Air Pollution and Turbulence: Modeling and Applications

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Air Pollution and Turbulence: Modeling and Applications......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
REFERENCES......Page 12
Preface......Page 16
Editors......Page 17
Contributors......Page 18
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 20
1.3 CHEMISTRY......Page 21
1.5 TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 23
1.6 DARKENING OF BUILDINGS......Page 24
1.7 APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS......Page 26
1.8 BLACKENING PATTERNS......Page 28
1.9 FUTURE DISCOLORATION OF BUILDINGS......Page 29
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 33
2.2 DEFINITION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 34
2.3 MEASUREMENTS......Page 36
2.4 CASE STUDY: AMAZONIA......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 48
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 50
3.1.1 TAYLOR’S MODEL......Page 52
3.1.1.1 Some Considerations about Taylor’s Model......Page 55
3.2 THE WIENER–KHINCHIN THEOREM: SELECTING ENERGY-CONTAINING EDDIES......Page 56
3.3 RELATIONS BETWEEN LAGRANGIAN AND EULERIAN STATISTICS......Page 61
3.4 A HEURISTIC FORMULATION FOR THE SCALE FACTOR betai......Page 63
3.5 DERIVATION OF AN EDDY DIFFUSIVITY FOR INHOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE IN A CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 67
3.5.1 TURBULENT TRANSPORT MODELING OF CONTAMINANTS DURING THE DECAYING OF A CBL......Page 72
3.5.1.1 Energy Density Spectrum Dynamical Equation......Page 73
3.6.1 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE SIMPLIFIED NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS......Page 79
REFERENCES......Page 83
CONTENTS......Page 86
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 87
4.2 THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 88
4.2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE CONVECTIVE BL......Page 91
4.3 PARAMETERIZATION OF TURBULENCE IN ATMOSPHERIC MODELS......Page 92
4.3.1 THE TURBULENCE CLOSURE PROBLEM......Page 93
4.3.2 TURBULENCE PARAMETERIZATION AND FIRST-ORDER CLOSURES......Page 94
4.3.3 TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY AND HIGHER-ORDER CLOSURES......Page 97
4.3.4.1 Counter-Gradient......Page 99
4.3.4.2 Mass-Flux......Page 100
4.3.5.1 Lateral Mixing......Page 106
4.3.5.3 BL Top-Entrainment......Page 107
4.4.1 THE EDDY DIFFUSIVITY/MASS-FLUX SCHEME......Page 108
4.4.2.1 Updraft Model......Page 111
4.4.2.2 The Mass-Flux Profile......Page 113
4.4.4 EDMF-EMP RESULTS......Page 115
4.4.4.1 Top-Entrainment......Page 117
4.4.4.2 Comparison with Other Approaches......Page 121
4.5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 124
4.5.2 THE SLINGO DIAGNOSTIC CLOUD SCHEME......Page 125
4.5.3 PDF-BASED CLOUD PARAMETERIZATIONS AND A SIMPLE ITERATIVE VERSION......Page 126
4.5.4 A PROGNOSTIC CLOUD FRACTION PARAMETERIZATION AND A STEADY-STATE VERSION FOR BOUNDARY LAYER CUMULUS......Page 129
4.6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 130
4.6.2.1 Dry BL......Page 132
4.6.2.2 Shallow Cumulus BL......Page 134
4.7 FINAL REMARKS......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 139
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 147
5.2 OPERATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS......Page 148
5.3 THEORETICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS......Page 149
5.3.1 EULERIAN APPROACH: K MODELS......Page 150
5.3.2 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS......Page 152
5.3.4 EDDY DIFFUSIVITY......Page 155
5.3.5 BOX MODELS......Page 156
5.3.6 GAUSSIAN MODELS......Page 157
5.4 SEMIEMPIRICAL EXPRESSIONS OF THE sigma......Page 159
5.5.1 GAUSSIAN PUFF MODELS......Page 163
5.6.3 PLUME TRAPPING......Page 164
5.7 NEW OPERATIVE MODELS......Page 165
5.8 EVALUATION OF MODEL PERFORMANCES AND RELIABILITY......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 168
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 172
6.2 GENERAL MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION......Page 173
6.3.1 GAUSSIAN PLUME MODEL......Page 174
6.3.2 GAUSSIAN PUFF MODEL......Page 176
6.3.3 NON-GAUSSIAN MODELS......Page 178
6.3.4 LIMITATIONS OF GAUSSIAN MODELS IN LOW WIND CONDITIONS......Page 179
6.4.1.1.2 Segment–Puff Model......Page 180
6.4.1.2 Steady-State Models......Page 181
6.4.2 VARIABLE K-MODELS......Page 182
6.4.2.2 Model with Eddy Diffusivities as Linear Functions of Downwind Distance......Page 183
6.4.3 MODELS FOR STEADY SOURCE OF SHORT DURATION......Page 185
6.4.4 MODELS IN FINITE LAYER......Page 186
6.4.4.1 Constant K-Models......Page 187
6.4.4.2 Variable K-Models......Page 188
6.4.5 MODELS BASED ON CROSSWIND INTEGRATED CONCENTRATIONS......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 194
7.2 THE ADVECTION–DIFFUSION EQUATION AND THE GILTT METHOD......Page 195
7.3.1 TIME-DEPENDENT FICKIAN FLOW MODEL......Page 203
7.3.4 APPROXIMATED THREE-DIMENSIONAL GILTT SOLUTION......Page 204
7.4 TURBULENT PARAMETERIZATIONS AND DISPERSION DIFFUSION EXPERIMENTS......Page 205
7.5 APPLICATIONS......Page 207
7.5.1 COPENHAGEN EXPERIMENT RESULTS......Page 208
7.5.2 PRAIRIE-GRASS EXPERIMENT RESULTS......Page 209
7.5.4 CASE STUDY: SIMULATION OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANT USING LARGE EDDY SIMULATIONS (LES)......Page 210
7.6 FUTURE GILTT PERSPECTIVES......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 217
8.2 GENERALITIES ON LAGRANGIAN STOCHASTIC MODELS......Page 219
8.3.1 BI-GAUSSIAN PDF......Page 222
8.3.2 GRAM–CHARLIER PDF......Page 224
8.4 SOLUTIONS OF THE 1-D LANGEVIN EQUATION......Page 225
8.5 THE LOW WIND CASE......Page 226
8.6 INVERSE MODELING......Page 228
8.7.1 TURBULENCE AND FLOW FIELDS......Page 229
8.7.2 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 230
8.7.3 PLUME RISE......Page 231
8.7.4 CONCENTRATION CALCULATION......Page 234
8.7.5 DENSE GAS DISPERSION......Page 235
8.8.2 VALIDATION VERSUS EXPERIMENTS......Page 236
8.8.3 SINGLE SOURCES AND LINEAR EMISSIONS: IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN COMPLEX TERRAIN......Page 238
8.8.4 INVERSE MODELING EXAMPLES......Page 242
8.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
CONTENTS......Page 250
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 251
9.2.1 DESCRIPTION......Page 252
9.2.2 NUMERICAL SCHEME AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 254
9.2.4 SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 255
9.3.1 EULERIAN DISPERSION......Page 256
9.3.2 THE NUMERICAL METHOD......Page 257
9.3.3 DETAILS OF THE LOD METHOD......Page 259
9.3.6 DISPERSION EXPERIMENTS......Page 261
9.3.6.1 Dispersion from Elevated Sources......Page 262
9.3.6.1.1 Convective Dispersion......Page 263
9.3.6.1.2 Neutral Dispersion......Page 266
9.3.6.2 Dispersion from Near-Surface Sources Convective Dispersion......Page 267
9.3.7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE EULERIAN EXPERIMENTS......Page 270
9.4.2.1 The Simulated PBLs......Page 272
9.4.2.1.1 Lagrangian Simulations and Pair Dispersion Statistics......Page 273
9.4.2.2 Fixed-Scale Statistics......Page 274
9.4.3 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE LAGRANGIAN EXPERIMENTS......Page 277
9.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 282
10.2 PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION MODELING......Page 283
10.3 CASE STUDY......Page 287
10.3.1 METHODOLOGY......Page 288
10.3.2 EMISSION CEILING SCENARIOS......Page 289
10.3.3 EVALUATION OF THE MODEL PERFORMANCE......Page 290
10.3.4 PTEN SCENARIO RESULTS......Page 294
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 299
11.2.1 ESTIMATION AND STATISTICS......Page 300
11.2.2 EARLY INVERSION TECHNIQUES......Page 302
11.2.3 GRADIENT METHODS......Page 304
11.2.4 PROCESS INVERSIONS......Page 305
11.2.5 OTHER TRACERS......Page 306
11.3.1 ILL-CONDITIONING......Page 308
11.3.2 CHARACTERIZING RESOLUTION......Page 309
11.3.3 ERRORS IN TRANSPORT MODELS......Page 310
11.3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN......Page 311
11.4.1 CONTEXT......Page 313
11.4.2 BUDGETS......Page 314
11.4.3 RESULTS FROM INVERSIONS......Page 317
11.5 EMERGING TRENDS......Page 319
11.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 321
APPENDIX B: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS......Page 327
Color Plates......Page 329