time (de)
			te(CL) for straight things (yu da, jehte, kuitnaw, etc.t)
				v
				vv
				A
				vv
				v
				v
			(FP) used with statements about oneself, and
			questions requiring a yes or no answer when speak­ing directly to a person present. It is used about something that is past or completed (de)
				v
			to establish or build a village, town, city
			te -i-eu to decrease, to lessen
				vv
			V
			tele byole-eu (VC) to decrease in number and
				v
				A
			disappear (as a herd of cows)
			tele-eu the next smaller in size
				v
			tele-euat the very least.... tehpawna-eu (B) to have typhoid (verb) tehteh-eu very quickly (mtehtehv-eu) teh do-eu to chase out, to drive out
				v
				v
				v
				v
				vv
				v
				vv
				v
				v
				A
			teh-eu to chase, to drive -teh-eu, caw -to follow along behind, to 'chase
			along'
			-teh-eu, lawli-to drive a lorry
				v
				v
			teh
				teh
					teh
					g'o,..t-eu
					to send
					someone
					back
					home
					(know
					their
					way)
				teh
					teh
					jiA-eu
					to
					chase
					something
					away
					from
					the
					spot where
				TR
					it
					l.S
			teh ka-eu to chase a long ways
				vv
			teh k'o ... -eu to drive back home (as cows -must drive all the way)
			289
			Figure
			to chase and 'reacht' (catch up with)
			teh mui-eu a good (place) to go hunting (i.te.t, lots of animals)
				v
			teh pi-eu to chase something away so as to protect
				vv
			something else
			to drive into (as animals into an enclosure)
			to chase away things that fly
			teh(FAP) used almost as an exclamation calling some­
				v
			one's attention to the thing (usually close by)
			that the •Speaker is pointing out
			teh ba-eu to broil on sticks near the fire
			V
			tehceha triangular ornament on their clothing (can be· either silver or cloth)
				v
				v
			to put the above design on
			scissors
			to cut with scissors teh-eu 1. to cut (as cloth)
				vv
			2. to be busy (su-eu)
				A
			-eu idea of squashing down, pushing down firm­ly (k'awteh-eu, nawteh-eu, nyehteh-eu, etc.)
				(verb) teh
				vv
				v
				v
				v
				vv
				A
				vv
			tehgeu-eu to cut with scissors and take tehla-eu to become very busy tehnea type of tree (women use the red seeds as
				v
				A
				v
				vv
				v
				v
			decorations on their headdress, men as bait)
			tehyoe-eu to cut off at an angle
				v
			teu-eu to be tight (as a pattern in weaving), to be packed (as salt)
				v
			mehV
				mehV
					mehV
					-
					to
					teach
					thoroughly
					(lit.t,
					'tightly')
				-teuvv-eu,
					-teuvv-eu,
					tahv
					-
					to
					pound
					down
					earth
					or
					salt
					real
				hard
					hard
				teuv
					teuv
					jawA
					ni
					to
					be
					very
					tight
					(as
					cork
					in
					a
					bottle),
			well packed down
			teu that which is nearer you than me
			teu masuch things, such a place
				,..
			"'
				"'
					mie
				teu neh because of this
				teu myaemyae-ehethis much
					"'
					"'
					"'
				teu naenae-ehethis much
					"'
					"'
					"'
				teu paw the side nearer you than me
				•
					-
				ti-eu, gu.., ti to have a cramp in one's leg or arm muscle
				ti.., number one (when with a classifier, just in counting 1,e2,3, etc.e, ti,..)
					-
				-tibah..,, haw ... -one steamer of rice
					..,
				tibaw... a group of people (like ti ... deu..,)
					..,
				tibyah full ( tibyah tiloNC)
					..,
					..,
					..,
					,..
				y byawdza-eu to eat one meal (time)
					ti
					v
					..,
				tibyma part
					..,
					v
				ticoeetilaw" a fairly short time (a month or so)
					..,
					..,
					..,
				tida-euzachildren of the same father some
					..,
					..,
					..,
			v ..,
				v ..,
					ti
					deu
				tideu" one section, one part (as when cross a stream) "' "'
					..,
					doe
					doe
				tione trip, one round {heu this trip)
					..,
					-
				tigadue-eu the same ( ti kaw"e)
					..,
					V
					"'
					y
				tigaeta-eu for two or more people to make the same garden, or the like
					..,
					"'
					,..
				tigaetaw-eu for two larger areas to be joined
					"'
					"'
					,..
				together
				t.gaetue-eu for the edges of two small items to
					l.
					..,
					"'
					"'
				touch
				together (lit.e, 'the same as a pair')
					Figure
				for people to be equal
					Figure
				together
					Figure
				ti.., jawe-i(negative verb) not even once
					"'
					..,
				tipaw-inot even a little (verb) -used esp.
					v
					A
					V
				with the negative
				sometimes
					Figure
				at once, right away the whole village tiv ... sa-i tiv ... one ... after another (ti
					Figure
					v
					v
				Figure
				nah sat-i tiv nah -day after day) a long time (G'awmyah tisakeulameh.) titaw tina from every side, from every direction
					v
					v
					v
					A
					A
					v
					v
					v
				Figure
				(titaw tina jawt-eu deu-people from everywhere) tiupyehzachildren of the very same parents tizahti-eu for a woman to be married once to some
					y
					v
					"'v
					..,
					v
					"
					A
					v
					v
					v
					v
					-
				one tizahsheu..,-eu for a man to be married once to a woman
					..,
					v
				-tm-eu gu -to sew up
					vv
				I A
				tm (CL) for a somewhat long and bulky item (mah, "' "'
					.,v
				satbya, aza utdzaw, shayoe, etc.)
					v
				..,v., ..,v..,
				"'
				"'
					Figure
					(it
				() a pool of water in a stream cuA tm) tmcu-eu to tie a sack
					tm
					v
					v
					..,
					Av
				tm-eu to be satisfied, for it to be right
				..,v
				-tm-eu, cattm-to tie the end of a rope so it will not ravel
					..,v
					A
					..,
				-tm-eu, juk'oefor there to be fog, low lying clouds
					v
					,..,
					v
				-tm-eu, noet-to hope for (often used when they hunt, and hope to get meat)
					vv
					v
				tmtmdzathe lower part of a pool in a stream tmy tmv mehtthe upper part of a pool in a stream tm.., tsa ... -eu to be twisted together
					v
					v
					v
					v
				to(WM) a handsbreadth (i.te.t, from the thumb to the
					v
				middle finger -stretched out)
				todzeh-eu to drive away bad things by means of re­peating spirit incantations
					"
				293
				to"-eu to repeat spirit incantations (nehto-eu)e· Toma an important ancestor, the first spirit priest toshaw-eu to purify by repeating spirit incantations to(FAP) used to indicate that the other person has
					,..
					v
					v
					v
					v
					y
				said exactly what the speaker has been saying ("That's just what I've been saying ... ")
				toŁe-eu to call back when someone calls you (same
				as •ov to-eu )
					y
					1
				tonomawkawa cow woven of bamboo strips which has had s-pir it incantations repeated over it, and is then.put under an enemy's house or in his field
					y
					y
					y
					"
				"e
				totoe-eu to repeat spirit incantations to the
					y
				above figure
					no
					"
				toy tŁy tata-ehbeu-eu the sound of many guns
					v
					y
					A
				v
				going off tog_ether
				toe a spec_ial subject indicator (naw matoe -how about
					,..
					you)
				•
				toe toe ta ta-ehthe sound of running through the jungle stirring up game toe" ceh the index finger (toeceh noe) toeceh-eu to point at, as with one'se-finger or a stick cie-eu to touch and take
					v
					y
					v
					y
					toe
					y
					"'
				toedehtoeshi" gahyoethe mythical wand that
					v
					v
					y
					y
					y
				can cause life from one end, and death from the other toe-eu to touch -toe-eu, gatoe-to go down a steep place in a
					y
					y
					v
					y
				path
				toe" leh-eu to touch a little food onto one's lips, or the lips of another (as a baby)
					,..
				toemeh-eu to point out
					y
					v
				toe" myeu-eu to touch and lick (as when dip finger in something and bring to one's mouth)
					,..
				the touch-me-not plant
					Figure
				toezaw-eu to touch something and it flies off tudzeh-eu to cut down a tree (to get rid of it) tu-eu 1. to cut down a tree
					v
					v
					v
				2. to stand up, to rise up
				-tu-eu, ba-to lean a big thing (that must be carried on one'ns shoulder) against something
					vv
					A
				-tu-eu deh -to straighten up something that is
					v
					'
				y
				leaning
				-tu-eu, g'o-to lean a small thing against something else
					V
					A
					-
				k'ah -to dig a hole and place a post in it
					Figure
				y
				-tu-eu, nav baw-to be thick headed, to take a long time to learn anything (lit., 'thick eared')
					vv
					v
				-tu-eu, pi -1. to get up with a load on one's back
					y
				2. this is specially used (as, pi tuta-eu) to indicate to lean something you have carried on your back against something else
					v
					v
				-tu-eu, tsawn-to jump up -tu-eu, utu-to get up after the sun comes up
					v
					v
					v
					y
					v
				-tu-eu, ya-to cut down trees to make a hill field
					vv
					v
				tunuila-eu to sit up (from a lying position)
					v
					v
					v
				ta(B) a fort, an entrenched position (sometimes also used for soldiers barracks)
					A
				to be sharp, keen
					Figure
				-ta-eu, deu-to have a deep cut from a machete or ax, in one's leg or arm -ta-eu, kaw-to collect taxes tag'eh-eu to hit (with a bullet)n, similar to 'beuzaw-eun• -eu to do something with someone else (hawdzata-eu, yuta-eu,n. etc.) ta(CL) indicates flat things (pawlaw, sahbo,
					A
					A
					A
					y
					A
					A
					(verb) ta
					A
					v
					v
					A
					A
					A
					A
					A
					A
					v
					A
				lepeu, etc.)
					v
					v
				(noun) ta-ehover, more than (tibyata-ehover one kyat)
					A
					v
					v
					A
					A
					v
					-
				ta ..... -eu 1. to collect taxes or money for community use
				2. to be related, connected (as relatives)
				ta..... -eu, da..,, tato drive a stake into the ground
					-
					,..
					-
				... -eun, deh ..... to live with someone
					ta
					-
				-
				ta.... -eu, dzata"' dawto have a meal with someone
					-
					..,
					v
				-
				ta-eu, dzah.., ta.... to chisel (with a chisel) ta,,,n-eu, kato be adjoining ta ... -eu, pu ka..,, an adjoining village
					-
					....
					..,,
					-
					-
					-
				-ta-eu, yu-to sleep together (usually indicating sexual intercourse)
					,..
					....
					.
				..,,
					zeun
				-ta,,,n-eu, ta ... -to buy something in partnership with someone else (as a buffalo)
				·
				ta .... le-eu to be related (as two ideas,netc.) ..,,
					v
					_Eeh
				ta ... (B) followers, sometimes for disciples ta,,, peh-eu to knock (strike) a hole in something tamyah-eu to nail something onto something else taneh-eu to give money for something (as taxes)
					,..v
					,..
					..,v
					,..
					..,v
				..,,
					seh
				ta... seh-eu a polite way of saying that a girl sleeps with many different boys
					v
				tatsui(r.) all of a mann's male relatives on his
					,..
					,..
				fathern's side who are older than he, but not his
				..,,v
					zawn
					)
				own brothers (a..,, yui.... a..,,
				ta ... ui-eu for each to contribute something to a collection
					..,,v
				"' ..,,
					ah
				tawn-eu to gather things and put in something (as when they scoop up paddy and put in a container)
				tawncu .... -eu to wrap around and tie
					""
				-tawnda-eu, lehtsa-to pour hot coals on something below
					"'
					A
					y
					v
					-
				"'v..,,
					ceh
				-taw ... don-eu, -to take paddy out of the paddy­house (as when they sun it)
				tawn-eu to divide aroundn, usually share and share alike
					A
				-taw"n-eu, la" -to try to persuade someone to do some­thing with you (go huntingn, make a field, etc.)
				-taw-eu,Ł mawntaw-to wrap in a shroud
					A
					y
					A
				-tawn-eu, zibaw-a ceremony to extend the life of an old person
					A
					v
					v
				to throw in and cover
					Figure
				-tawk0-eu, ceh-to put paddy in a basket (as after sunning it)
					A
					1
					A
					y
				tawnma a board the young men fix to use in scaring spirits out of the village
					A
				tawpi-eu to put in and carry on one'ns back (as paddy, small things that can be poured in)
					A
				tawnzaa type of machete they use when they make small bamboo strips (blade only a few inches long)
					A
					v
				to button a button· v
					Figure
					a
				-taw-eu, g•m -for a baby to make cooing noises
					A
				-taw-eu, bya-to embrace -taw-eu, cawn-to reach across (as a strern) and meet
					A
					v
					A
					v
				(as branches of two trees)
				-taw-eu, mahtaw-to lock a lock
					A
					v
					A
				-taw-eu, pehg'aw-to fasten a silver buckle
					A
					v
					A
				-eu si-to sew a seam
					-taw
					A
					I
					v
				-taw-eu, tson-to be built right on the edge of something (as Rangoon is built on edge of a river)
					A
					A
				teh-eu l. to slap
					A
				2. to shape something by pounding, as machetes, clay pots, etc.
				to play volley ball to clap one's hands
				-teh-eu, mjev tsawnteh-for lightning to crackle and roar (but not strike)
					A
					v
					v
					A
				Figure
				Figure
				to slap someone'ns face to slap real hard
					Figure
				Figure
				the guava tree (they eat the fruit)
				Figure
				297
				tehmyaw -eu to repair old farming tools {by the blacksmith)
					A
					....
				teh" seh-eu to slap to death {as a bug)
					,..v
				teh,.. only { teh-eh)
					"
				,..
				teh,. {CL) a step or a notch made to be a step in a
				ladder or slope teh-a {FP) occurs with statements about the future,
				,..v
				and indicates that the speaker is positive that it will happen
				-teh-eu, duteh-to dig steps in the side of a hill (in the dirt)
					,..v
					v
					,..
				teu" {CL) for a 'twist', as the jump and twist of a horse
				teu"-eu to squirm rather violently, to twist and turn {may be in pain or convulsions)
				teu" seh-eu 1. to twist and turn and jump about so that one kills oneself
					,..v
				2. figuratively to indicate someone twisting with all their might
				teu,.. {CL) a notch in something, as in wood, metal, a tree
				teu-eu to bite down on something which is hard, to gnaw on something
					,..v
				-teun-eu., lah -to block up a stream to make a pool of water
					,..
				-· teu-eu, lu-to fry and eat something fairly hard or tough
					,..v
					v
				-teu-eu, seu-to grind onen's teeth
					,..v
					..,
				-teun-eu, shayoe-to chew on something to get the good out of it, and spit out the rest
					,..v
					..,
					..,
				teuleua" ji" a fire-breasted flowerpecker
					,..
					,..
				ti" (WM) a story, a floor {as a house 2 stories high, ti")
					nyi
					v
				-ti"-eu, cah.., -to throw one's top at another which has been thrown down and is spinning
				tinumber one (when counting, 1,2,3,)
					,..
				ti,.. dza-eu to fine someone (money, pig, liquor, or what have you)e, and appropriate that fine
					v
				ti-eu to fine someone
					,..
				-ti-eu, guio-to fine a person
					,..
					v
					,..
				-ti-eu, sahti-to stumble
					,..
					v
					,..
				to" ceh ceh-eu to strike back and forth, as chickens pecking each other
				to" dza-eu to peck and eat (as crows eating carrion)
					v
				to"-eu 1. to peck, to strike (as a snake)
				2. to hit (used in special combinations)
				-to-eu, deh-to put a brace under somethinŁ sagging (house, branch of fruit tree, etc.)
					A
					v
				-to-eu, k'aweto" -to put in a post to brace up something sagging (house, branch of fruit tree, etc.)
					A
					"'
				-to"-eu, peh-to stub onee's toe
					A
				A
				-eu, po -for something rolling downhill to hit something
					-to
					A
				-to hit a glancing blow
					Figure
					tah
					V
			"' "'
				"' "'
				toeneechicken pox
				Figure
			"' "'
				"' "'
					toe
				pyeuek'me-eu to set a spring-pole snare that goes off when the pheasant, jungle fowels, etc. peck at the seed
					"'
				toseh,..e-eu to strike to death -as a snake
					A
				like this ...
					Figure
				toe(CL) a small package
					A
				toee-eu to fold up, to make a (small) package (paŁ toe-eu)
					"'
					A
				toemdza-eu to fix greens or curry in a leaf, cook and eat
					"
					...,
					v
				toeem -eu to wrap greens or curry in a leaf and roast
					"'
				V
			"" "' "'
				"" "' "'
					(toe
					)
				toe" neechickenpox nee
				toeepupu-eu to wrap in a leaf and boil (tehepu,.. pu,.. -eu)
					"'
					,..
					,..
					"'
				299
				Atoe
					Atoe
						Atoe
						puA
						puA-eu
						ym
						myawv
						sheuv-eu
						to
						have
						an
						ordeal
						by
					TR
						boiling
						packets
						of
						rice
					tuA
						tuA
						(WM)
						one
						fist,
						both
						in
						length
						(when
						measure
						a
						cord
					TR
						around
						a
						pig,
						for
						example),
						and
						in
						amount,
						as
						one
					TR
						fistful
						of
						seed
				(verb) tu-eu to the very top (mtu-eu -to have worked on a strip of field right to the top)
					A
					v
					A
				tu-eu to bump into or hit some object with head, arms, or legs when one falls
					A
				to fall and hit something
				to hit one's head on something A v
					tu
				na-eu to hit something with one's head, and for the spot to hurt or be sore
				tupeh-eu to hiŁ open, as to strike a boiled egg on something and crack it open
					A
					A
				to clench something in one'ts fist
				-tui-eu, ga -to fall into a pile (as leaves under a tree), which is rather deep
					A
				-tuit-eu, uitui-to have the hiccups tui-eu)
					A
					v
					A
					A
				-tuipa-eu, kmtui-to make a fence between two villages
					A
					A
					v
					A
				Figure
				ts
				to feel hot (as on a hot day) for the atmosphere to be hot
				tsa.., bya" (si) not pf.)
					..,v
				Figure
				tsa.., dahnlahza a Chinese francolin (bird)
					""
					..,
				Figure
				I ag I a-pf. )
					g
					V
					V
				a housesite that is dug out tsadudu-eu to dig the above
					Figure
				.., .., ..,
				tsa-eu to be right, correct -tsa -eu baw -to discuss and come to an agreement
					..,v
				V V
					/
				tsa-eu daw-eu (VC) to be right and correct (tsa..,n-eu
					..,v
					"'v
				tsahn-eu)
					""v
				-tsa-eu, daw-to wait right there
					..,v
					..,
				-tsa-eu, nui ma -to be in agreement
				..,v
				tsageu-eu to guess a hand someone has something in ' and to take what is in it ""
					..,
					"
					len
				tsa.., dzoelen-eu to be reconciled
					..,
					""v
				.., .., ..,
					tsa
					leh
					pu
					(B)
					1.
					a large lamp
				2. a brass tray tsangawthe Akha name for July (approximately) tsanpu" (pu, si..,) a termite hill (that is above
					..,
					..,
					..,
					Av
				ground)
				" "' "'
					hmn
				tsa.., punana type of mushroom that grows in termite hills
				"' "'
					lawn
				tsapu" ana type of snake, similar to a cobra,
					..,
				that lives in termite hills
				tsapu" a.., i.., the type of termite that builds big,
				..,
				towering hills to make an offering at a termite hill A "'
					min
				Figure
				tsa.., puga a caved in termite hill (use the dirt from it for med.n)
				tsaputnehthe spirit of the termite hill "'
					..,
					"'
					A
					pu
					"
					deh
					an
				tsaputactive termite hill (i.e., there
					,..
				..,
				•
				are termites occupying it)
				•
				tsaPU ya u A the name of the egg that is offered to
					A
				.,
				the termite hill
				"' "'
				tsaputya utpeh-i-eu to go offer an egg at the termite hill
					.,
					,..v
					"
				tsatawt-eu the portion one gets (either by virtue of choice, or of choosing anothert's hand)
					v
					"'v
				tsa.., tsani.... fairly .•t..
					.,
				Figure
				to be fairly far away)
				tsah(CL) for a place, an area, or a matter
					y
				tsah"t-eu to lead an animal
				to fish by darning up a river tsahg•ta-eu to wrap around loosely, as when one throws
					Figure
					"
				a cloth around oneself
				to cover up, to bandage over, to cover
					Figure
				tsah" tuita dammed up place made to divert the flow of water into a ditch or the like
					"'
				Figure
				to make the above
				to be blocked up, as a river
					Figure
				tsahtyaw-eu to pull out of the way, or to pull off the road or path
					v
					v
				tsahah"t-eu to turn something {as a basket) over a
				..,
				post, stump, or the liket.
				tsah-eu, behtto put the long side rafter on the
					-
					"'
					-
				.,v
				posts along the side of the house tsah-eu, deh to turn over a large object, as a
					-
					v
					-
				table tsah., -eu, moto turn over a large object
					-
					,..
					-
				to wear spectacles
				to put in a rafter or beam
				A "' "'v
				tsah.., gayamv the cold season (yaw gatgat-eu yam
					-
				"
				not pf.)
				Figure
				tsah.., k'atthe stomach of a bird (including chickens) tsahk'atma a very large area of virgin jungle, fields never made V v
					""
					..,
					""
					U
					ji
				tsah.., nah.., all edible viscera of animals (tsa..,
				"' "' "'
					J
					. it
				uttsanahut)
					uttsanahut)
						nah
						V
						v
						..,
						..,v
					nah
				I
				tsawtcawdayah a guest (flowery language)
					"'
					..,
					y
				tsawtcawa 'human rejtectt', an abnormal birth among
					"'
					A
				humans (twins, extra thumb or toe, harelip, etc.), they kill immediately
				tsawtcawtsawtpehgeneral term for all human re­jects•, with the second element esp. including twins
					..,
					A
					"'
					v
					1
				tsawtdzeh.., dzeh..,-eu when a person (esp. a child) lS very active and into everything
					"'
				wisdom
					Figure
				tsawgahgahhaw-eu to have a contest of wits to see who is the smartest (tsawgahZll\,-eU)
					..,
					v
					v
					y
					v
				.., ..,
					tsaw
					gah
				zm..,-eu to try to use your wisdom so as to win out over someone else (also see above) tsawtha.., a person, or people tsawtha.., tsawtaw a short person tsawhatsawcaa bad person, one who is disrespectful of others or the Akha religion
					"'
					"'
					"'
					..,
					..,
					A
					-
					..,
				tsawhatsawdawt'a cursed fool', only use in
					v
					..,
					"'
				..,
				scolding, a very strong term
				tsawthatsawtg'eha curse word, very strong
					"'
					..,
					v
					v
				..,
					peh
				tsawthatsawt'a twint', used when extremely
					"'
					v
				..,
				angry at a person and say he is a twin tsawtjeu) one's clan
					"'
					(
					j eu
				.., ..,v
				Figure
				tsawtjeuv tsaw• ca (NC) 1. the different clans among the Akhas
					v
				2. the different tribes (as Shan, Lahu, etc.)
				tsawtka.., 1. a go-between
					"'
				2. a witness, one who saw something transpire and tells about it in an official way
				tsawtk'aa young married man who is old enough to discuss village matters, but not really an 'elder'
					v
					A
				tsawtk'atada (see above)
					v
					"'
					...,
				tsawtkaama a young married woman, but not really considered an 'old woman• (api) as yet
					v
					1
					A
					..,
					v
				..,v
				tsawtlawpeople (flowery term, used in the language
					"'
				..,
				of spirit incantations)
				tsawtlawpeople old enough and strong enough to work in fields
					"'
					A
				tsawtmaw1. an elder, usually knows the Akha religion quite well
					"'
					..,
				2. (see amaw)
					..,v
				.., v
				tsawtmyahone's name (cawmyah, amyah-not pf.t) tsawtmyahtdawnehvt-eu to enroll, to give one's name tsawrnyahdo-eu a well-known person, a celebrity tsawtmyahtmyah-eu to name someone
					"'
					"
					v
					vv
					v
					"'
					"'
					A
					"
					v
					A
					"'
					"'
					...,v
				tsawtmyahmyahmaone's official name, the first part being the last part of one's father, the name used in recounting genea-logies
					"'
					v
					v
					"
				tsawtmyahmyahtpaw,.., a nickname, the name they use every day
					"'
					v
					"'
				"' "'v
				tsawtngoetngoet-eu to wail for the dead
					"'
				tsawtpa.., tsawtca close relatives, have similar back­grounds in their geneaologies
					v
					v
				tsawtpeh'twin!', extremely strong curse term, very
					v
					v
				impolite
				tsawpi pi-eu for a girl to sleep with a lot of different boys quite often
					v
					v
					v
				tsawtpyehpyeh" dza-eu to get something by argument
					v
					v
				...,v
				and disputing over it tsawtpyehtpyeh-eu to argue tsawpyuan albino tsawtshawnyo..., shawt-eu for people to be 'holyt' in
					"'
					"'
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					""v
				that they can take part in all religious ceremonies
				(but if had twins, smallpox, murdered someone, no)
				tsawttsittsi-eu for a person to be stingy, hold back money or goods
					v
					v
					v
				tsawttsma person (or people) not related on either the father's or mothert's side, and thus can parti­cawt) meat is eaten
					v
					v
					cipate if 'animal rejtect• (je
					v
					A
				a crazy person, one who is insane for one to get over onet's insanity tsawtuv mshawt-eu to purify through sacrtifice a person who has become insane
					Figure
					v
					y
					v
					-
				Figure
				to become crazy
					Figure
				tsawtzawt,.. (zaw) a dwelling house tsaw la the Akha name for August (approximately) (tsaw) a waterfall
					v
					,..v
					v
				Figure
				tsawtbia bamboo or wooden trough through which water flows from a spring
					y
					v
				tsawtdo-eu to jump out
					v
					A
				tsawtdzeut-eu to jump over something
					v
					vv
				tsaw-eu to jump
					vv
				-tsaw-eu, laje-for men to dance in a circle to the music of their musical pipes
					vv
					v
					,..
				-tsaw-eu, ma,.. pu-for a hand grenade or landmine to explode -tsawt-eu, shagu-for onet's pulse to beat
					v
					v
					vv
					v
					v
				-tsaw-eu, tsuitsawt-for there to be a 'jumpt' in the genealogy (due to an ancestor having died a 'terrible death')
					vv
					,..
					v
				tsaweu-eu to jump on someone (on their back) tsawtgu"t-eu to jump or start with fright tsawtg'o,.. (gt'o) the fireplace in their homes, where
					v
					_,v
					v
					v
					,..v
				they cook the rice and curry the dirt area where the fire is built tsawthak'awtlaw-the wooden framework for a fireplace
					v
					_,
					v
					v
				Figure
				tsawtka-eu to jump down
					v
				305
				tsawnawna-eu for testicles to swell upn_ (feel that the man can have no children if this happens)
					v
					v
					vv
				tsawy neh,., the waterfall spirit
				tsawpa"-i-eu 1. to split apart with a bang, as burning bamboo, wood splitting, etcn.
					v
					v
				2. for something to explode, either with or without noise
				tsawtoetsawda" the ups and down in a field or village (not used for paths)
					v
					v
					v
				tsawtu-eu to spring up, to jump up (used of people rising up from the dead during an eclipse of the moon) tsawtsui.... a ginger root tsawy u-eu to jump into (as a cave or hole) the number ten
					v
					v
					v
					vv
				Figure
				tseah-eu to sort and put in (as sort good and bad potatos and put the good in the basket) tsenda"-eu for water to be sucked up by a tree, or to come to the surface by itself tsedo"-eu to select out tsedzeh-eu to consider a person to be worthless, not show any interest in them -tse-eu, mya" pyawhuinyi-to 'look at a per
					y
					y
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					-
				sonn's facen', to show partiallity
				tsegeu,.,n-eu to choose out
					v
				tseg'oethe number nineteen tsehaw-eu to pick and choose from various things tsejeyajemany things (lit., 'ten.things, one
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				hundred thingsn')
				tsela the Akha name for October (approximately)
					v
				tsepa" bipa"-eu to divide, to make divisions, to separate things that should be separated
					v
					v
				tsepa"-eu to divide into two groups
					v
				-tseshaw-eu, sakah-to look for the end of thread in a ball of thread
					v
					vv
					v
					v
				Figure
				Figure
				a child's first haircut
				tsehayutsia-eu for everyone (in the village) to be asleep at night (suyutsi-eu)
					w
					A
					y
					y
					A
					V
				-tsehdza-eu, hawtseh-to be able to make a very
					v
					vv
					v
					y
				little curry go a long way (eats mostly rice)
				to plow
					Figure
				-tseh-eu, agui-for stars to shine
					vv
					y
					y
				-tseh-eu, ba la -for the moon to shine
					vv
				tsehakeu-eu to hoe leaves, etc. into the soil and mix them with the soil
					v
					y
				tsehalah-eu••· a newly plowed paddy field terrace (tsehlah-euadeh yakawdza... )
					v
					vv
					vv
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				a mattock (large type hoe)
					Figure
				Figure
				a mattock handle
				Figure
				to fit a handle into a mattock
				tsehamyawmi myawam-eu to repair old mattocks and machetes, as well as other farming tools (axes)
					v
					A
					A
					vv
				lard, oil
					Figure
				a lamp wick
					Figure
				tsi-eu 1. for rain to stop (uyehtsile-eu)
					v
					v
					v
					v
					vv
				2. to no longer have offspring (i.ae., past the age}
				tsia-eu, tsawatsia-a very stingy person, gives very little or nothing to others
					y
					y
					y
				-tsi-eu, zabaw -for a woman to no longer be able to have children
					vv
					y
				a small lamp
					Figure
				tsik'mv lahui-eu to turn up a lamp (to make it burn brighter)
					v
					A
					y
				tsik'm
					y
					V
				a cotton lamp wicktsik'm
					Figure
					y
					y
				a jungle tree, they eat the fruit
					Figure
				tsi-oa whiate-browed laughing-thrush (other dialects, but this is pf.)
					v
					v
				307
				tsi {WM) the distance from one's thunb to the index
				finger, stretched out
				tsi dza-eu to eat with chopsticks
					.,,v
				tsi-eu to grasp with something and take out (as a hawk using talons to catch a chicken, to pull some­thing out of water, to puck up with chopsticks)
				-tsi-eu, cehji-the ceremonial opening of the paddy house
					v
					v
				tsi k'o-eu to drop back in, to 'thrown' back in, as when they throw back three small amounts of paddy each time they take paddy out of their paddy house
					A
				to wash very clean
					Figure
				-tsi-eu, deh -to wash clothes by beating
					y
				-eu deh-to wash clothes by rubbing them
					-tsi
					y
					y
				I
				-tsi-eu, leh-to wash clothes by rubbing and roll
					-
				.,,v.,,
				ing them around
				-tsi-eu, undun-to wash one's hair
					.,,v
					.,,
					.,,
				to join at a spot, to form a joint
					Figure
				tsmtui(tuin) 1. the bottom beam for a wall
					v
					A
					A
				2. a log placed on the lower side of a hill and then filled in with dirt {tsmtui• sheu-eu -to put in)
					v
				to hit and get stuck {cannot back out)
					Figure
				tsoev-eu 1. to hinder, to block
				2. to repay a debt
				v .,,
					a
					kah
				-tsoe-eu, kah-for a spider to weave its web
					v
					v
				to block an opening with one's hand v .,,
					Figure
					ga
					dah
				-tsoe -eu -to have worth, to have value
				y I
				-tsoen-eu, jato block a place by putting something else there
					.,,v
					A
					-
				.,,
					jah
				-tsoe-eu, -1. to fill in a smallish hole with something, as a leaf in a gourd water container
					.,,v
				2. to replace something that you have borrowed and broken with something new of the same quality
				-tsoe-eu, jaw-to block the path with one's body (a person standing in the doorway, a tiger stand­ing on the path, etc.)
					,,
					v
				-tsoee_-eu, la" -blocked up, obstructed
					,,
				-tsoe-eu, m-{see jahtsoee-eu)
					,,
					"
					v
					y
				-tsoeye-eu, ngaw-to roll up something to block
					v
				(as to block an opening)
				to plug up a hole with a leaf
					Figure
				-tsoe-eu, pawtsoe-to stopper an opening by push­ing something into the hole (as a cork in a bottle)
					v
					v
					y
				-eu pya-to block up, or fill in smaller holes
					-tsoe
					y
					'
					,..
				tsoe-eu, tsah"-to be blocked
					-
					v
					-
				tsoee-eu, utsoeeto cough
					-
					v
					-
			,, ,,
				,, ,,
				-
				tsoe-eu, yaw dahfor there to be value or worth
					-
					,,
					v
				• (gatsoe-eu)
					,,
					v
				in it dah
					v
				tsoeek'o-eu to repay
					v
					,..
				to repay a debt
					Figure
				-tsoeta-eu, lo ... -to guard a place so that people cannot enter
					v
					v
				tsula-eu for wood to swell from moisture tsae(CL) used for bottles, spoons, and sometimes for
					v
					v
					,..
				small bamboo joints
				tsa,..e-eu 1. to be joined, connected to
				2. to order, as when have someone buy you goods when they go to market
				-tsa-eu, dawtsa ... -to send word to someone -tsae-eu, g•o ... daw-to speak parting words, to say
					,..
					v
					,..
					v
				fareweell
				to shake hands
					Figure
				-tsa-eu, la,.. yaw -for a son to carry on the same trade or profession as his father
					,..
				--eu, tm-to be twisted together (as two ropes)
				,.. ,,
					tsae
				tsaega"-eu to tell to someone, to relate to them
					.,..
				309
				a 'gamea' they play during wakes tsaegmtsaw-eu a game boys play tsak'og'eh-eu to send a reply
					Figure
					A
					y
					y
					A
				" tsaw" du a dibble stick without a metal tip
				tsaw"-eu to pierce, stab
				•
					a
					v
				-tsaw"-eu, S1-
					v
				tsawa-eu)
					""v
				Figure
				-tsawa-eu, agah naw-to step on a thorn and have it enter one's foot
					""v
					v
					v
				-tsawa-eu, otsawa-to plant with a dibble stick
					""v
					g'
					A
					""
				-tsaw-eu, jaag'a-to inject medicine
					,..v
					""
					v
				-tsaw"-eu, sah-1. to tattoo
					v
				2. to beat carbon into a sprain to help it heal faster
				-tsawa-eu, tah -to holalow out a drum
					""v
				.,,
				tsawgahtsaw" cehaa 'burial' fee of kyats four which a man must ive to his wife when he divorces her if she is his crossa-cousin, but which is returned to him if she marries again
					,..
					v
					"'
					g
				tsawka-eu to stab or punch an object so that it goes· down
					A
				v
				tsawanaa-eu to have 'stabbinga' pains {sharp, localized)
					""
				tsaw" pa"-eu to jab a long thing into something else, causing it to break
				,..
					peh
				tsawaa dibble stick with a metal end
					""
				tsaw" peh-eu to puncture something open, to cut (with a jabbing motion) something open
					,..v
				tsaw" seha-eu to kill by stabbing
				"a
				tseha-eu to break off, to break apart
					"'v
				(verb) tseha-eu to cut through, to cut across (oe tseha"-eu, latseha-eu, etc.a}
					"'v
					v
					,..v
				-tseh"-eu, bawdza-to come to a concalusaion after discussing something
					v
					v
				-tseh"-eu, deu" -to cut off something
				-tseh-eu, gaday -to cut off a path frequented by game (that is, to wait with a gun to shoot game)
					A
					v
				-tsehn-eu, g'anga-to repay someone who has worked
					A
				.,, .,,
				for you by working for them the same amount of time
				-tsehn-eu, ja -to say the final word -tsehŁn-eu, k'eh-to be broken apart
					A
					A
				-tseh-eu, lacilag'a-for the villagers to go and work in the blacksmith's field one day each year
					A
					A
					A
					A
					.,,
				-tsehn-eu, lawba-to cross a stream or river
					A
					v
					.,
				-tsehn-eu, lo-to guard a road (or other place) so completely that no one can travel it
					A
					A
				-tsehn-eunee -to reach a conclusion (in onen's
					A
					,
					.,,
				thinking)
				-tsehn-eu sa -to breathe onen's last (a polite term for death)
					A
					I
					A
				-to cut off
					Figure
					teh
					y
				-tsehn-eu, yeh-to saw in two (not lengthwise, but across the narrow part)
					A
					y
				-tseh-eu, yumaman-for a dream to come true
					A
					A
					A
					A
				v
				-tsehn-eu, zeu dzm-for a person to be sterile
					A
					y
				tsehn-i-eu to break in two, to break through, to break off
					A
					v
				tsehma lahjawa type of small leopard with rings on its tail, small, noted by the Akhas as always defecating into the same hole, feeds at night
					A
					y
					"
				.,,
					nah
				tsehnma g'oa samber deer which looks back as it dies (the meat is taboo)
					A
					A
				tseh-eu for an animal to carry some kind of food in its mouth (as dog, cat, leopard, etc.) (shajitseh-eu)
					A
					y
					"
				,..v
				-tseh-eu, akui-for a dog to bark
					A
					v
					v
				-tseh-eu, yaw tseh-to feel cold, cool
					A
					A
				tseh,.. huni g'eh-eu to be cold to the touch, to feel cold (yaw tsehyaw co,..)
					v
					,..
				311
				Figure
				to have a cold
				Figure
				to catch a cold
				tsehtah yaw jaw a very communicable type of cold or
					,.,
				some virus
				tsehteh-eu to clamp down with one's teeth (as on the stem of a tobacco pipe)
					"
					v
				to grit onen's teeth in anger
					Figure
				tsehto" to-eu · for a dog to bark for a protracted period (as at an animal that is cornered, or at a person that should not be there)
					"
					A
				tseu" do"-eu to pluck out of tseu"-eu to pluck, to pinch -tseu"-eu, sa" la -to pick (pluck) cotton bolls from
				the cotton plant a small, black cricket tseu" mah" a wood tick
				Figure
				tseu" pa"n-eu to pluck apart tseu" pui-eu to untie, as a knot
					v
				tseu" pyeh"-eu to pluck or break a small item from something bigger tseu .... tseh"n-eu to pluck and break tso" ceh ceh-eu to kick back and forth at each other tso"-eu 1. to buildŁ as a house
				2.
					2.
						2.
						to kick
					3.
						3.
						to stick into something (as when they transplant paddy, and sticknit into the mud)
							·n
				(verb) tsota-eu to be hanging around doing nothing (dzutso" ta-eu, jawtsota-eu, nuitso" ta­eu, yaw .... tso" ta-eu, etc.)
					A
					v
					v
					v
					v
					A
					vv
					v
					vv
					v
				-tso-eu, boemaw" -for a person to become a spirit priest by studying with anothŁr spirit priest
					A
					v
				-tso-eu, haw -to stare at something, to keep one's eyes fixed on something
					A
				noe -to think constantly about something
					-tso"n-eu
					,
				y
				Figure
				for a shaman to be 'ordainedt'
					Figure
				to build a house (their type)
				to build a field hut
				-tsota-eu dzu-to sit around doing nothing
					A
					y
					,
					v
				tsotawAt-eu to be built right on the edge of something (as Rangoon built on the edge of a river)
					A
				tsotu-eu to stick in, so that it is in an upright position (as a stick in the ground)
					A
					v
				tsota 'lightning boltt' (actually, stone age or bronze age ax heads, believed to have great power)
					A
				to be joined (as the arm joined to the body)
					Figure
				-tso-eu, anyo-ahnyotsehlag'ah-to hitch
					A
					v
					v
					v
					v
					y
					A
					v
				up a plow to a water buffalo -tsoAt-eu, lawdzmt-to build a bridge
					v
					v
				-eu nahtsa-for the sun to shine
					-tso
					A
					I
					v
					v
				-tso -eu nui tsa-for the sun to shine
					v
				I
				A
				-tsoAt-eu, ngaw-to set up something big, wrestle it into place (as a Bren gun)
					v
				Uy coe-for a horn to be on the head of an animal
					-tso
					A
					-eu,
					v
				Figure
				for the sun to shine
				tsoneh deh seh-eu shayoea bone from an animal
					A
					A
					v
					v
				killed by lightning (impolite way to say it)
				tsoA nehthe spirit of the lightning bolt
					A
				tsoA oe-eu for the lightning bolt to come down tsu-eu to tighten something that is hanging
					A
				-tsutA
					-tsutA
						-tsutA
						-eu,
						hawy
						tsutA
						-
						to
						form
						balls
						of
						rice
						in
						one's
					hand
						hand
						(do this
						a
						lot
						at
						weddings,
						and
						throw
						it)
					TR
						a
						tree
						with
						read
						wood,
						yellow-brown
						bark
				the genealogy (patrilineal) of a person
				(CL) a joint (as in bamboo, knee, arm, etc.)
				tsuiA-eu 1. to cut off harder outer layer with a machete (as a blue squash)
				2. to pinch
				313
				Figure
				to castrate a boar
				tsuigui-eu to repeat one'ns genealogy (all male ances­tors in a direct line)
					A
				a chestnut tree
					Figure
				A v v
					ka
					a
					hm
				tsuiŁ a type of mushroom that grows only on chestnust trees
				tsuinaa jungle tree, they eat the fruit
					A
					A
				"' "'
				tsuinenpyuna jungle tree, they do not eat the fruit tsui,._ nuik'othis year
					A
					A
					A
				a chestnut
					Figure
				Sl
				._,
				Figure
				a tree with very small nuts on it
					Figure
				tsuitsawto skip a name in the genealogy, since the man died a 'terrible death'
					A
					v
				tsuitsawtsawn-eu for there to be a 'jump' in the genealogy (see above)
					A
					._,
					"'v
				tsuiyeh(v. & r.n) what boys whose fathers are bro­thers call each other (baw gaw)
					A
					v
					vv
				u(+ direction indicator) to enter ula-eu to come in, from a lower point ule-eu to come in, from a higher point u-i-eu to go into, from a higher point ule-eu to go into, from a lower point
					y
					v
					v
					v
					vv
					v
					y
					v
				-u(FP) implies consent on the part of the speaker
					v
				as to what a third party is going to do, or is doing
				( ..t. zay mdzav lu-u•. Let the children eat it.)
					v
					A
				u-eu to enter
					vv
				-u-eu, byoe• -to run out of a place (as an animal that runs out of the jungle)
					vv
				u-eu, dawJa Ja to converse
					-
					v
					.,,
					-
				u-eu, deh to push into
					-
					v
					-
				-
				u-eu. nah
					v
					"
				ma
				for the sun to set
					-
				u-eu, nyehto put animals into something -u-eu, pyeh-1. to enroll someone
					-
					v
					A
					-
					vv
					v
				2. to release something or someone so that it (or he) can go into something
				to lead into -u-eu, teh -to drive into (as animals into an en
					Figure
					v
					-
				closure) -u"t-eu, tsaw-to jump into, as into a cave or hole uk'afish intestines
					"
					v
					y
				v v
					(i
				unmthe brain (for animals or humans) nm)
					A
					Av
				-u (FP) occurs with statements where the speaker shows his intention of doing something immediately, and occurs in combinations; -la-u, shat-u, shala-u)
					A
					v
					y
					A
				u hu-i" the expresion they have for when they are very tired (something like the English 'whew')
					vv
				. .
				u JU JU-eu to slobber (as an infant) (iju ju-eu)
					v
				A y
					bo
				u.., na-eu to have crusty scabs on one's head (get on their head)
					it if they carry a 'rice bowl
					·t
					1
				uboe1. something carried on one's head
					v
					..,
				315
					315
						315
					2. the cloth covering Akha women dresses to protect them from sun
						2. the cloth covering Akha women dresses to protect them from sun
						put and
						on their rain
						head­
					uy
						uy
						boey 2.
						boevv-eu to cover
						1. to carry someating on one's headdress with the
						one's above
						head cloth
					uv
						uv
						bya bya
						taw
						for the sun to • •nearing sunarise
						come
						up
						(to dawn)
					Uy
						Uy
						cav
						cav -eu
						to
						have
						a
						receding
						hairline
					TR
						some
						terrible
						tragedy
					uv
						uv
						ga-eu for acaa,,._ or the village
						terrible (as twins
						tragedy to 'befall' being born)
						someone
					uy
						uy
						vcaa,,._ m-eu 1. to be near death from a very serious illness caused by the 'ucaaA' spirit., 2. to cause misforatune to others (as causing theiar pig to die) 3. for a person to be rude to others, disregard theiar needs (as if he is noisy near a sick person)
					uv
						uv
						ley-eucaA a special convulsionmya,,._ or girls if they have been chosen to a spirit priest or shaman
						caused in boys later become
					uv
						uv
						caashawy-eu 1. a ceremony where a spirit priest,,._ repeats spirit incantaations to help clear up some tragedy, as a person who is insane 2. a ceremony to help a woman who is being called to be a shaman 'come througha', so she will noat become insane or an epileptic
					U .,
						U .,
						Cl,,._
						nighat
				V
				uci,,._ (verb) ci-eu to •.. until night (u Cl1
					•
					•
				., ,,._v., ,,._
				ci-eu -to go until night)
					,,._v
				y
				uCl Cl-1 -eu for night to fall
					.,
					.,,.
					.,,.
				Uci cik'a k'a -i-eu to be real late, as wheŁ
					V
					A
					A
					A
					A
					vv
				people leave homes for fishing etc.a, and do not get back until late at night
				Ucici taw taw le-eu to be getting near sunset
					V
					A
					A
				UCl. haw ciŁa-eu to look until night
					V
				A
				u., cimia·· lah th1: whole ni :-rht
				,,._ _,
				Figure
				midnight
					Figure
				for midnight to come
					Figure
				•
				uc1.,,, taw evening, about 4 PM to dark
					,..
				(NC) see above UCiutaw taw le-eu for night to fall
					Figure
					...
					"
					.,
				u,.. coet1. (si,..) a womant's headdress
					.,
				2. a horn, as a cow horn
					(coet
					"'v
					, pyawt
					)
				.,v
				for a woman to wear her headdress
				for a woman to take off her headdress
				ucoettso,..t-eu for an animal to have a horn
					,..
					"'
				one's head u... du-ahtk'eu-eu to scratch onet's head in puzzle­
					Figure
					"'
				,..v,..v
				ment, not knowing what to do
				u,.. du,.. bah,.. za ni for onet's head hair to be hanging down (over face and shoulders)
				u... du,.. daw,.. dahmasinot to know 'heads from tails'
					,..
					,..
					,..
				(to be completely ignorant)
				udutdulat-eu for there to be 'substance' (lit., 'head') to the matter, not just conjecture or rumor
					,..
					.,
					,..
					"'v
				udu,.. ga mo-eu to bow one's head
					,..v
				,..
				u,.. du,.. ka"t-eu to comb onet's hair
				m) a skull
					Figure
					(k
					I
					.,
				to be dizzy
					Figure
				u,.. dupyut-eu to be an older person (lit.t, 'white head
					.,
					"'v
					-
				ed'), sometimes the older people scold younger people
				by using this term
				to worship something (to bow down before)
					Figure
				u,.. dutah ... mo-eu for the head to be lowered (as when in shame)
					,..
					,..v
				udutahpo" c1po" -e u for a person to be upside down
					,..
					...,
					...
					•
					.
					...
				to cut someonet's hair
					Figure
				Figure
				317
				uduts i-eu to wash one's hair
					...,
					v
					...,
				du -utue-eu to hit one's head on something
					U
					y
					"
					"'
				V
			"'
				"'
					kae
				uduum-eu to do something in the care of the hair (head hair)e, as to comb, cut, shave, etce.
					v
					..,
					v
					v
				u"" duyu-eu to 'takee' a head, cut it off, as the Wa headhunters do
					"
					v
				Udzahlaheg'ahthe top and back of the head, where it swirls
					V
					v
					""
					v
				a turban
					Figure
				udzahAkaa group of Akhas where the women wear turbans (thus the name)e. They live in China and northern Kengtung, and have adopted the Chinese relig.
					v
					...,
					v
					v
				to wear a turban
					Figure
				Figure
				mI S iy ) a pillow
					Figure
					( g
					I
					v
				g'mpaw the side where they lay their heads when
					v
				v
					u
				they sleep
				-ie-eu to become crazy, insane to become crazy, insane
					u
					V
					"'
				Figure
				"'
					j
					ehe
				uj ehe-eu to shave (with a sharp knife)
					v
					"'
				..,
					..
				uthatch grass
					...,
					J l.
				•
				uJ i dzah-eu to bundle up a sheaf of thatch grass
					..,
					•
					V
					v
				•
				uJiteh-eu to weave thatch into thatch shingles
					..,
					•
					V
					v
				uJikah the base of a single thatch grass stem
					.,
					V
					UV
				ujisaa field of thatch grass ..,
					.,,
					V
					U V
					...,
					ji
				lehleh-eu to cover something with thatch,
					v
					v
			v v
				v v
					u
					u
				without first making it into thatch shingles .,,
					j i
				u.., u..., teh.., (teh) a single 'sheaf' of thatch
					v
				I av pyeh.., -eu to pass gas generated in the stomach and bowels (impolite)
					u.., k
				u.., k'awtsehe-eu for one's life to end (a fairly poetic way of stating it)
					"
					"'
				uk'no" (si) a man's hat
					..,
					..,v
				uk'o" k'o"-eu for a man to wear a hat
					..,
				leh
					leh
					...
				uk'o" -eu for a man to take off his hat
				..,
				uk'oe smoke (midzauk'oea}
					..,
					..,
					..,
					..,
					..,
					..,v
				•
				uk'oe du-eu for smoke to rise, billow up
				..,
				V
				uk'oe k'oe-eu for a place (as a room) to be filled
					..,
					..,v
				V
				with smoke ula ... (la) a branch of a tree or bush uleh.., leh..,a-eu to cover over a place with thatch,
					..,
					,..v
				..,
				without first making it into thatch shingles
				the abdomen
					Figure
				"' "'
				umaaj oa-eu to give an enema
					..,
				uma ... ka-eu to have runny bowels, diarrhea (umaa" yoea-eu) umaakaw ... -eu to have a stomach ache umaapu-eu to have a bloated stomach
					..,
					..,
					"'v
					..,
					"'
					"'
				.., ..,v
				"
				umaauneadysentery (bloody stools) uma ... yoea-eu (see uma ... ka-eu)
					..,
					"
					..,
					"'v
					..,
				.., umoa" to be underneath (as undearneath the house) unoe.., beua-eu for onea's mind to be clear, to be fully conscious unoeamaabeua-eu to be not fully conscious, sometimes nota-fully awake as yet
					..,
					..,
					"'v
					..,
					..,
					..,
					"'v
					-
				to awake from sleep unoe.., so-eu not to sleep well, to be awake either
					Figure
				..,
				because of noise, headache, or the like
				unyoathe white core of cultivated bananas, as well as wild bananas
					,...
					"'
				upehpeh ... -eu to vomit
					..,
					,..
				upya(pyaa) a branch of a tree or large vine (larger than ula ... )
					..,
					..,
					..,v
					..,
				(NC) branches (both large and small)
					Figure
				a moment ago (asoe)
					Figure
				..,
				u.., shaw.., in the morning, the period before morning meal u.., shmshma-eu for the sun to be hidden by a cloud, making a shadow utaabovea, on
					v
					"'v
					A
				..,
				utu" tu"a-eu to get up after the sun comes up utsaasunshine
					..,
					..,
					v
				utsaak'aalaa-eu for the sunshine to get more intense
					..,
					"'
					"'
					"'v
					-
				u.., tsaalawatsoa-eu a ceremony a village priest will hold to stop excessive rain
					"'
					v
					,,.v
				u.., tsaalaw,,.-eu to take something out and sun it
					"'
				utsaatso,,.a-eu for the sun to be shining
					"'
				..,
				utsoeatsoe-eu to cough
					..,
					..,
					..,v
				"' "'
				yehaaa
					u
					V
				hail (not a polite word)
					Figure
				"' "'
				uyehaaasiga le-eu for hail to fall (not a polite
				.., ..,
				word)
				u.., yehaaw-eu to get protection from the rain
					"'
				uyehadeh-eu for the rain to beat down on a person
					..,
					"'
				a ceremony they have to bring rain uyehashehle-eu for rain to fall (to 'sprinkle
					.
					•
					"'
				.., ..,
				the earth', so to speak)
				•
				uyehatsilea-eu for the rain to stop
					"'
					V
					"'v
				..,
				uyeh" u( dzui .... ) a drop of rain
				.., ..,
				uyehutsaamuia-eu for the sky to get real dark
					..,
					v
					"'
					"'v
				..,
				and ready for a storm u.., yehayeh"-eu for rain to falla
					"'
					·
				the floor of something (as a house)
					Figure
				"'v"'
				-ua-eu, ya ua-for a hen to set on eggs
				"' "'
				uak'ak'aaseh-eu for an embryonic chick to die in a shell before it hatches out
					A
					,,.v
				to rule
					Figure
				utehv-eu to cover over (as a tree completely shades something, or a cloud covering the sun)
					Ł
				utsui ni to be big, good (animals, trees, people, etc.)
					A
				-u-eu, bya-to gather in, or pull in towards one (as stalks of paddy)
					A
					y
				Artifact
				smoldering, smoking (but not burning bright-
				Usisi-ehg'eh-eu to be very inhospitable (often are this way when they are mad)
					U
					A
					A
					v
					y
					v
				Ul.
				caw -eu to laugh (as friends)
					ui
					V
				..,
				uideh.., something like a leech, that lives in water, but is hard (the sting is very painful)
					v
				"' v
					uia
					(i
				dzoeaa cattle egret dzoe.,) ui.,a-eu to laugh
					.,
				Figure
				"' "'
					gaha
				uialaw" bathe name of the Nam la river, when speaking of death (uilahalawaba..,)
					v
					v
					"'
					"'
				uiageu shelf in homes where they keep their water "'
					"'
					(ia
				containers geu -pf.)
				uiahui.., ka-eu ti sigh from tiredness
					"'
				v "'
					ui
				jawlawasi a black-backed forktail law" si -not pf.)
					v
				Figure
				"' "'
					uia
				juiana"a-eu a skin ulcer which goes very deep (can see the bone)
				Figure
				k'eh an irrigation ditch for a terraced field
					ui
					V
				V
				uik'ehv lawa-eu a ceremony they perform to the ditch (those that make terraced fields)
					v
					v
				uik'eh.., yuaah"a-eu to bring water into a place via an irrigation ditch v v
					v
					"'
					ui
				k'eh.., yu-eu to dig an irrigation ditch to a spot
				uilahv a., ma the 'daughter of the dragon' (in their mythology)a, who brings good luck to people
					v
				v v
					ui
				nelawaba.., the 'muddy river', referring to the Salween when speaking of death
					v
				after awhile ( ino" -pf . ) shawalawak'aw their water source, the place to
					Figure
					v
					ui
					V
					v
					"'
					"
				go to get water (near their village) ( i shaw
					y
					v
				lawak' aw", lawak' awa)
					v
					"'
				"a
				-
				shm" not
					ui" shm" an otter ( i
					V
				tui" tui"a-eu to have the hiccups ( tui" tui"a-eu -pf.)
					Figure
					l.
					•
					V
				"'
					uin
				tsahntsah-eu to dam up a small stream (either for fishing, or just in play) (itsahntsah-eu)
					"'
					v
					v
					"'
					v
				"'
					uin
				ama a very long and flat leech
					yeh
					,..
					..,
				"' "'v
					uin
				yoen-eu to laugh (ui-eu) "' "'
					v
					uin
					(in
				za a waterhen za)
				"' "'
					uin
				zawna large type of lizard that lives in trees,
				often lays eggs in termite hills, sometimes goes into water
				ui cuina little
					"'
				"' "'
				Ul. cui" mangeunnmn-a almost
					•
					..,
				V
				•
					cuin
					"'
					"'v
				Ul. ngeun-a..,, ma• • • just a little (Ui cui" -a, manga" nya. It's just a little chilly.)
					..,
					ngeu
					V
					..,v
					..,
				.
				Ul. cui" teh-ehonly a little
					,..v
					v
				ui ui-ehngoen-eu the sound of a large number of people sobbing and crying
					"'
					"'v
				ui-eu to gather together
					..,v
				-eu ga -1. for a large group to suddenly gather (as to see a deer just brought in)
					-u1.
					V
					I
				2. for fruit to have fallen in one place
				.
				-u1. -eu 1a,.. -to heap up, to collect
				V I
				-eu ta -for each to contribute his share to a
					-ui
					V
					I
					,._
				joint collection
				uitsuia type of grass-like plant with long leaves which they cut to feed horses and cows .
					..,
					,..
				uila-eu to assemble ( ym.., la-eu)
					v
					"n
					..,
				323
				y
				ya1. (kaw) a hillside field (yangeh)
					v
					vv
					v
				2. the amount of seven and a half old coins, when speaking of fines
				a hundred
					Figure
				yabya-eu to mark a section of hillside to indicate that one is going to make a field there
					v
					A
				the hut in a hillside field
					Figure
				yacmk'mpi(pi) a small spirit hut made in the largest rice field
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				to construct a hut in onet's field
					Figure
				yaco-eu 1. to weed with a mattock while crops such as cotton, corn, etc. are coming up (not rice)
					v
					A
				2. to 'scrapet' a field after it has been dug, by cutting down weeds and other growth
				the lower part of the hill field
					Figure
				yadeh-eu to break up the big clods in thet· field after it has been dug (dupudeh-eu)
					v
					v
					v
				yadu-eu to 'digt' the field, with a mattock, in preparation for planting
					v
					v
				the edge of the field
					Figure
				v v v
				yagaga-eu to go back and forth to the field each day (without staying at night), also used of ants on the march as they travel in their work
				yag'ag'a-eu for people to help in onet's hill field in exchange for a pork curry feast
					v
					v
					v
				yag'asheu-eu to have someone work for you, and then you will repay them later by working the same time
					v
					v
					vv
				v
				yag'atseh-eu to trade work with others
					v
					A
				2. when the villagers go work in the blacksmith's field one day each year
				the top side of a hill field
					Figure
				yaji ji-eu to clear a field that has been burned
					v
				once, by stacking up sticks etc. that have not burn­
				ed, and burning the stacks
				yaka kag'o,. a small hawk or kite, harmless, that calls at rice planting time (cehka kag'o,., kaka kag'o,. -not pf.n)
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
				the edge of a field
					Figure
				yakay ta,.n-eu for two fields to be joined on a common border
					v
				yakeuy-eu to burn a field in preparation for plant­ing it
					v
				yakan-eu to rake a field yakm(km") a fenced in area where they grow things
					v
					"'v
					v
					v
				to eat
				...,
					(ya
				meh
					ya
					"
					k'a da"-eu a final legal decision k'a
					...,
					v
				V
				dzada-eu) yak'a Ja-eu to judge a case
					y
					v
					"
				V
				Figure
				yak'ahnk'ah-eu for several households to go togeth­
					"
				..., ...,v
				er and build temporary houses near their fields
				...,
					ya
					• •
				k'eu ni g'eh-eu to be cheap, inexpensive
				ya" la-eu for something that should be firm to become loose (as a tooth)
					v
				...,
					ya
				lo,. ya" sho a..., nmnthe spirit that guards the things that have been planted in the field
					"
				yam" dza-eu to make onen's living by farming (esp. the hillside farms)
					v
					v
				to work a newly made hill field
					Figure
				"' "'
				yamaw" k'andawceun...,-eu to hang up charcoal in one's paddy field and village if they 'see' each other (as well as burial spot, some other village, etc.)
					v
				a spirit which lives in swampy places
					Figure
				yan
					yan
					"
				k'ak'oe a pigeon (domesticated)
					Figure
					y
					y
				ya" mi" neh,. gula-eu to have swelling caused by affliction from the 'swamp' spirit
					...,
					"n
				-.1
					ya
				mo,. a generic term for weeds in a field
				for weeds to multiply, get thick to weed a hill field (that is planted) to clear a field or site with a machete yatna" a new field
					Figure
					"'
				Figure
				Figure
				"' "'
				yatnatlah-eu to add a new section to a hill rice
					..,v
				field
				"' ..,
					m
				yatna" -eu to make a rice field by just cutting and burning (requires no digging)
				a hill field (ya)
					Figure
					..,v
				..,
				yangeh eudo" beh beh-it-eu for the mother to carry the new infant for the first time to a field
					...,
					"'v
				..,
				yangeh(ngeh) a strip of hill field (as when they
				.., ..,v
					_
				weed or hoe, do it in strips, usually) a worn out hill field
				Figure
				a type of wagtail
					Figure
				yasa leh.., sia type of bug that curls up ·tinto a ball
					v
				..,
					..,
					.., ..,
						(yeh
				when disturbed sana.., si..,) Ya" sa(kaw) an old, abandoned hill field a long-tailed wren-babbler a red-fronted babbler
					V
					..,v
				Figure
				Figure
				ya" sa.., kuigawa black-throated babbler ya" salehoa type of bush, like raspberry, they
					"
					..,
					..,
					..,
					..,
				eat the fruit
				"' .,,
					ne
				yatsamya" a red-capped babbler
				..,
				yatsaneh,.. a field spirit, sometimes for jungle
					"'
					..,
				spirits it is also used
				yasa.., sabyeh" (kaw) a hill field that has been
					"
				.., ..,v
				left idle for two to five year_s
				ya" sah" ama the spirit in charge of a hill field
				..,
				ya" sawa type of grass that looks a little like thatch, which has a nice odor, and is used in some of their curries
					"
				yasmg'o,..t-eu to return from working in onet's field
					v
					y
				v v vv"
					sm
					i
				ya-eu to go to one's field to work (yasmtoe-eu) yatu-eu to cut down trees in order to make a field "
					v
					v
					vv
				yattsawhathe Karen people ya (verb) must .....
					v
					v
				ya ah(ah) a wooden spindle the women and girls
					v
					v
				use in spinning cotton thread
				ya cawa hen that must be killed because she has hatched 'animal reject' chicks (jecaw)
					A
					v
					A
				ya cemehheha type of cricket (fairly large) that eats their crops
					v
					v
					v
				""
					cit
				ya a chicken
				a game boys play chicken dung
					Figure
				Figure
				"" ""v
				ya citcit-eu 1. to pluck chicken feathers
				2. the 'chicken feather plucking' ancestor offering
				ya ci" da(da .... ) a spur on a cock
					,..
				ya citdawmig'awleh"t-eu to pull out a chicken's tail feathers
					""
					v
					v
					v
				ya cidi., duthe stitck they use to hit the chicken over the head to kill it
					A
					v
				ya ci" dzah-eu a ceremony where they burn a small chicken in the field hut to help the paddy crop
				ya citkut-uluthe embryonic chick that dies in the egg before it hatches out
					""
					""v
					v
					....
				A k' atlo(lo) a basket to carry chickens in
					ya Ci
					""
					v
					.,v
				"" ""
					Ci
				ya k'a pah( pah) a large basket made for
					,.,
					,.,v
				•
				chickens to roost in, or to carry them in
				"" "'
					Ci
				ya k'a pahpah-eu to make the above
					v
				.,v
				ya citmawpu..., a chicken that is boiled whole, with stuffing in, esp. for special ceremonies
					"'
					v
				"' .,
				ya citshaw-eu to castrate a cock (ya poeshaw .... -eu) ""
					,.,v
				ya citya cechicken dung (ya ciŁ behheh)
					v
					.,
					"
				327
				..,v
					)
				ya ci" ya gui(guia man made chicken nest ya cinya hm (hm) a chicken feather ya cinya kun(kun) a structure in which to keep
					"'
					"'
					"'
					"'
					"'v
				chickens (a chicken house) a mother hen "'
					ci
				Figure
				ya ya pah.., "'
					cin
				Figure
				ya ya poe(poen, maw") a cock
					v
					"
				"'
					cin
				ya ya seua being which kills mother hens and ..,
					v
					pi
				sucks the eggs (cf. seu") (ya seun)
					v
				ya cinya si a chicken with feathers sticking up all over
					"'
				"' ..,
					cin
					sheh
				ya ya mites (ya sheh)
					..,v
				for chickens to die of plague
					Figure
				""
					cin
				ya ya za.., a baby chick
				for eggs to hatch
					Figure
				a dead-fall trap (za dm)
					a dead-fall trap (za dm)
						Figure
						..,v
					..,
						ya
						dm
				v the log used in the above
					ya dm.., dmmah
				..,
				ya gui(gui) a man made chicken nest (in which they
					v
					..,v
				have put curled up shavings from bamboo strips)
				ya heh" vitamins (lit., 'strength medicine')
					(B)
				ya hi.., ya la the dung of some imaginary 'water grem­linsn' said to live in China (use it as med.)
				ya jabaw-eu to blow on a buffalo horn (do this
				..,
				when carrying a barking deer back to their village) ya jaw sehteu,.. the boards or bamboo sections they use
				..,
				to keep track of their donations to the village fund
				ya k'ank'awzeu" the stick driven into the ground above the hill field spirit hut
					"'
					..,
				tobacco ya ma 1. an elephant
					ya k'aw
					..,
				2. a hen (when speaking of chickens) ya ma aJua very large caterpillar, it goes up trees ya mananma an elephant cow
					..,
					..,
					.n
				.,
				ya ma jui(juit) an elephant tusk
					v
					"'v
				ya ma utsoettsoet-eu to have a very bad cough (when used of children, usually means whooping cough) ya ma ya laelephant bull ya ma zaa small hen
					v
					v
					v
					v
				.,
				ya nyi., a jungle chicken
				ya nyi., da-eu to use a live decoy in trying to get a jungle chicken
					.,v
				ya nyiya ma a jungle hen
					v
				ya pa-eu to gently open up the way before one by politely putting onet's hands straight ahead, then pushing gently back on both sides
					A
				ya peh(see ya caw" -but this is much stronger) ya poea rooster
					"
					v
				ya poetdoet-eu for a cock to crow ya poe" ne a red (sometimes brown) rooster ya poezaa small rooster
					"'
					.,v
					v
					y
				...,
				ya sehkaw" dua pole at one side of their uncovered porch, over which they hang things to dry
					"
					"
				ya seh,.. cu-eu to raise a hen and rooster for the nam­ing ceremony (start when the mother is pregnant)
				Figure
				ya si., 1. lead
				2. bullets they buy
				ya
					ya
						ya
						so doevv-eu for a cock at the wrong time (as noises, etc.t)
						to crow during the night, when moon comes up, hears
						but
					ya
						ya
						sheh.,
						mites
					ya
						ya
						sheh" sheht"-eu to en feathers with
						make the strings of colored chick­a 'cotton shooter' (sa..., beu")
					ya
						ya
						u"
						( s iy )
						an
						egg
						(a chicken egg)
					ya
						ya
						u" jo" an infertile did not hatch)
						egg
						(which
						has
						been
						set
						on
						and
				A ka-eu to lay an egg
					u
				ya u
					A
				k'aw
				an
				A
				shell
				ya uleu-eu to peel a boiled egg
					A
					,...
				u A neh tsi haw-eu to divine with an egg ya u" ut-eu for a hen to set on eggs ya yehav ma a woman who has gone through the post-
					ya
					"'v
					"
					·
				menopause ceremony to carry out the post-menopause ceremony ya yoethe leg-bone of a chicken (use it for divin­ing regarding travel)
					"
				Figure
				ya yoeka haw-eu to divine the future by means of a
				"
				chicken thigh
				ya zapawtsmtiny chicks (cannot tell sex yet) ya puitnm"t-eu to burn a chick because of some
					"
					"
					"
					"'
				offense to some planted thing (esp. paddy)
					za
					"
				"'
					cit
				ya ya chickens which are used for their offer­
				ings to the spirits (usually they are small)
					za
					"
				yaa wild goat
				"
				(CL) marshy area or place (buya, lah ya)
					Figure
					v
					"
					"
				yabyaa type of tree dwelling bee that Akhas are
					"
				"
					"
					very much afraid of, esp. if they say bad things about the bees. Akhas eat their honey & youngt. {dzabya)
						"
						"
				yacawa term for Lahus (perhaps because they hear the Lahus saying 'tachaw-o' -'friend' -all the time)
					"
					"
					y
					v
					"
					vv
				a person who has almost nothing
					Figure
				ya-eu 1. to sacrifice a buffalo for a person who has died
					v
				2. (for a male) to 'put in' (seminal fluid)t, when speaking of conception
				ya-eu tawt-eu offering for the dead (first part of phrase)t, and wrapping the body in a shroud (sec­ond part)
					"t
					"'v
				Figure
				to curse someone
				potato
					Figure
				to curse someone to soften up when it is cooked (as corn,
				Figure
				opium
					opium
						opium
					yav
						yav
						yeh av opium
						juv plant
						a
						type
						of
						caterpillar
						that
						eats
						the
					yav
						yav
						yeh bav-eu smoking it
						to
						mix
						the
						opium
						in
						preparation
						for
					yav
						yav
						yeh
						davv-eu
						to
						stop
						the
						opium
						habit,
						break
						off
					yav
						yav
						dav laAyeh a metal for opium smoking
						scraper
						they
						use
						to
						prepare
					yav
						yav
						yeh dawvv-eu pf.t)
						to
						smoke
						.opium
						(yav
						yeh
						shutA-eu
						-not
					yav yav
						yav yav
						yeh deu the metal tray they ium lamp on •yeh dzahvv-eu to crave opium, smoke it (for some reasont)
						use to put their but not be able
						op-to
					yav
						yav
						yeh gaA-eu
						to
						engage
						in
						opium trading
					yav
						yav
						yeh gawv
						puv
						the
						opium
						pipe
					yav
						yav
						yeh jui the little metal length used to put a ball of opium over pipe when smoking
						(about six inches) the hole in the
					yav
						yav
						yeh of
						keuv dao a tool used bronze (often from old
						to slit gongst)
						opium
						pods,
						made
					yav
						yav
						yeh keuvv-eu pods)
						to
						harvest
						opium
						(i.te.,
						to
						slit
						the
					yav
						yav
						vyeh pamav all of the tools used in smoking ium (sometimes used for just the lamp)
						op­
					yav
						yav
						yeh pav lavv-eu to yeh mehA lav-eu)
						have
						a
						craving
						for
						opium
						(yav
					yav
						yav
						yeh
						shuA-eu
						(see
						yav
						yeh
						dawvv-eu)
					yav
						yav
						yeh
						tsiv
						k'mv
						an
						opium lamp
				yayeh yaan opium field
					v
					"
				yayeh yudao a wide-bladed knife used in collecting raw opium from the pod (yayeh yu" k'mv)
					v
					"
					..,
				yah"t-eu to be careful (as not to do something wrong, not to get hurt, careful not to burn down the house)
				yah" k'oneha spirit that came from a child that
					..,
					A
				died before being named
				-yah-eu, la-to tame animals
					A
				yah shaw" law"t-eu a type of chicken offering
				yah.., ca(ca) a thong made of buffalo hide (stronger
					A
					A
				than cow hide, use for pulling wood)
				yawsheep
					v
				yawnah 'sheept' day in the Akha cycle of days yaw ato be damp, wet
					"
					..,
				yaw awla,,.t-eh" easily (without any trouble)
					v
				yaw aw to be short yaw aweasy
					..,
				yaw awaw-eheasily, quickly
					vv
					"
				..,
				yaw ba to be whitish (not as white as yaw pyu) yaw bato be thin
					vv
				..,
				yaw bah.., yaw lahto be troublesome yaw bahyaw hato be troublesome and difficult
					"
					v
					A
				yaw beh the first
				to be awake, alert
					Figure
				yaw bi to be skilled, capable of doing what is re­..,
					bi
				quired (yaw -not pf.) yaw bu" to be clean yaw buspoiled, rotten
					A
				yaw buyo" yo-eh" ja"t-eu for there to be a nauseating odor
					A
					A
					-
				yaw bui bui-eu a big feast (connected with some cere­mony, usually)
				for the feast to be finished
				yaw byato be lazy about doing something, not want to do it (sometimes since one knows it is futile)
					v
				yaw byato be striped yaw byawtasteless food yaw byeha container that has a larger mouth than
					A
					v
					v
				body (as a basin)
				yaw byeh1. to have a bad color from sickness, as palid from the loss of blood
					v
				2. to be weak and limp (said of people, also of a hat brim that is limp)
				yaw byehto be spongy, springy (as cooked rice, springy metal, a long board bouncing up and down, etc.)
					A
				yaw bym yaw byeha person who is capable of doing even the most difficutlt tasks
					A
				yaw bym yaw gaha person who is very clevert, capable
					v
				fuzzy, bushy
				yaw byuv yaw daw-ehunkempt, disheveled (as an old woman with uncombed hair, wearing dirty clothes)
					A
					v
				yaw casomething terrible (can refer to people, meat,
					A
				etc.t) (yaw cayaw nui) yaw cawtto be destroyed, in a wrecked condition -yaw caw, nui ma -to be discouraged
					A
					A
					A
					Av
				yaw
					yaw
						yaw
						cehv
						sour
					yaw
						yaw
						ceh
						the
						pointed
						end
						of
						a
						stick
					yaw
						yaw
						civ
						for
						something
						(as wood,
						cloth,
						vinee)
						to
						be
					TR
						strong,
						not
						easily
						broken
					yaw
						yaw
						coA
						to
						be
						cool
						(as
						when
						real
						hot
						tea
						has
						cooled
					TR
						off
						enough
						to
						drink
						it)
					yaw
						yaw
						vcu
						a
						container
						which
						has
						a
						large
						body
						with
						a
					TR
						small
						mouth
						(as
						a
						gourd)
					yaw
						yaw
						cuiv
						to
						be
						very
						hot
						to
						the
						touch
					yaw
						yaw
						cuitA
						to
						be
						few
						in
						number
						(of people,
						things,
						etc.t)
				yaw dah(ga
					v
					v
				yaw dah
					"
				lack yaw daw
					v
				tsoe-eu for there to be value or worth in it dahntsoe-eu)
					v
					"
					v
				to lack something (dawmiyaw dahto a tail)
					"
					'
					v
					v
					-
				straight
				yaw daw the blunt or flat end of a stick yaw dea cleared off place
					v
				yaw dehdeh-eu 1. to live, to be alive
					A
					A
				2. polite term for intercourse
				yaw deu1. to be strong (as a person)
					v
				2. to be strung tightly (as a crossbow, guitar)
				yaw deu to be fairly tall (often used of rice) yaw di to be perfectly level
				yaw di1. a cord or thread that is twisted (cannot use it in weaving)
					A
				2. an old cloth that is wrinkled yaw dmto be blunt, dull (as a machete, etc.) yaw doe1. to be dirty, filthy, not presentable (for
					v
					v
				persons and places)
				2. to be lazy, not do work in the proper way
				yaw dubaw-eu for there to be substance (not just a rumor)
					"
				yaw dudu-ehvery much, thoroughly (yaw dudu-ehsiv nya ma -I know completely)
					v
					"n
					"
					v
					vv
					v
				yaw dusibaw-eu to know that there is substance to it, that it is really true yaw dusatinsfactory, done properly yaw dzaa legacy handed down to one's children (either good or bad -as leprosy) yaw dzedzena bachelor yaw dzedzemawnan older bachelor yaw dzeha projection (as something projecting out from a wall)
					"
					v
					A
					"
					"
					"
					"
					"
					"
					"
				yaw dzi1. to be very clever at something (as hunting)
					v
				2. for two pieces of wood to be joined very well along the sides
				yaw dzu.., dzu-eu to shiver (as with cold)
				..,v
				frightened half to death yaw dzu.., gah gah-ehto be trembling with fright yaw dzuitdzuit-eu to itch
					Figure
					"
					A
					A
				yaw-eu 1. to put a fresh animal skin on something so that it will dry on tightly
				2. to stick one thing onto another (as paper onto
				a mat)
				yaw gaga-eu to feel cold "' ..,
					A
					A
					lm
				yaw gat-eu to warm oneself when cold, by the fire, or by the sun
				yaw gahto be smart, clever
					v
				-yaw gah, nui ma -to be a smart person
					vv
				yaw gm 1. together, as when lots of people go hunting together
				2. to be sufficient for the task (whether people, animals, energy, or what have you)
				yaw gohigh, tall
					"
				yaw gutto be frightened
					"'
				yaw guito be dry
					•
				yaw g'ah" to be hard ahto be bent, crooked yaw g' ahg'ah-eu (see above)
					yaw g
					I
					v
					..,
					..,v
				yaw g'eh" it appears as if .... (Teu g'aneh k'oe-eu
					v
				..,
				yaw g'ehnga. It appears that this fellow took it.)
					"
				yaw g'eh when a person does more than others in playing, working, or whatever
					-
				yaw g'eu g'teu-ehhanging down limply
					..,
				yaw g'eu g'eu-ehtga g'eu-eu for something to be hung from the ceiling, or rafters, as pack saddles
					..,
				crooked, bent
					crooked, bent
						Figure
					yaw hai( B) to be evil, wicked (yaw k'a) yaw huito be big, wide
						v
						v
						v
				yaw jato be cooked (rather than raw -yaw jmv)
					A
				yaw jaw pat-eu to assess each one his share in joint projtects
					""v
				yaw aw pya-eu for the whole village to be sick with some very contagious disease
					J
					•
					v
				.
				yaw awdirty
					J
					A
				•
				yaw Jawyaw lafilthy dirty
					A
					A
				.
				yaw Jawyaw pyehfilthy and slushy yaw j e" to be wide -yaw je, nui ma -to be very patient, long suffering
					A
					A
					vv
				•
				yaw Jeto be hanging down low yaw jeh to be thin -yaw jeutesa-a loud sound, one that carries
					v
					A
					I
					V
					V
				far
				yaw mto be raw (as food, not cooked -yaw ja) yaw juslick, shiny, slippery yaw ju, gama for a path to be slippery
					J
					v
					A
					v
					vv
					v
				-yaw ju, nui ma -to be long suffering, say only what should say, and without getting angry
					Av
				yaw Uto be wrinkled
					J
					A
				yaw kato be separated (as boards starting out to­gether, separating when they dry)
					v
				•
				yaw kabetween, in the interval yaw kah to be heavy yaw kawto be fast kawkawt-ehtto be lined (as a shirt)
					v
					v
					yaw
					A
					"'v
					"'
				"'
					kot
				• • V
				yaw to be dried (shaJl shako)
					v
					A
				.,. "'
					kot
				yaw ko-eu to dry, shrivel up (as leaves of paddy)
					A
				...,
					kui
				yaw for food to be tasty yaw k'a 1. to be wicked (yaw haiB)
					-
				2. to be bitter yaw k' a" to be difficult, strong, hard
					...,
				•
				yaw k'eh a longish item which 1S broken (as a plank of wood, a bone, etc.t) y...,
					k'eu
					-eh
				yaw k'euoften, repeatedly (as when they set dead-fall traps, must look often)
					v
				yaw k'oat a hooked, crooked angle
					,..
				yaw la la-eu one of the ancestor offerings
				yaw la-isaid about a person who does not know how
					,..v
					...,
				to do anything, completely incapable
				...,
					lah
				yaw for something to feel hot
				yaw law..., 1. to be clear (as the weather)
				2. to be better (as a sick person)
				yaw law1. to pronounce well, articulate clearly
					A
				2. a thick sheaf of something (as a wad of money) yaw lawyaw law" rooms, cells, walled off places yaw leha mistake (yaw leh..., m-eu -to make a mistake)
					A
					...,v
				..., yaw lehyaw ca misdeeds, mistakes
					v
				yaw leufor something to be curved up (elephant's tusk)t, raised up (one's neck)t, sticking up
					v
				yaw li uduas the last possibility (i.te.t, all
					v
					...,
				other possibilities exhausted) ...,
					lm
				yaw for something to be warm, as a warm coat yaw lo" to be full sized, satisfactory in dimensions ...,
					loe
				yaw a coarse, grainy powder yaw loe to be big yaw lu lu-ehta mound, or a high spot, a lump yaw mathe real thing, the ideal thing (as pitch-
					v
					...,
				pine that is really good) yaw mayaw du..., ( see above)
					...,
				yaw ma to be a larger size (as when speak of bamboo strips of a large size)
				very well, thoroughly yaw mahto be long yaw mah to be slow (as slow when walking, etc.) yaw meh ... something or someone that grows very rapidly
					Figure
					...
				and is quite large
				yaw meuafilth and trash in and around the house
				..,
				yaw mua1. to be a small size (used of bamboo strips, mistakes, etc.)
					"'
				2. to be short, fuzzy, standing on end
				•
				yaw muai.., good
				yaw mu1byma good (and often big) portion
					•
					y
				..,
				yaw muipa ... -eh ... well (as to do something wel 1)
					•
				...
				yaw muiayaw Jato be good
					..,
				..,
				•
				yaw myaato be many in number (esp used when too many)
					..,
				yaw myaato be slow aboutaone's work
					,..
					.a
				yaw myaa,.. yaw mah to be slow, to do one's work listlessly
					-
				yaw myeto have a bad color from sickness (pale), to be weak and limp (Meung Yawng dialect -see yaw byeh)
					..,
					..,v
				yaw myehato be very weak, and thus easily broken, as a stick
					"'
				yaw naablack yaw na .... to be deep down, as a hole .,,
					"
					-eh
				yaw naaearly to get up before the sun comes up -yaw naa, nui ma -a person who gets angry and does
					,..v
					,.,v
				Figure
				not get over it easily or quickly yaw nahto be soft -yaw nah..,, nui ma -to be reticent to speak, afraid
					..,
				to speak before a group
				yaw nawfor the growth (as weeds) to be deep, tall, covering other things (as the path)
					A
				-yaw nawn, gama -for a path to be overgrown with weeds and shrubs
					Av
					y
				yaw ne" red
				-eu shayoepolite way of saying that a bone is from an animal killed by light
					yaw ne" neh deh seh
					A
					y
					..,
					-
					-
				•
				n1.ng
				yaw neuto be huddled up hiding (often used of wild
					..,
				animals)
				yaw nma fine powder yaw nyito be small, little yaw nym" to be short -yaw nym, nu1.ma -to be short tempered, gets angry
					A
					"'
					.,v
					•
				easily
				yaw nyoegreen-blue
					y
				yaw oe" old
				yaw pawa very soft, often porous wood, not strong, also used of porous bread, cake, etcn.
					A
				yaw pehto have a sharp flavor yaw pehto be punctured, contain a hole yaw peu ..... rotten (wood, cloth, paper) yaw poe..... yaw lawto be very expensive, worth a great
					"'
					A
				deal
					..,
				yaw puia light blue, a gray blue
					"
				yaw pyato be light in weight
					y
				yaw pyawnto be twisted (as board, piece of metal, etc.)
					A
				yaw pyehyaw lehto be damp, mushy (bread dough, rotten fruit, etc.)
					A
					A
				yaw pyunwhite
					"'
				yaw sa" to be easy (both in sense of not difficult, and in sense that it is flat and thus easy to walk)
				339
				yaw satto be rough
					"'
				yaw saan odor (as for a deer to get the odor of man when it is being hunted)
					,..
				yaw saŁ behŁ laŁ-eu for a human or animal odor to carry
				yaw sasa-eu to feel hot, to be hot (though not with a fever)
					,..
					,..v
				yaw sa,.. yaw labaw-eu to have some real body, some real odor to it (as a med. which has a potent smell)
					v
				yaw sah1. the owner (as the owner of a cow)
					v
				2. the spirit in charge ("They received the spirit of rebellion up in China.t")
				yaw saw to be fragrant
				-yaw su, nui ma -to be impatient, wanting to go
					v
				ahead
				yaw suto be constricted (both in the sense of an opening which is narrow, and in the amount of time to do some work)
					,..
				yaw su,.. Yaw ti extremely narrow, crowded
				yaw sui yaw dawtstraight, honest in onet's dealings
					"'
				yaw shato smell bad (esp. used of foods) yaw shadifficult, steep, hard up yaw shaw1. to be clean (physically)
					y
					v
					v
				2. to be 'holy', ceremonially clean
				yaw shaw 1. to be uncomplicated, not troublesome
				2. stripes running the length of the animal (or tree)
				shining light yaw sheh,.. bya-eu for light to shine
					yaw sheht
					,..
				yaw shehtyaw labaw-eu to have good fortune (be healthy, have good crops, big family, etc.) "'
					,..
					v
					lat
				yaw shehyaw k'at-eu to have prestige (little idea of wealth in this)
					,..
					"'v
				yaw sheutsheut-eha good speed (not too fast, not too slow, used for walking, working, reading, etc.)
					"'
					"'v
					v
				yaw shian inanimate object (rock, ax, etc.) yaw shuityellow, golden, brown
					y
					v
				yaw shui,.. new
				yaw tat1. to be sharp (rocks, machete, ax, etc.)
					"'
				2. to be salty
				yaw taw a little ways off, out of the way
				yaw teat the very least (when speaking of the price one will get for rice), to be below (as when Akhas say they are below others in certain things)
					y
				yaw tehbusy
					y
				yaw teuto be solid (as when earth is pounded down tight, packed hard)
					v
				yaw tu" thick
				yaw tsatsa-eu to be hot (as the atmosphere) (nui tsatsa"t-eu)
					v
					v
					v
				yaw tsav yaw dawtrue and straight (as straight in
					v
				onet's dealings with others) (yaw sui yaw daw) yaw tsahto be crowded together (as plants) yaw tsah to be unripe (only used of fruit) yaw ts ehto feel cool, cold
					vv
					v
					,..
				yaw tsito be very clean and in neat order (as onet's body, one's house, etc.t)
					v
				thoroughly, well
					Figure
				Figure
				to have clean habits
				yaw
					yaw
						yaw
						tsi"
						yaw
						lui"
						(see
						yaw
						tsivv
						)
					yaw
						yaw
						tsuv
						fat
					yaw
						yaw
						ts ut"'
						to
						be
						hanging
						high
						up,
						taut
					yaw
						yaw
						ya"
						• .inexpenstive,
						cheap
					yaw
						yaw
						ya,..
						to
						be
						hard
						to
						get
						along
						with,
						stubborn
					yaw
						yaw
						yah
						to
						be
						tame
						(as animals)
					TR
						""
					yaw
						yaw
						yeht
						body
						dirt
				yaw yeh" yeht-eu for dirt to 'form' on one's body
					"'v
				yaw
					yaw
						yaw
						yeh,..
						a
						deserted
						place
						(neither
						people
						nor
						animalst)
					yaw
						yaw
						yeu,.
						to
						be
						twisted
						(as wood,
						string)
					yaw
						yaw
						Ayo
						to
						be
						curled
						up,
						rolled
						up
				-yaw yui, tesa-for a sound to be continuous (as when one rings a bell and it keeps ringing)
					v
					v
				yaw yui yui-eu to be s·tingy, hold back money and goods yaw zato be small {yaw nyi) yaw za,. an unfrequented place, a place people do not
					v
					v
				go often
				yaw zahto be dark (not light, as at night) yaw zaw" to be brittle (wood, food, etc.) yaw zeh to be tough (as food), rugged (walk many miles
					v
					.
				rapidly, and one's legs not hurt) yaw zeu baw-eu to respect, to honor someone to be firm, to be established
				Figure
				yaw zi,. zi-ehdzi-eu to ride 'firmly' (i.te.t, so one will not fall off)
					,.v
					v
					v
				yaw zo1. to be alert, eyes wide open (as when try to rope a cow that keeps out of one's way}
					v
				2. to be very quick in one'ts work
				v
				yaw zoyaw la-ehto be quick, to move along rapidly (as in one's work)
					A
					v
					-
				-yaw-eu, nayaw-to dye cloth some color
					vv
					.,
					v
				-yaw-eu, tsaht-to pull out of the way, off the
					vv
					v
				path
				yawga" na lueverywhere yawgayawanother place
					..,
					,.
					v
				.., ..,
				I a.., na luevery person
					yawg
					,.
				..,
				yawyawsomeone else
				., 'v .., yawhay yawha each his own ...
					g
					a
				., .., yawha ... each his own
					..,
				shortly past noon yawjawna lualways
					Figure
					v
					v
					A
				yaw., jena luevery kind
					A
				.,
				another country
					Figure
				yawna lu ... always yaw., na yawna-ehalways, all the time
					.,
					v
					v
				yawv nah yawanother day (perhaps the next day, or the next -any day after the present)
					.,
				yawngeh ... to be empty
				.,
				yawngeh ... -ehfree, freely v "'
					v
					v
					dit
				yawngeh-ehtmabi-eu to give freely (do not have to pay anything)
					.,
					A
					v
					A
				yawngehyawku-ehto do something without getting
					v
					A
					v
				., .,v
				anything for it
				(B) a soldier (sometimes used for police)
					Figure
				(CL) a load of something, as water, wood, etc.
				part of the ceremony for a post-
					Figure
				menopause woman
				yehbiag'oa boy or girl who dies before getting married (said to be 'called back of God')
					.,
					A
					.,
					A
				yehtdaha type of money Akhas used to make to give to onet's wife's parents after five or six children born {do not do it much now)
					"'
					v
				yehdahshawvt-eu to do the above custom
					v
					v
				yeht-eu good fortune, for something to happen to one that is very good, to be in good health
					"'v
				yehg'ahyam., rainy season yehtj aatma a pale-headed woodpecker (yeh" ja)
					v
					v
					"'
					.,
					.,
					.,v
				., "' .,
					yeh
				ka mawtne1. a bush that has red flowers, which they wear
				2. see ceh" ka mawne
					v
					v
				yehkudza-eu the ancestor offering when they swing
					v
				., .,v
				on their village swing
				343
				for rain to fall
					Figure
				yehmawtthe specially honored guest at a wedding feast, usually a woman, she also helps in parts of the ceremony
					v
					v
				yehmawtzo-i-eu for a boy'ts relatives to make an agreement with the girl'ts family that they will marry
					v
					v
					v
					v
				yehpa(B) local troops which defend their village
					v
					A
		(pyaoca)
			(pyaoca)
				A
				y
			-
			yehv po" g'aw"-eu to pay back the children of a woman who has had the post-menopause ceremony if she
			.
			marries after her husband dies
			•
			"" "'
			yehsatnay S1v (see yatsa lehsi)
				v
				v
				v
			yehyu-eu to collect soldiers, as when going to battle
				v
				v
			yehbaw-ehtto be done carelessly, without think
				v
				v
				""
				-
			ing
			yehy baw.,,-ehtpathaw-eu to make a rough estimate of what each onet's share will be
				""
				"'
			to be disrespectful, insulting "'
				Figure
				bot
			yehbo(bo) a cutting board (zadzayeha cutting board for pig food, ya k'awyehboa cutting board for tobacco)
				v
				A
				Av
				A
				v
				v
				-
				v
				v
				A
				-
			yehcehceh-eu to be careful, to think through carefully
				v
				v
				vv
				-
			yeh-eu to cut (as to saw wood, to harvest rice, etc.)
				y
			.,,
				da
			kaw-to saw wood
				-yeh -eu
				I
				V
			y
			for part of the ear to be missing
				Figure
			yehk'o(kaht) a sickle
				v
				A
				""v
			yehma (kaht) a saw yehpa-eu to saw in two lengthwise
				v
				""v
				v
				A
			yehsaw(ca) a long silver chain Akha men wear on the front of their jackets
				v
				v
				A
			yehseh-eu to saw to death
				v
			....,v
			•
			tsehn-eu to saw in two, across
				yeh
				v
				"'v
			ymhouse (nym-pf.)
				v
				v
			ym.., la-eu to assemble (uila"n-eu)
				vv
				v
			Figure
			yo dze" dzemawan older man who has never been married (yo dzeyo maw)
				v
				v
				v
				.,v
			yoedan-eu to allow something liquid to run down onto something else
				v
				"'v
			-
			Yoe" eu myanb;..a.. -for tears to run down onen's face
				-
				"'
				v
			I
			V
			-yoe -eu, ngoe-to be on the verge of tears -yoe-eu, u man-to have diarhea
				v
				vv
				"'
			V
			-eu, ui-to laugh
				-yoe
				V
				v
			-yoe-eu, yu,.. -to be sleepy yoe" ka g'eh-eu to flow down yoeka-eu to flow down and cover something over
				vv
				v
				v
			yoepu,..n-in-eu for something to roll down & into water yoe-eu to rub several strands into one strand -yoe-eu, deu-to cut something at an angle (esp.
				v
				v
				A
			a tree)
			-yoe-eu, hawyoe -to mix rice and curry together
				v
			-yoe-eu, tehv -to leave an angled stump (as when one cuts down a tree
			yoe(CL) for long things (mattock handle, walking staff, etc.)
				"
			yoetsuithe joints (in the body)
				v
			,.. yuaw-eu to demote someone, as an official (yunyi"n-eu)
				"
				v
			yunbyawn-eu to stack up something that is not very large yuncehnhaw-eu to take up and compare two things yudi"-eu to raise a small object
				"
				"'v
				"'
				"'
				v
			v
			to take out
				yudo
				A
				-eu
			yudza-eu to take and eat
				v
				v
			yudzeh-eu to throw something away
				v
			yudzoe-eu to take and join (two things) together yu-eu to take
				y
				v
				v
			vyu
				vyu
					vyu
					geuA -eu
					to
					take
					and
					keep
					(for
					oneself)
				v yue
					v yue
					g'eeh-eu
					to
					take
					something
					(from
					higher
					to
					lower
				TR
					point)
			yuka-eu to take something down from a higher place yuk'o-eu to take back something yula-eu (special use) when a cat catches a mouse
				v
				v
				A
				v
				v
			or rat, they use :this term
			yula-eu to bring something {from lower to higher point)
				v
				A
			yu" nga-eu to borrow something (not too large) yusehA-eu to take and kill (something not too large) yuta..,-eu to put down (not too large) yutaya-eu to put down and leave (not too large) yu da{dzm) chopsticks (ju da-pf.)
				v
				v
				v
				"
				V
				A
				v
				v
			yu datama bamboo container they keep their chop­sticks in (yu dabahv)
				v
				y
				v
			yu ka-eu to trickle down (as sweat trickles down one's face)
			-yui-eu, g'a-to be very sparing of using onee's strength
				v
			-yui-eu, yaw yui -to be stingy, to hold back money and goods
			ya(CL) a round, flattish object (hawtah, byak'awA, pawcoeepawca, etc.)
				A
				..,
				v
				v
				..,
				v
				y
				A
			yadi-eu to smooth out dirt, as when smooth out a place to pant seeds, or to smooth out rice that has a mound in the middle
				A
			Figure
			ya" dzeh-eu to sweep away
			ya"t-eu to sweep (ya" pyawya"t-eu -sweep with a broom)
				v
			to make flattish cakes
			a broom ya" pyaw ado" the harder sterns from which they make the handles for their brooms ya,..-eu 1. to camp overnight, to stay with someone over­
				v
				v
			night
			2. to be difficult (verb) ya-eu idea of leaving behind something
			,..v
			yangaya,.. 'Oh shucks' (if something does not
				v
			,..
			turn out as you expect, say this)
			yaw"t-eu 1. to skin an animal
			2. to strip bark from a tree or vine
			-yaw"t-eu, deu" -to skin an animal by cutting, hack
				-
			ing
			-eu, g eu -to skin an animal by pulling the
				-yaw
				A
				I
			skin off
			-yaw"t-eu, pya-to skin an animal by hacking at the skin
				,..
			yaw,.. ceh"t-eu to compare the height (of two people, or animals)
			yaw-eu to stand -yaw-eu, gawyaw-to stand up
				,..v
				,..v
				v
				,..
			yaw,.. tso" ta-eu to stand around doing nothing
				vv
			yeh" bo" bo" shuita lily-like flower, found in the jungle
				v
			-yeh"t-eu, yaw yeh" -to have dirt on one's skin
			Figure
			for a flower to blossom
			number eight
				yeh
				,..
			yeh,..t-eu 1. for something not to ring true, to sound false
			2. to be full of anything you 'drink' (liquor, med., tea, tobacco, opium)
			·t347
			hma type of mushroom (has finger-like parts that look somewhat like a flower)
				yeh
				A
				v
			-yehla-eu, ayam-for the time to be ripe, proper
				v
				vv
				v
				v
			nea type of leech that lives in the water, often gets in their nostrils
				yeh
				A
				v
			yehnyoethe common type of leech that bites people most often
				A
				v
			sain rains
				yeh
				A
			a type of leech that stays on leaves and gets on their legs (it bites badly)
				A
				• •
			shuia type of leech
				yeh
				A
				v
			a type of leech that lives in terraced fields the main crossbeam for the floor
				Figure
				yeuŁ da
				v
			yeu-eu to twist
				A
			to drive a truck to pull a tooth out
				Figure
			Figure
			yeukeuthe poles which are laid on the main cross­beam of the floor (yeudav), on which the split bamboo is laid for the floor
				A
				v
				A
			to roll something up, as a mat
				Figure
			to lie down -yu -eu ci -to lay a small child down to sleep
			A I y
			yuA joe-eu to stretch out to sleep where there is no bed (as in jungle)
			to sleep
				Figure
			yuk'noe-eu to 'steal sleep', that is, for a man and woman to have intercourse (usually adulterous)
				A
				v
			(see above)
				Figure
			to dream
			for a dream to come true
			yunoebeu-eu to be fully awake (after having been asleep)
				A
				y
				v
			Figure
			yuta-eu to sleep together (usually means sexual intercourse)
				A
				A
			-yuts it-eu, tseh-for everyone in the village to be asleep at night
				A
				"'
				"
				·t
			yuyoe-eu to be sleepy
				A
				"t
			to be sleepy and dopey yuza1. a sleeping place
				Figure
				A
				"
			2. the things that have to do with sleeping (bed roll, etc.)
			yuzatbui baha sleeping roll
				A
				"'
				"
			yuzanuitzatja-eu to have a place to 'sleep and sitt' -i.te.t, a place to stay (as overnight)
				Ł
				v
				"'
				"'
				A
			(verb) zathe place where • • • • -living place)
				v
				(jaw
				v
				za
				v
				a
			•
			za-eu to winnow (cehza-eu, to winnow rice)
				vv
				y
				vv
			zama (kah) a winnower, made of bamboo
				v
				v
			zashaw-eu to winnow 'clean' (i.e.t, get all the foreign matter out)
				v
				vv
			a fishing net
			to set a dead-fall trap (ya dmdeu
				y
				A
				-
			za do-eu to repair a fishing net
				A
			za dzeh-eu to cast a fishing net into the water
			za dzmthe sticks laid over a shallow hole in the making of a spring-pole snare for small animals (lapeu)
				y
				A
			za-eu to get, to accomplish, to pass a testt.
			za-eu, dato win, esp. at gambling -za-eu, dak 'a-to find a place to stay overnight -za-eu, mbaw sha-to work and get -za-eui myaw-to lie and get za k'o-eu to get something back za nah 'chicken day' in the Akha cycle of days
				"
				A
				v
				"
				"
				A
				A
			za sehseh-eu to kill a rooster for the naming ceremony
				A
				A
				-
			za
				za
					za
					lead sinkerssi" fishing nets
					they
					put
					on
					the
					bottom
					of
					their
				za
					za
					shaw"
					the
					hen
					whi
					ch
					is
					kil
					led
					when
					an
					in
					fant
					is
				TR
					named
			za za dzah the top of the fishing net (where the cord is attached to hold on to)
			zaa child (zagu)
				v
				v
				y
			baw tsi-eu for a woman to no longer be able to
				v
			have children (reach menopause)
				za
				"
			for a child to be born (polite form) a young man (impolite word) zadadala-eu to become a young man .(ready to be married) (impolite word) zadzawga beh what a first-born child is called when it dies za dzeh-eu for there to be miscarriage after the child
				Figure
				v
				A
				A
				v
				v
				v
			is fairly well developed (they say 5-9 months)
			to be just right, just what is needed (as med.)
				Figure
			by accident, unintentionally
				Figure
			a child, a young person (until married)
				Figure
			zajawcawn(hm) the placenta (polite form, the
				v
				v
				v
				vv
			impolite is cabeh)
				A
				vv
			zav jawshaw le-eu for a child to be born (polite) the womb
				v
			Figure
			zajeu-eu to be pregnant (lit., 'swollen with child'), not too polite
				v
				v
			zav k'aa girl friend, as when a boy sleeps often with the same girl (impolite word)
				v
			zak'aheu-eu for a boy to be physically capable of having intercourse (until such time, he cannot grow)
				v
				v
				v
			zak'athose who work virtually as slaves, often children of poor parents, they work for their food
				v
				A
			a follower, a student of someone else
				Figure
			zam-eu zasahama the spirit that creates chil­dren, shamans go to this spirit to beg for children for childless couples
				v
				v
				v
				v
				v
			a real son (not adopted, not just in name)
				Figure
			zama (v. & r.) what a male or female calls his sis­ter's daughter, his spouse'ns sister'ns daughters, and his fathern's sister'ns daughters
				v
			zamiza1. a woman
				v
				y
				v
			2. a wife
			wife and children (man talking)
				Figure
			351
			zamuishaw-eu a ceremony performed with the wife's relatives shortly after the wedding, in the groom's
				v
				v
				v
			house
			zamyahmyah-eu to name a child zaenahea new born baby
				v
				v
				"e
			.., ..,
			•
			"'
				jae
			za.., nahama C1v the bamboo cot on which the mother and her new born infant must sleep for ten
				v
				v
			cycles of days
			zanahci-eu for an infant to be born (polite) zanezanaha new born infant (red and soft) zangeu-eu 'due to the child' (as when the mother
				v
				v
				v
				v
				v
				..,
				v
				v
				v
			cannot work in the fields etc., she says this)
			v. & r.term used by male and female for
				Figure
				(
				)
			their sister's son, their spouse's sister's son, and their fathere's sistere's sons
			the last child in a family (the youngest) zasinui gahwisdom, smartness
				Figure
				v
				v
				v
			za.., si.., tsaw" gahwisdom, smartness
				v
			zashawa 'purified child', what they call the last child of a woman when she has her post-menopause ceremony
				v
				v
			shaw-eu a ceremony to 'purifye' the last born child of a woman who performed her post-menopause ceremony one year earlier
				Figure
				v
			zayo ayuithe oldest son in -the family (there may be older girls)
				v
				..,
				,..
			the wife of the oldest son
				Figure
			zayo kuiema la-eu for a son to 'fetch a daughter­in-lawe' (i.ee., a wife for himself, a daughter-in­law for his parents)
				v
				v
				v
			zayoedzeh-eu to have a miscarriage (impolite way of saying it)
				..,
				"
			zioe zi-ah" keueni to our children's and grandchildren's generation
				Figure
				v
				v
				"'
			zahcustoms, religion, way of doing things
				v
			zahv
				zahv
					zahv
					ciy pi nehy-eu gious taboos to
					for a person 'have to bear
					who the
					broke brunt
					the reli­of itt'
				zahv
					zahv
					dawy k'oA dawv and regulations
					important customs,
					religious
					rules
				zahv
					zahv
					·doA-eu todoA be in a taboo retlationshipt(as, if both have been married to same woman, if both have been parents of twins, etc.t) (zahv doA kav-eu)
				zahv
					zahv
					dzoetv miv ma and ceremonies
					a man who knows thoroughly
					the
					retligious
					rituals
			zah-eu, juk'oe-for clouds or fog to make it dark
				vv
				A
				v
			for the sky to be dark, overcast to become dark (as in the evening)
			zahk'ani g'eh-eu to be dark, no light
				v
				A
			zahk'ov a midget (different from the 'lehti', who is one who has not devetloped since he or she has not had sexual intercourse as yet)
				v
				v
			zahma lakaextremely difficult and intricate religion (what they say of their own religion)
				v
				A
				A
			old customs
			zahoetk'omawy old customs, old ways of doing things
				v
				y
				A
			zahpi k'opi pi-eu those who go against the Akha religion in spite of the horrible things they will have to bear as a result
				v
				A
			zahpoti-eu to be fined 45 old coins when one remarries a woman one previously divorced
				v
				A
				A
			zahŁ sahk'othe retligion, the way of doing things
				v
				A
			(zah)
				v
			zahshamya-eu to get married at a late age zahshana-eu to get married at an early age zahtawvt-eu to 'carry on' a religion, to follow a
				v
				y
				v
				v
				A
				v
			certain way of doing things (a culture)
			zahtsui ni g'eh-eu to be very dark (as at night)
				zahtsui ni g'eh-eu to be very dark (as at night)
					v
				zah-eu to circle in flight (as a hawk)
			-zah-eu, ba la la zah -for a woman not to have a men­strual period for two or three months (polite way
			of saying it)
			zah-eu to provide for whatever will be needed
				vv
			-eu noe -to have no idea what to do, to be in a quandry
				-zah
				V
				I
				y
			zahle-eu to be amazed
				v
				vv
			-zah-eu, noet-to be at one's wits end, to have no idea what to do
				vv
				v
			zawt(verb) very ••t.•.
				v
			v v v
			zawtkah-eu nagawa horrible disease, hard to cure, such as leprosy zaw-eu to fly -zaw-eu, beut-to shoot and hit -zaw-eu, naw-to flush birds into flightby walk­ing near them
				"'
				v
				.t
			-zaw-eu, tah-to hit into something that obstructs one's way
				v
			-zaw-eu, toe-to touch something and it flies off
				v
			zaw-i-eu to hit something (as when one's toe hits a rock)
				vv
			zaw jawvt-eu to fly around (as in a circle)
			zaw la the Akha name for September (approximately)
			zaw la la-eu an ancestor offering
			zaw le-eu to hit the target (when throwing or shoot­ing)
				vv
			zawv abawa type of tree, use it to make cords for their snares (very strong)
				v
				v
			kah(kah) the cords from thet_ 'zaw' tree (see above)
				Zaw
				V
				v
				vv
				vv
			zeh a jungle tree, they eat the fruit
			zeubaw" (hm) a stake driven into the ground to strengthen a pole or postt
				v
				vv
				.
			354
			zeutcu-eu to adopt a child by 'buying• it (some men will trade children for opium)
				v
			to build a house with the posts on rocks rather than in the ground
				Figure
			v
				·
			zeudzmttseht-eu for a person to be sterile,tto have v
				v
				"'v
			no children (zeuzav zeudzmttseht-eu)
				v
				v
				"'v
			zeutdzmtyaw meh• to have lots of children (zeudzmtyaw muiv)
				v
				v
				v
				v
			zeu-eu to buy
				zeu-eu to buy
					vv
				·
			zeuga,..t-eu to buy for the purpose of trading it, totbuy things so as to sell them
				v
			zeu" k'at-eu to buy at an expensive rate
				"'v
			zeuk'o,..t-eu to buy back, redeem (something origin­ally onet's own)
				v
			zeumaha post in a house that goes all the way up to the roof joists
				v
				v
			zeutta,.. ta-eu to buy something in partnership with someone else (as a buffalo) (zeuta,..t-eu)
				v
				,..t
				v
			(tot) a post that only comes up to the floor v
				Figure
				"'v
			zeuzazeutdzmttseht-eu (see, zeu" dzmtseht-eu)
				"
				v
				v
				"'v
				v
				"'v
			zeu" zazeulah a mythical lake that has lots of
				v
				v
			.
			babies waiting in it to be born, shamans can see it (zi) a life span, a generation zibawlaw"t-eu for one's •tree of life' (in the sp1.
				zi
				V
				vv
				v
				"
				-
			rit world) to have fallen (the person will soon die)
			"'v
				zi
				"
			baw" tawt-eu a ceremony to extend the life of an
			old person
			.
			V
			-eu, m -to growl (as dog, cat)
				-
				•
				z1.
				y
			zig'aw.., to-eu a type of spirit incantation a widow must have done before she remarries so her new hus­band will not have a shortened life
				v
				v
			ifŁitseht-eu to make a complete break with someone or with something one used to do
				"
				"'v
			355
			zizeuk'o-eu to 'buy back one'ns life span' (as, when a guest in a house where a child is born gives 25 pyas to the infant so that the guest'ns life span will not be shortened)
				v
				v
				A
			zizibawthe sapling of a 'zaw' tree that they cut to use in the 'zibawtaw-eu' ceremony
				v
				v
				v
				vv
				v
				v
				A
			zmvn-eu 1. to use something (knife, custom, word, etc.)
			2. to expend money
			-zm-eu, tsawgah-to use one'ns wisdom so as to get an advantage over someone else
				v
				v
				v
			zmkeu-eu to mix up (as to mix up two words in speech, to use two kinds of money)
				v
				v
			zuiv a type of tree (it may be Cedrela multyinga)
			zuilav byanlav a type of carnivorous animal like the tiger, but smaller. About as big as a medium sized dog. Eats wildcats, pigs, etc. (not many)
				v
				""
			za .... bawn(kah, baw) 1. generic for bamboo
				v
				v
				v
			2. a very good kind of bamboo
			za .... bawa" bye,.. a bamboo shoot
				v
			za .... bawanne..., (ne) a small bamboo strip
				v
				"'
				v
			za .... bawdahia sharp bamboo strip prepared to cut the umbilical cord at birth
				v
				v
				v
			za .... bawgawteua small bamboo that can be used as a straw
				v
				v
				A
			Figure
			a type of bamboo
				Figure
			za .... cawna sow that has had 'animal rejects' (jecaw) and must be killed with her litter
				"'
				v
				A
			za .... coea type of bamboo, they eat the shoots
				v
			za .... dahmabyah-eu a sow that has never had off­spring, and therefore cannot be offered for an el­der when he dies
				v
				v
				...,v
			a pig trough
				Figure
			za .... dzawn(si) bamboo lengths that are split for flooring
				""
				...,v
			za .... dzak'nawlaw
				za .... dzak'nawlaw
					v
					v
					V
				zadzawndzehn-eu to split bamboo for flooring zadzawnk'naw -eu to lay down split bamboo for floor
					,..
					"'
					"'v
					,..
					"'
					-
			1ng
			za-eu to hide
				,..v
			-eu ceh-to run and hide -za -eu dzu-to crouch down and hide
				-za
				,..
				I
				A
				v
	,.. ,
		,.. ,
		-za-eu, ju-to go hide (as when children are play­ing)
			,..v
			¥
		-za -eu la" -to hide something
		,.. I
		-za-eu noe-to have hidden feelings, esp. used when a boy secretly longs for a certain girl -za,..-eu, say nm-to weave cloth -za-eu, sehn-when weaving cloth, to pull back the
			,..
			.
			v
			v
			v
		,..vwooden frame (seh) which gives it a tight weave
			v
		za,.. ga ga-eu to pay a fine by giving one's 'main sow'
		•
		zaJOe(joe) the wooden shuttle they use in weaving
			,..
			v
			yv
		•
		zaJOeJOe-eu to pass a shuttle through in the weav
			,..
			y
			..,v
			-
		1ng process
		zaka a type of bamboo, they get bad sores when cut with it (do not eat the shoots)
			,..
		zaka-1 -eu to fall down
			,..
			'
			v
		zaka ka shui a type of bamboo, they do not eat the shoots
			,..
			y
		zalawn(law") a long strip of bamboo with which to weave a mat
			,..
			""
		zalo(lo) the thin tan paper-like shell at the
			,..
			..,
			..,v
		bottom of bamboo
		zalo.., g'ag'eu-eu to tie the above in a field to frighten birds away
			,..
			,..
		za,.. ma dzoe.., dzahthe sow that started one'ns 'herd'
			v
		of pigs (the 'mother of them all')
		zamyo a type of bamboo, they eat the shoots zanana type of bamboo, it smells bad
			,..
			,..
			""
		357
		zanah 'pig dayt' in the Akha cycle of days aneta type of bamboo
			,,.
			z
			"
			"'
		zapaa castrated boar (azazapa..,)
			,,.
			..,,
			..,
			,,.
			,,.
		zapehta very strong, scoldy term for a sow that has
			,,.
			"'
		had 'animal rejects' ( see zacaw")
			,,.
		"'
			pit
		zaan uncastrated boar, kept for mating purposes
			,,.
		zapihaw-eu to examine the liver of a pig for the signs of the future that it holds
			,,.
			v
		zatpuia type of bamboo, they eat the shoots
			,,.
			v
		zasehpuany ceremony that demands having a pig killed as a part of it
			,,.
			,,.
			v
		zasi" a type of wild animal with a snout like a pig, paws like a dog, with a white stripe on the forehead
			,,.
			·
		za,,. shaw a type of bamboo that has stripes running down it (thus the name)t, they eat the .shoots za,,. ta-eu to be hidden zatata-eu to be a steep slope, a steep mountainside zatea wild pig zate..,, j ui g oethe solid tusk of a wild boar, which brings good luck (most are hollow) za,,. te..,, zag'eh" a wild boar that has been defeated by another wild boar, so must live alone
			..,,v
			,,.
			,,.
			,,.
			-
			,,.
			v
			,,.
			V
			I
			..,
			,,.
		zatezatma a wild pig sow
			,,.
			..,
			,,.
		zatte.., za,,. tahta wild boar
			,,.
			"'
		"'
			tut
		za,,. a type of bamboo za,,. tsilard (rendered pork fat)
			v
		zayehta type of bamboo zaw,,. (CL) a classifier for houses
			,,.
			"'
		zeu" catthe kind of cotton spinner the Shans use,
			v
		with a wheel zeu" po"t-eu to turn an object around and around
		zeutpyaw-eu to turn some object without lifting it up
			"'
			y
		zidah ni to be firm, stable
		,..
		•
		z 1.-eu to be firm
			,..
		-z1.,..t-eu, nu1. ma -to be firm in purpose, unwavering
		-zi,..t-eu, saja-said of a person who keeps his word, no matter what happens
			v
			v
		zo,..t-eu a stabbing pain (myatnuizo,..-eu -stabbing pain in one's eye)
			"'
			A
		-zo,..t-eu, naw-to step on something that causes a stabbing pain
			y
		"' "'
		-zu -eu, pyazu -to shake with chills and fever
			y
		zutla-eu to flutter or shake, as a tree
			"'
			"t
		-zui-eu, boe zuit-to thatch the top ridge of a house
			A
			"'
		359
		APPENDIX A: Personal names and lineages
		Personal Names: Akhas all have their patrilineal names,
		but with the exception of some elders, they do not use these names in daily life. They only use them for cere­monial occasions, and at death. For their daily life they use names that may have something to do with their birth (Lahtui -if the cord was wrapped around their neck at birth)t, or with their appearance (Ashui-if their eyes are yellowish)t, or with some outstanding char­acteristic (Apyeu-'one who changest') -although this last name is not used to the person's face.
			·
			v
			v
			v
			v
			,,.
		The common first syllable in a name for a boy is usually chosen from the following: A, A(no special (from Chinese)t, Li (boy)t, and Za(child)t.
			vv
			..,
			meaning)t, Law
			v
			..,
		..,
			Bu
		For girls the commonest are: A, (girl), and Miv
			vv
		(woman, girl)t.
		Some typical names for males:
		V
			A
		bya,,. AboeLawdahMawboev v
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
			v
			A
			eh
		dah AdoLawMawhui
			v
			..,
			..,
			"
			v
		v
			A
		gaw AguLawgah Pileh
			v
			V
			v
		.., ..,
		v .., v
			A
			meh
			s
			a
		.., .., ..,
			geu
			A
			meh
			v
			Law
			hui
		A" huiAsaLawpu
			v
		.., .., .., ..,
		ngoe
			"
		v
			A
		zo
			zo
			v
		kah A tuLawtZado"
		.., .., .., ..,
		V
			A
		mehBaw doLi baZa gaw..,
			v
			..,
			..,
			V
		V
			A
		tu Baw
		•
		JOe
		ju
			V
		..,
			Za
		na"
		Some typical names for females:
		beu BupaK'ah pehMideu
			"
			..,
			"
			..,
		V
			A
		pehBusah K'ah yu Mido
			..,
			v
			•
			..,
			..,
		AyehBushui" Lah paw Midui
			V
			,,.
			"
			•
			..,
			v
		•
		Bu" awtiMehmu1. Migeu
			..,
			B
			u
			v
			"
			v
			..,
			,,.
		v
			B
			u
		cu"
		Bu"
		Mi
		..,
		aw
			aw
			v
		•
		..,
			M
			l.
		gui
			"
		"' "'
			Figure
			beut
		MiMipyeut
			..,
			..,
		Gawshm Miceu Mui sawt
			Figure
			..,
			..,
			v
		K'ah g'aw"
		Figure
		) early in life. By means of it he knows his proper relationship with others, and he is given superhuman power in times of need. A fairly typical lineage, or genealogy, is as follows:
			Lineage: Each Akha learns his lineage (tsuit
			,..v
		Figure
		Ci" byat"'
		"
		G'ahtne MawoedzoeByatdehtDzoetahpahOeci
			"'
			V
			v
			"
			..,
			"'
			v
			"
		.., .., .., Zaw,.. zeut" TahpahmahMahyah
			Figure
			..,
			"
			"
			"
		..,
		Zeu" toMahthawtah Pimah
			v
			"'
			..,
			"
			"
		"'
			Tot
		ma Hawtah jeZahdmJele nyawK'ahpyeu.., "'
			..,
			..,
			"
			"
			"
			"
			"
			"
			Yaw
			cit
		Figure
		nehNyawtlaNyo" dzahttahboeDzahtlo" "' "'
			,..
			"'
			,..
			"'
			Neh,.. beh La
			,..
			"
			..,
			"'
			Taht
		Beh smtboesoe" Boesoe" leh"
			..,
			"'
		Figure
		Figure
		v "'
			saht
		otoeloe Leh" lm boCe "" "'
			v
			"
			Bot
		Toeloe dzm mahpotSahthui.., Dzm mawyehMahpo" ciMawyehtca CishabyeutCa tisiByeu" ma dzah
			v
			"
			"'
			"
			"
			..,
			"
			..,
			"'
			"
			"
			"'
			..,
			..,
			"
		Figure
		li
			li
			v
		.., .., ..,
			Ti
			si
			Dzah
			"
			j eu
			"
			G'oe
			"
			cm
		"'
			Lit
		pawbeh" JeubyaLehshawPaw beh" u"
			v
			"
			..,
			..,
			..,
		zeuShawtsui
			Figure
			"
			..,
		V
		U" nyozaZeuZUl. Tsui dzah
			v
			"
			"
		.,
			..,
		(Note the mnemonic device which aids in memorizing.)
		361
		APPENDIX B: Ancestor Offerings
		Akhas in the Northern part of Kengtung State and
		in China have 12 ancestor offerings a year. Other Akhas
		say they only have 9 offerings a year, but in actual
		practice they do much the same thing as the ones in the
		north. The offerings are:
		v v
			Ga
		1.
			1.
				1.
				tahpa-eu, offering for the new year
					v
			2.
				2.
				K'mshuiek'mmi, offering to help hunters
					v
					A
					v
					y
			3.
				3.
				Nymtsoapoelaw-eu offering for building or repairing one's house
					v
					A
					v
					v
					v
			4.
				4.
				Cehka apoelaw-eu, offering for paddy planting
					v
					v
					v
					v
			5.
				5.
				Yehkudza-eu, offering for the protection of the
					v
					v
					v
		villagere's health
		6.
			6.
				6.
				Yaw la la-eu, offering for plentiful crops
			7.
				7.
				Ya cici-eu, chicken-plucking offering
					A
					A
			8.
				8.
				Kayehyeh-eu, offering when they drive the evil
					v
					A
					A
		spirits out of their village A A
			do
		9. G'ocawav poelaw-eu, offering for the new
			A
			v
			v
		rice
		10.
			10.
				10.
				Cehshuijibacilaw-eu, offering for the liquor made from new rice
					v
					A
					v
					v
					y
					v
			11.
				11.
				Lawkahm-eu, offering made when renewing the vil­lage gate
					v
					v
					v
			12.
				12.
				Misahcusahlaw-eu, offering to the 'lords and rulers of the land and watere'
					v
					v
					v
					v
					v
		APPENDIX C: Ordering of Time
		'rhe Akha week contains twelve days named for animals. These are the same names, and in the same order, as the names of years in the twelve year cycle.
		1. nyo(buffalo) 7. yawt(sheep)
			"'
		..,
		* 2. k'a la(tiger) 8. myo(monkey)
			V
			..,
			,..
		"'
			lat
		3. tah(mule) 9. za (chicken)
		..,
		* 4. lah(rabbit) * 10. kui(dog)
			v
			..,
		5. sheh" (a forgotten 11. za(pig)
			,..
		animal)
		* 12 ho (rodent)
		6. mah(horse)
			"
		Those days marked with an asterisk are days on which they must never start an ancestor offering.
		On 'shehnah', and 'zanaht' (numbers 5 and 11 above), they must not carry anything with the shoulder yoke or head strap inside the village gate.
			y
			,..
		For the months they use Shan namest. They give them ast: (the English equivalents are approximate)
		v
		1.
			1.
				1.
				leutsa-mt(Jan.) 7. leu" kaot(July)
					"'
					"'
			2.
				2.
				leuS 1(Feb.) 8. leus i,.. (Aug.)
					v
					•
					..,
					v
		..., "'
			leu
		3. hay (March) 9. leusiet(Sept.)
			v
			y
		v v
			ho
			y
			y
		4.
			4.
				4.
				saw-m(Oct.) ,..
					leu (April) 10. leu s i
					V
					y
					yi
			5.
				5.
				leutce(May) 11. leu(Nov.)
					"'
					y
			6.
				6.
				leupeh(June) 12. leuka-m(Dect.)
					"
					,..
					"
					-
					V
					v
		(Notet: the two underlined constonants indicate they are not aspirated.)
		There are also Akha names for months which the elders remember, and speak of in their proverbs:
		1. tahla (Jan.) the month of the new year
			"
		363
		2.
			2.
				2.
				jawla -the month of weddings
					v
			3.
				3.
				g'eh la the month of preparing tools for
		working in the fields
		4.
			4.
				4.
				boezo-the month of marking, clearing, and felling trees for new fields
					v
					A
			5.
				5.
				g'ahla -the month of burning fieldsa, and hunting animals
					v
			6.
				6.
				k'oshuia-the month of planting and rejoicing in the coming of the rain
					A
					A
			7.
				7.
				tsaangawa-the month of planted things sprout­ing, and greens being gathered in the jungle
					v
					v
			8.
				8.
				tsaw la -the month of weeding and caring for plants
			9.
				9.
				zaw la -a good month for selling and planting things. (They used to kill buffalos during this month.)
		10.
			10.
				10.
				tseala -the month when the paddy ripens and they eat the new paddy
					v
			11.
				11.
				shiayeh-the month they harvest and thresh their paddy
					A
					A
			12.
				12.
				nah yeh-the month when they joyfully get ready for the coming of the new year
					A
		(Notea: the explanation of the significance of each month is from their proverbs.)
		Figure