Aircraft Performance : An Engineering Approach

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Author
List of Symbols
Chapter 1 Atmosphere
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 General Description of Atmosphere
	1.3 Major Components
		1.3.1 Oxygen and Nitrogen
		1.3.2 Carbon Dioxide
		1.3.3 Water Vapor
		1.3.4 Aerosols
	1.4 Atmospheric Layers
		1.4.1 Troposphere
		1.4.2 Stratosphere
	1.5 International Standard Atmosphere
	1.6 Atmospheric Parameters
		1.6.1 Temperature
		1.6.2 Pressure
			1.6.2.1 First Layer
			1.6.2.2 Second Layer
		1.6.3 Air Density
		1.6.4 Viscosity
	1.7 Humidity
	1.8 Altitude and Its Measurement
		1.8.1 Pressure Altimeter
		1.8.2 Radar Altimeter
		1.8.3 Global Positioning System
	1.9 Speed of Sound
	1.10 Atmospheric Phenomena
		1.10.1 Wind
		1.10.2 Gust and Turbulence
		1.10.3 Icing
	Problems
Chapter 2 Equations of Motion
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Aerodynamic Forces
	2.3 General Governing Equations of Motion
		2.3.1 Coordinate System
		2.3.2 Un-Accelerated Versus Accelerated Flight
		2.3.3 Flight Phases
	2.4 Airspeed
		2.4.1 Airspeed Measurement
		2.4.2 True and Equivalent Airspeeds
		2.4.3 Airspeed Indicator
		2.4.4 Airspeed Indicator Corrections
		2.4.5 Airspeed and Ground Speed
		2.4.6 The Unit of Airspeed
	2.5 Stall Speed
	Problems
Chapter 3 Drag Force and Drag Coefficient
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Drag Classification
	3.3 Drag Polar
	3.4 Calculation of CD[sub(o)]
		3.4.1 Fuselage
		3.4.2 Wing, Horizontal Tail, and Vertical Tail
		3.4.3 High-Lift Devices
			3.4.3.1 Trailing Edge HLDs
			3.4.3.2 Leading Edge HLDs
		3.4.4 Landing Gear
		3.4.5 Strut
		3.4.6 Nacelle
		3.4.7 External Fuel Tank
		3.4.8 Cooling Drag
		3.4.9 Trim Drag
		3.4.10 Other Parts and Components
			3.4.10.1 Interference
			3.4.10.2 Antenna
			3.4.10.3 Pitot Tube
			3.4.10.4 Surface Roughness
			3.4.10.5 Leakage
			3.4.10.6 Rivet and Screw
			3.4.10.7 Pylon
			3.4.10.8 Fairing for the Flap Mechanism
			3.4.10.9 Compressibility
			3.4.10.10 Icing
			3.4.10.11 Refueling Boom, Receptacle, Hose, Probe, and Drogue
			3.4.10.12 External Store
			3.4.10.13 External Sensors
			3.4.10.14 Miscellaneous Items
			3.4.11 Overall CD[sub(o)]
	3.5 Wave Drag
		3.5.1 Wave Drag for Wing and Tail
		3.5.2 Aircraft Wave Drag
	3.6 CD[sub(o)] for Various Configurations
		3.6.1 Clean Configuration
		3.6.2 Takeoff Configuration
		3.6.3 Landing Configuration
		3.6.4 The Effect of Speed and Altitude on CD[sub(o)]
	Problems
Chapter 4 Engine Performance
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Aircraft Engine Configuration
	4.3 Piston or Reciprocating Engine
		4.3.1 Piston Engine Configurations
		4.3.2 Propeller Engine Performance
		4.3.3 Supercharged Piston Engines
	4.4 Turbine Engine
		4.4.1 Turbojet Engine
		4.4.2 Turbofan Engine
		4.4.3 Turboprop Engine
		4.4.4 Turboshaft Engine
		4.4.5 Ramjet Engine
	4.5 Other Engines
		4.5.1 Rocket Engine
		4.5.2 Electric Engine
		4.5.3 Solar-Powered Engine
		4.5.4 Human-Powered Engine
	4.6 Engine Performance Criteria
		4.6.1 Engine Performance at Various Altitudes and Speeds
		4.6.2 Specific Fuel Consumption
	4.7 Engine Performance Calculations
		4.7.1 Flat Rating
		4.7.2 Variations of Power and Thrust with Aircraft Speed
			4.7.2.1 Piston-Prop Engine and Turboprop Engine
			4.7.2.2 Turbojet Engine
			4.7.2.3 Turbofan Engine
		4.7.3 Variations of Power and Thrust with Altitude
			4.7.3.1 Piston Engine
			4.7.3.2 Turbojet Engine
			4.7.3.3 Turbofan Engine
			4.7.3.4 Turboprop Engine
			4.7.3.5 Electric Engine
		4.7.4 Variations of SFC with Altitude
			4.7.4.1 Piston Engine
			4.7.4.2 Turbojet Engine, Turbofan Engine, and Turboprop Engine
		4.7.5 Variations of SFC with Speed
			4.7.5.1 Piston Engine
			4.7.5.2 Turbojet Engine
			4.7.5.3 Turbofan Engine
			4.7.5.4 Turboprop Engine
		4.7.6 Power of Electric Engines
		4.8 Propeller Performance
			4.8.1 Introduction
			4.8.2 Definitions
			4.8.3 Propeller Classifications
				4.8.3.1 Fixed-Pitch Propeller
				4.8.3.2 Ground Adjustable Propeller
				4.8.3.3 Variable-Pitch Propeller
				4.8.3.4 Constant-Speed Propeller
				4.8.3.5 Special Pitch Modes
				4.8.3.6 Contra-Rotating Propellers
			4.8.4 Calculations
				4.8.4.1 Propeller Tip Speed
				4.8.4.2 Propeller Twist Angle
				4.8.4.3 Modified Momentum Theory
				4.8.4.4 Practical Use of Propeller Charts
		Problems
Chapter 5 Straight-Level Flight – Jet Aircraft
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fundamental Equations
		5.2.1 Steady-State Longitudinal Trim Equations
		5.2.2 Drag, Thrust, and Velocity Relationship
		5.2.3 Velocity–Angle-of-Attack Relationship
		5.2.4 Maximum Lift-to-Drag Ratio ((L/D))[sub(max)]
	5.3 Specific Airspeeds
		5.3.1 Maximum Speed (V[sub(max)])
		5.3.2 Minimum Drag Airspeed
		5.3.3 Maximum Lift-to-Drag Ratio Speed
	5.4 Range
		5.4.1 Definition
		5.4.2 Calculation of Range
			5.4.2.1 Flight Program 1: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			5.4.2.2 Flight Program 2: Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			5.4.2.3 Flight Program 3: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		5.4.3 Speed for Maximum Range (V[sub(max)[sub(R)])
			5.4.3.1 Constant-Speed Cruising Flight
			5.4.3.2 Non-Constant-Speed Cruising Flight
		5.4.4 Calculation of Maximum Range
			5.4.4.1 Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			5.4.4.2 Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			5.4.4.3 Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		5.4.5 Practical Considerations
			5.4.5.1 Optimum Fuel Weight
			5.4.5.2 Wind Effect
		5.4.6 Comparison and Conclusion
	5.5 Endurance
		5.5.1 Definition of Endurance
		5.5.2 Endurance Calculation
			5.5.2.1 Flight Program 1: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			5.5.2.2 Flight Program 2: Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			5.5.2.3 Flight Program 3: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		5.5.3 Maximum Endurance Velocity
		5.5.4 Maximum Endurance
			5.5.4.1 Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift Coefficient
			5.5.4.2 Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift Coefficient
			5.5.4.3 Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		5.5.5 Practical Considerations
			5.5.5.1 Altitude for Maximum Endurance
			5.5.5.2 Comparison between t[sub(max)][sub(R)] and E[sub(max)]
			5.5.5.3 Comparison between V[sub(max)][sub(E)] and V[sub(max)][sub(E)]
			5.5.5.4 Effect of Wind on Endurance
	5.6 Ceiling
		5.6.1 Definition
		5.6.2 Calculation
	5.7 Cruise Performance
		5.7.1 Cruise Speed
			5.7.1.1 Based on Engine Performance Charts
			5.7.1.2 Based on Range Mission
		5.7.2 Cruise Altitude
	Problems
Chapter 6 Straight-Level Flight: Propeller-Driven Aircraft
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Basic Fundamentals
	6.3 Specific Speeds
		6.3.1 Minimum Power Speed
		6.3.2 Minimum Drag Speed (V[sub(min)][sub(D)])
		D 6.3.3 Maximum Lift-to-Drag Ratio Speed
		6.3.4 Maximum Speed
	6.4 Range
		6.4.1 Introduction
		6.4.2 Regular Range Calculation
			6.4.2.1 Constant-Lift-Coefficient Cruising Flight
			6.4.2.2 Non-Constant-Lift-Coefficient Cruising Flight
		6.4.3 Maximum Range Calculation
			6.4.3.1 Constant-Lift-Coefficient Cruising Flight
			6.4.3.2 Non-Constant-Lift-Coefficient Cruising Flight
		6.4.4 Maximum Range Speed
		6.4.5 Comparison and Conclusion
	6.5 Endurance
		6.5.1 Regular Endurance
			6.5.1.1 Flight Program 1: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			6.5.1.2 Flight Program 2: Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			6.5.1.3 Flight Program 3: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		6.5.2 Maximum Endurance Speed for Prop-Driven Aircraft
			6.5.2.1 Flight Program 1: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			6.5.2.2 Flight Program 2: Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			6.5.2.3 Flight Program 3: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		6.5.3 Maximum Endurance
			6.5.3.1 Flight Program 1: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			6.5.3.2 Flight Program 2: Constant-Airspeed, Constant-Lift-Coefficient Flight
			6.5.3.3 Flight Program 3: Constant-Altitude, Constant-Airspeed Flight
		6.5.4 Comparison and Conclusion
	6.6 Ceiling
		6.6.1 Definition
		6.6.2 Absolute Ceiling for Aircraft with Piston-Prop Engine
		6.6.3 Absolute Ceiling for Aircraft with Turboprop Engine
	6.7 Cruise Performance
		6.7.1 Cruise Speed
			6.7.1.1 Based on Engine Performance Chart
			6.7.1.2 Based on Range Mission
		6.7.2 Cruise Altitude
	6.8 Summary and Comparison
	Problems
Chapter 7 Climb and Descent
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Basic Fundamentals
	7.3 Governing Equations of Climb
	7.4 Fastest Climb
		7.4.1 Jet Aircraft
			7.4.1.1 Calculation of Speed for Maximum ROC
			7.4.1.2 Calculation of Climb Angle for Maximum ROC
		7.4.2 Propeller-Driven Aircraft
			7.4.2.1 Airspeed for Maximum ROC
			7.4.2.2 Climb Angle for Maximum ROC
	7.5 Steepest Climb
		7.5.1 Jet Aircraft
		7.5.2 Propeller-Driven Aircraft
			7.5.2.1 Calculation of Aircraft Speed for Maximum Climb Angle
			7.5.2.2 Calculation of Maximum Climb Angle
	7.6 Interim Summary
	7.7 Graphical Analysis
	7.8 Most-Economical Climb
	7.9 Time to Climb and Fuel to Climb
	7.10 Descent
	7.11 Gliding Flight
		7.11.1 Gliding Flight with Maximum Ground Distance
		7.11.2 Gliding Flight with Maximum Flight Time
	Problems
Chapter 8 Takeoff and Landing
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Takeoff Principles
	8.3 Takeoff Performance Analysis
		8.3.1 Ground Segment
		8.3.2 Rotation Segment
		8.3.3 Airborne Segment
	8.4 Landing
		8.4.1 Landing Segments
		8.4.2 Landing Calculations
			8.4.2.1 Approach Section
			8.4.2.2 Transition
			8.4.2.3 Ground Roll
	8.5 Effect of Wind and Slope on Takeoff and Landing
		8.5.1 Effect of Headwind on Takeoff
		8.5.2 Effect of Slope on Takeoff
	8.6 Launch
	Problems
Chapter 9 Turn Performance and Flight Maneuvers
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Fundamentals of Turning Flight
		9.2.1 Governing Equations
		9.2.2 Load Factor and Bank Angle
		9.2.3 Turn Radius
		9.2.4 Turn Rate
	9.3 Level Turn Performance: Jet Aircraft
		9.3.1 Maximum Producible Load Factor
		9.3.2 Corner Velocity
		9.3.3 Maximum of the Maximum Load Factor
		9.3.4 Airspeed that Corresponds to the Maximum of the Maximum Load Factor
	9.4 Level Turn Performance: Prop-Driven Aircraft
		9.4.1 Maximum Producible Load Factor
		9.4.2 Airspeed that Corresponds to the Maximum of the Maximum Load Factor
		9.4.3 Maximum of the Maximum Load Factor
		9.4.4 Corner Velocity
	9.5 Maneuverability: Jet Aircraft
		9.5.1 Fastest Turn: Jet Aircraft
		9.5.2 Tightest Turn: Jet Aircraft
	9.6 Maneuverability: Prop-Driven Aircraft
		9.6.1 Fastest Turn: Prop-Driven Aircraft
		9.6.2 Tightest Turn: Prop-Driven Aircraft
	9.7 Vertical Maneuvers
		9.7.1 Pull-Up and Pull-Out
		9.7.2 Pull-Down
	9.8 Zero-Gravity Flight
		9.8.1 Orbital Flight
		9.8.2 Free Fall Cruise
	9.9 V-N Diagram
		9.9.1 Flight Envelope
		9.9.2 Load Factor
		9.9.3 Maneuver Diagram
		9.9.4 Gust V-n Diagram
		9.9.5 Flight Envelope: Combined V-n Diagram
	Problems
Chapter 10 Aircraft Performance Analysis Using Numerical Methods and MATLAB®
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Take-Off Rotation Analysis Using Numerical Methods
		10.2.1 Mission Analysis
		10.2.2 Governing Equations
	10.3 Free Fall Simulation
		10.3.1 Flight Analysis
		10.3.2 Governing Equations
	10.4 Take-Off Airborne Section Analysis Using Numerical Methods
		10.4.1 Mission Description
		10.4.2 Governing Equations
	10.5 Climb Analysis Using Numerical Methods: Construct the Hodograph
		10.5.1 Review of Fundamentals
	10.6 Fastest Climb Analysis Using Numerical Methods
		10.6.1 Fastest Climb Analysis
	10.7 Time to Climb Analysis Using Numerical Methods
		10.7.1 Review of Fundamentals
	10.8 Parabolic Path for a Zero-Gravity Flight
		10.8.1 Mission Analysis and Governing Equations
	10.9 V-N Diagram
		10.9.1 Overview of V-n Diagram
	Problems
Appendix A: Standard Atmosphere, SI Units
Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere, English Units
Appendix C: Performance Characteristics of Several Aircraft
Appendix D: Flight Records
References
Index