Aid, trade and development : the future of globalization

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Also by Constantine Michalopoulos
Acronyms
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	Reference
2 Growth Constraints, Aid Targets, and Basic Needs
	Introduction
	Development Constraints
	Aid Targets
	The Oil Crisis and Its Aftermath
	Aid Effectiveness
	Who Benefits
	References
3 Export Pessimism and the Neoclassical Revival
	Introduction
	Export Promotion and Import Substitution
	Neoclassical Revival
	Coherence
		The Tokyo Round
		Aid Untying
		Textiles
		Commodities
	Looking Back, Looking Forward
	References
4 Debt and Adjustment: Muddling Through
	Introduction
	The Different Debt Problems
	The 1980s
	Developing Country Policies and the “Washington Consensus”
	World Bank Programs
	Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation
	Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa
	Developed Country Policies
	The Brady Plan
	Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
	Conclusions
	References
5 The Collapse of Planning and the Troubled Transition
	Introduction
	Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union 1989–1991
	Aid to Russia and the New Independent States 1992–1998
	Privatization
	Oligarchs or Kleptocrats
	Integration into the World Trading System
		Trade Policies in CEE and FSU
	Market Access
	Aid and Trade Effectiveness
	References
6 The Birth of the WTO
	Introduction
	The Uruguay Round and the Development Dimension of the WTO
		Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries
		Special Measures for LDCs
	Developing Country Trade Policies
		Tariffs
		Non-Tariff Measures
		Trade Remedies
		Services
		Preferential Trade Arrangements
	Developed Country Policies
		Non-Tariff Measures
		Trade Remedies
		SPS and TBT
		Services
	WTO’s Early Years
	The Debacle in Seattle
	References
7 The Many Faces of Globalization
	Introduction
	Growth and Poverty in the 1990s
		East Asia: Miracles and Controversies
		Sub-Saharan Africa: Left Behind?
		Latin America on the Rebound
		Middle East: Treading Water
		Europe and Central Asia: Transition and Disruption
		South Asia: Steady Progress
	Globalization, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation
	Trade and Poverty7
		Developing Country Policies
	Developed Country Trade Policies
	Political Economy Issues
	Capital Flows
		Foreign Direct Investment
		Aid in the 1990s
	Approaching the Millennium
	References
8 Millennium Aid, Trade, and Development
	Introduction
	The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
	The Monterrey Consensus
	Aid Effectiveness
	The Millennium Development Goals Campaign
	The Doha Round
	Aid for Trade
		The Integrated Framework
		Aid for Trade for Other Developing Countries
	And What About Globalization?
	References
9 Liberalism in Retreat
	Introduction
	An Overview of Developments Since 2009
	Development Finance
		Levels
		Aid Effectiveness: The Multilateral Commitments
		Aid Effectiveness: Program Changes
	Debt
	International Trade
		The Death of Doha
		Preferential Trade Agreements
		The Appellate Body
		The China Problem
		Increased Protectionism
	And What About Poverty?
	Conclusion
	References
10 Sustainable Development Goals
	Introduction: The MDGs at 2015
	The SDGs
	Challenges of Monitoring and Implementation
	Financing
	Public Support
	Political Commitment
	References
11 The Rise of Populism and Anti-Globalization
	Introduction
	Globalization—Once Again
	Trade
		Migration
	Capital Flows
	“Washington” and “Brussels”
		Brexit
		Grexit
	Conclusion
	References
12 The Plague Years
	Introduction
	The Early Days
	International Cooperation
	The Short-Term Economic Impact
	Vaccines and the 2021 Rebound
	The Longer Term and the SDGs
	References
13 Toward an Equitable Re-Globalization
	Introduction
	De-Globalization and Import Substitution
	Robots Do not Fall Ill
	Safety Nets
	The Refugee Crisis
	Foreign Direct Investment: Rising Market Concentration
	International Trade
		Short Term Priorities
		The Dispute Settlement Mechanism
		The Environment and Climate Change
		Subsidies
		Technology Transfer
		How to Move Forward
	Conclusion
	References
14 Reviving Multilateralism
	Introduction
	Aid Needs in the Short Term
	Debt Relief
	Long Term Financing Needs
	Environment and Climate Change
	IFIs and the New Banks
	Aid Effectiveness—Bilateral Programs
	The Challenges Ahead
	Moving Forward Together
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Index