Air Monitoring for Toxic Exposures

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AIR MONITORING FOR TOXIC EXPOSURES......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 14
PART I BACKGROUND CONCEPTS FOR AIR MONITORING......Page 16
1 Air Monitoring Review......Page 18
Air Sampling in Perspective......Page 19
Air Sampling Strategy and Plan......Page 21
Types of Air Monitoring......Page 22
Air Sampling Techniques......Page 25
Sample Collection Devices......Page 26
Direct-Reading Devices......Page 38
References......Page 46
2 Hazards......Page 48
Contaminants......Page 51
Toxic Effects......Page 61
Warning Signs......Page 64
Standards and Guidelines for Air Sampling......Page 67
Exposure Controls......Page 76
References......Page 81
3 Exposure Assessment Strategy and Monitoring Plan......Page 84
Exposure Assessment......Page 85
Performing an Exposure Assessment......Page 88
Exposure Monitoring Plan......Page 103
References......Page 107
4 Air Monitoring at Emergencies Including Terrorism Events......Page 108
Reasons for Air Sampling......Page 110
Terrorism Agents......Page 111
Identifying a Terrorism Event......Page 115
Planning for Emergencies and Terrorism Events......Page 116
Air Sampling for Chemical Agents......Page 119
Air Sampling for Biological Agents......Page 135
Air Sampling for Radiological Hazards......Page 136
References......Page 137
PART II SAMPLE COLLECTION DEVICE METHODS FOR CHEMICALS......Page 140
5 Introduction to Monitoring Using Sample Collection Devices......Page 142
Review of the Metric System......Page 143
Method Selection......Page 144
Pumps and Other Sampling Equipment......Page 145
Understanding the Critical Orifice......Page 148
Calibration Devices......Page 149
Calibration Procedures......Page 152
Sample Identification and Chain of Custody......Page 159
Documenting Exposure Monitoring......Page 160
Performing the Exposure Monitoring......Page 167
Laboratory Analysis......Page 168
Voiding Samples......Page 170
Examples: Calculating Air Monitoring Results......Page 171
Summary......Page 173
References......Page 174
Active Sample Collection Device Monitoring......Page 176
Passive Collectors for Gases and Vapors......Page 207
References......Page 220
7 Sample Collection Device Methods for Aerosols......Page 224
Characterizing Aerosols......Page 225
Aerosol Collection Mechanisms......Page 230
Potential Problems......Page 234
Total Aerosol Samplers......Page 235
Particle Size-Selective Sampling......Page 239
Size-Selective Sampling Devices......Page 242
Sampling for Specific Aerosols......Page 258
References......Page 266
8 Concurrent Sampling for Vapors and Aerosols......Page 268
Collection Methods for Semivolatile Compounds......Page 269
Collection of Multiple Species: Arsenic......Page 275
Combustion Processes: Cigarette Smoke Collection......Page 277
Collection of Mixtures......Page 278
References......Page 279
PART III REAL-TIME MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS......Page 280
9 Introduction to Monitoring Using Real-Time Methods......Page 282
Direct-Reading Instruments......Page 283
Colorimetric Systems......Page 308
References......Page 309
10 Instruments with Sensors for Specific Chemicals......Page 310
Electrochemical Sensors......Page 313
Metal Oxide Sensors......Page 320
Other Detection Principles......Page 327
Specific Chemicals......Page 328
References......Page 338
11 General Survey Instruments for Gases and Vapors......Page 340
Measurement of Explosive Atmospheres: Combustible Gas Indicators......Page 342
Interpretation of Measurements of Explosive Atmospheres......Page 351
Monitoring for Health Hazard Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds: FIDs and PIDs......Page 353
Interpretation of General Survey Measurements for Health Hazards......Page 371
Summary......Page 372
References......Page 373
12 Instruments for Multiple Specific Gases and Vapors: GC, GC/MS, and IR......Page 374
Portable Gas Chromatographs (GCs)......Page 375
Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometers......Page 395
Summary......Page 410
References......Page 411
13 Colorimetric Systems for Gas and Vapor Sampling......Page 412
Detector Tubes......Page 413
Long-Term Colorimetric Tubes and Badges......Page 432
Colorimetric Electronic Instruments......Page 436
Summary......Page 440
References......Page 441
14 Real-Time Sampling Methods for Aerosols......Page 442
Light-Scattering Monitors......Page 444
Particle Mass Measurements with the Piezobalance......Page 454
References......Page 459
PART IV MONITORING FOR AIRBORNE AGENTS OTHER THAN CHEMICALS......Page 460
15 Radon Measurements......Page 462
Collection Methods for Radon and Its Progeny in Air......Page 464
Interpretation of Radon Measurements......Page 483
Performing Follow-Up Measurements (After Screening)......Page 484
Summary......Page 485
References......Page 486
16 Sampling for Bioaerosols......Page 488
Bacteria......Page 491
Fungus and Molds......Page 495
Viruses......Page 496
Sampling Methods and Strategies......Page 497
Direct-Reading Instruments for Bioaerosols......Page 515
Interpretation of Results......Page 516
References......Page 517
PART V SPECIFIC SAMPLING APPLICATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION......Page 520
Confined Spaces......Page 522
Indoor Air Quality Investigations......Page 526
Leak Testing: Fugitive Emissions Monitoring......Page 547
Welding Fumes......Page 550
Carbon Monoxide from Forklifts......Page 552
Multiple Solvents in Printing Ink Manufacture......Page 553
References......Page 554
18 Biological Monitoring......Page 556
Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®)......Page 559
Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomonitoring......Page 560
Method Selection......Page 561
Interpretation of Results......Page 571
Summary......Page 572
References......Page 573
19 Surface Sampling Methods......Page 576
Wipe Sampling......Page 580
Other Surface Sampling Methods......Page 586
Methods that Directly Assess Worker Exposure......Page 587
Summary......Page 593
References......Page 594
Purpose......Page 596
Sample Collection Strategies......Page 597
Containers and Shipping......Page 600
Bulk Air Samples......Page 601
Bulk Samples of Solid or Liquid Chemicals......Page 605
Soil Sampling......Page 612
Water Sampling......Page 617
References......Page 628
APPENDICES......Page 630
Dusts, Mists, and Fumes......Page 632
Asbestos Fibers......Page 633
Active Sampling for Organic Vapors: Adsorption Tubes......Page 634
Gases and Vapors: Bubblers and Impingers......Page 637
Passive Sampling for Organic Vapors: Badges or Dosimeters......Page 638
Respirable Dust Using a Cyclone......Page 639
Silica......Page 641
Total Dust......Page 642
Gasoline and Light Hydrocarbons......Page 643
Welding Fumes......Page 644
Benzene......Page 647
Appendix B Gas and Vapor Calibrations......Page 652
Premixed Gases and Vapors in Cylinders......Page 655
Static Calibration Mixtures......Page 656
Gas Permeation Tubes......Page 660
References......Page 665
Appendix C Field Calibration of Gas and Vapor Sensors......Page 668
Step One: Setting the “Zero” Reading......Page 669
Step Two: Span Calibration......Page 670
Some Calibration Tools......Page 672
Calibrating Liquid Chemical Mixtures......Page 673
Appendix D Chemical-Specific Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analysis......Page 674
INDEX......Page 696