Air and Gas Drilling Manual: Applications for Oil, Gas, Geothermal Fluid Recovery Wells, Specialized Construction Boreholes, and the History and Advent of the Directional DTH

Front-Matter_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Front matter
Copyright_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Copyright
Preface_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Preface
Acknowledgments_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Introduction--Calculation-Programming-_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling
	Introduction, Calculation Programming, and Unit Systems
		Introduction
		Calculation Programming
		Terminology
		Unit Systems
			Physical Mechanics
			Basic Units and Usage
		References
Chapter-2---Air-and-Gas-Versus-Mud_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Air and Gas Versus Mud
		Rotary Drilling
		Circulation Systems
			Direct Circulation
			Reverse Circulation
		Comparison of Mud and Air Drilling
			Advantages and Disadvantages
			Flow Characteristics
		References
Chapter-3---Surface-Equipment_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Surface Equipment
		Drilling Location
		Flow Line to the Rig
			Bleed-Off Line
			Scrubber
			Water Injection Pump
			Solids Injector
			Valves
			Gauges
			Volumetric Flowrate Meters
		Wellhead Equipment
			Rotating Head
			Blowout Prevention Stack
		Flow Line From Rig
			Blooey Line
			Burn Pit
			Primary and Secondary Jets
			Sample Catcher
			De-Duster
			Gas Detector
			Pilot Light
			Solids-Gas Separator, ``Gas Buster´´
		References
Chapter-4---Downhole-Equipment_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Downhole Equipment
		Direct Circulation Drill Strings
			Standard API Drill Pipe
			Heavy-Weight Drill Pipe
			Drill Collars
			Stabilizers and Reamers
			Drill Bits
				PDC Bits
				Roller Cutter Bits
			Positive Displacement Motor (PDM) and Agitator
				PDMs
				Agitators
			Down-The-Hole Hammer
			DTH Air Hammer Bits
			Evolution of the Directional DTH
				The Javins Corporation
				Discoveries of the Marcellus and the Utica Shales
				Directional DTHs
		Reverse Circulation Drill Strings
			RC Dual Wall Pipe Drill String
			RC Down Hole Hammers
			RC Down Hole Bits (DHBs)
			Reverse Circulation Applications
				Retaining Walls
				Vestfold Railway Line in Norway
		References
Chapter-5---Compressors-and-Nitrogen-Generato_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manu
	Compressors and Nitrogen Generators
		Compressor Classification
		Standard Units
		Continuous Flow (Dynamic) Compressors
			Centrifugal Compressors
			Axial-Flow Compressors
		Intermittent (Positive Displacement) Compressors
			Reciprocating Compressors
			Rotary Compressors
				Sliding Vane Compressors
				Helical Lobe (Screw) Compressors
				Liquid Piston Compressors
			Summary of Positive Displacement Compressors
		Compressor Shaft Power Requirements
			Basic Single-Stage Shaft Power Requirement
			Multistage Shaft Power Requirements
		Prime Mover Input Power Requirements
			Compressor System Units
				Primary Compressor System Unit
				Booster Compressor System Unit
			Reciprocating Compressor Unit
			Rotary Compressor System Unit
			Fuel Consumption
				Summary
		Example Compressor System Units
			Small Reciprocating Primary and Booster Compressor System
			Four-Stage Reciprocating Compressor System
			Rotary Primary and Reciprocating Piston Booster Compressor System
		Membrane Field Nitrogen Generator
			Allowable Oxygen Concentrations
			Membrane Unit Efficiencies
		References
Chapter-6---Direct-Circulation-Models_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Direct Circulation Models
		Basic Assumptions
		General Derivation
			Weight Rate of Flow of the Gas
			Three-Phase Flow in the Annulus
			Two-Phase Flow Through the Bit
			Two-Phase Flow in the Drill String
		Aerated Fluid Drilling Model
		Stable Foam Drilling Model
		Air and Gas Drilling Model
		Down The hole Hammer (DTH) Piston Motion Models
		References
Chapter-7---Reverse-Circulation-Models_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Reverse Circulation Models
		Basic Assumptions
		General Derivation
			Weight Rate of Flow of the Gas
			Three-Phase Flow in the Drill String
			Three-Phase Flow Through the Bit
			Two-Phase Flow in the Annulus
		Aerated Fluid Drilling Model
		Stable Foam Drilling Model
		Air and Gas Drilling Model
		Down Hole Hammer (DHH) Piston Motion Models
		References
Chapter-8---Air--Gas--and-Unstable-Foam-Drill_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manu
	Air, Gas, and Unstable Foam Drilling
		Deep Well Planning
		Minimum Volumetric Flow Rate and Compressor Selection
			Discussion of Theories
			Engineering Practice
			Engineering Planning Graphs
				Specific Weight of Air at API Standard Conditions (USCS Units)
				Specific Weight of Air at 4000 ft Above Sea Level (USCS Units)
				Minimum Volumetric Flow Rate at 4000 ft (USCS Units)
				Number of Primary Compressor Units Required (USCS Units)
				Specific Weight of Air at API Standard Conditions (SI Units)
				Specific Weight of Air at 1219 m Above Sea Level (SI Units)
				Minimum Volumetric Flow Rate (SI Units)
				Number of Primary Compressor Units Required (SI Units)
				Openhole Absolute Surface Roughness
				Blooey Line
				Number of Primary Compressor Units Required (USCS Units)
				Number of Primary Compressor Units Required (SI Units)
		Bottom Hole and Injection Pressures
		Water Injection and Formation Water Influx
			Saturation of Air at Bottomhole Conditions
			Eliminate Stickiness
			Suppression of Hydrocarbon Ignition
		Prime Mover Fuel Consumption
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-9---Aerated-Fluids-Drilling_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Aerated Fluids Drilling
		Deep Well Drilling Planning
		Aerated Fluids Drilling Operations
			Drill Pipe Injection
			Annulus Injection
			Advantages and Disadvantages
		Minimum Volumetric Flow Rates
			Discussion of Theories
				Terminal Velocities
			Engineering Practice
				Minimum Incompressible Fluid Volumetric Flow Rate (USCS Units)
				Minimum Incompressible Fluid Volumetric Flow Rate (SI Units)
		Nonfriction and Friction Illustrative Examples
			Nonfriction Approximation
			Major and Minor Losses for Homogeneous Multiphase Flow
			Major and Minor Losses and the Effect of Fluid Holdup
				Liquid Holdup
		Conclusions
Chapter-10---Stable-Foam-Drilling_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Stable Foam Drilling
		Stable Foam Rheology
			Laboratory Stable Foam Screening
			Empirical Algorithm for Screening
		Deep Well Drilling Planning
		Stable Foam Drilling Operations
		Minimum Volumetric Flow Rates
		Nonfriction and Friction Illustrative Examples
			Nonfriction Approximation
			Major and Minor Friction Losses
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-11---Mathcad-Field-Example-Comparison_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manu
	Mathcad Field Example Comparisons
		Directional DTH in the Appalachian Region
		Reverse Circulation DHH Secant Boreholes
		Underbalanced Shallow Three-Well Solution
		References
Appendix-A---Dimensions-and-Units--Conversion-F_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Ma
	Appendix A : Dimensions and Units, Conversion Factors
Appendix-B---Average-Annual-Atmospheric-Condit_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Man
	Appendix B : Average Annual Atmospheric Conditions
Appendix-C---Direct-Circulation-Minimum-Volumetri_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-
	Appendix C : Direct Circulation Minimum Volumetric Flow Rates
Appendix-D---11-1-Mathcad-Directional-DTH-in-Appa_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-
	Appendix D : 11.1 Mathcad Directional DTH in Appalachian Region
		11.1(b) Example: Mathcad Directional DTH for Drilling Through Appalachian Hardcap
Appendix-E---11-2-Mathcad-RC-DHH-Secant-Boreh_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manu
	Appendix E : 11.2 Mathcad RC DHH Secant Borehole
Appendix-F---11-3-Mathcad-Underbalance-Shallow-Thr_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling
	Root
Appendix-G---Rules-of--Thumb--in-the-Oil-Patc_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manu
	Appendix G : Rules of “Thumb” in the Oil Patch
		Introduction
		Gas Cementing
		Unloading the Hole From Bottom
		Jetting the Flow Line
		Stage Killing
Index_2021_Air-and-Gas-Drilling-Manual
	Index