AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems XI-XII: AICOL International Workshops 2018 and 2020: AICOL-XI@JURIX 2018, AICOL-XII@JURIX 2020, ... Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)

Preface
AICOL Organization
Contents
Introduction: A Hybrid Regulatory Framework and Technical Architecture for a Human-Centered and Explainable AI
	1 Introduction
	2 A Latest AI Ethical and Legal Turn
	3 A Hybrid and Conflictive Environment
	4 A Hybrid Technological Framework
	5 AICOL, XAI, and XAILA and TERECOM Workshops
	6 Contents of the Present Volume
	References
Knowledge Representation
Identification of Legislative Errors Through Knowledge Representation and Interpretive Argumentation
	1 Introduction
	2 The Notion of Legislative Error
	3 A Systematization of (Potential) Legislative Errors
	4 The Model
		4.1 Basics
		4.2 The Process of Analysis of Legislation
		4.3 Example 1. Informal Approach
		4.4 Example 1. Semi-formal Approach
		4.5 Example 2. Informal Approach
		4.6 Example 2. Semi-formal Approach
	5 Conclusions
	References
Lexdatafication: Italian Legal Knowledge Modelling in Akoma Ntoso
	1 Introduction: Lexdatafication Project
	2 Background: Normattiva and LegalXML Management in Italy
	3 The Methodology
		3.1 The Legal Theory Pillars
		3.2 The Technical Principles
		3.3 The Legal Validation Approach
	4 The Technical Solutions
		4.1 First Option: Conversion from NIR to AKN
		4.2 Second Option: Conversion from Legacy Databases to AKN
	5 Akoma Ntoso Modelling
		5.1 AKN Serialization Process
		5.2 Enrichments
	6 Validation
		6.1 Quantitative Statistics
		6.2 Quantitative Assessment
	7 Integration with the Constructional Court Decisions
	8 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Critical Reflection on ODRL
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Related Work
	2 Modeling with ODRL
	3 Criticalities of ODRL
		3.1 Illustrative Use Case: Delegation
		3.2 Additional Issues
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Automating Normative Control for Healthcare Research
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Legal Ontologies
		2.2 Policy Specification
		2.3 Access Control Models
	3 Research Questions
	4 Proposed Approach
		4.1 Identifying Regulatory and Organizational Requirements
		4.2 Formalizing Policies from Regulatory Documents
		4.3 Developing an Access Control Mechanism
	5 Preliminary Results
		5.1 Open Digital Rights Language
		5.2 Data Sharing Policy Specification Using the eFlint Language
	6 Conclusion
	References
Logic, Rules, and Reasoning
Principles and Semantics: Modelling Violations for Normative Reasoning
	1 Introduction
	2 Normative Principles
	3 Semantics
		3.1 Obligations
		3.2 Compliance
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Evaluating the Principles
		4.2 Dealing with the Pragmatic Oddity
	5 Conclusion
	References
Towards a Formal Framework for Partial Compliance of Business Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Problem Statement
	3 Partial Compliance Framework
	4 Composite Measure Computations
	5 Discussion and Related Work
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A Case Study Integrating Knowledge Graphs and Intuitionistic Logic
	1 Introduction
	2 The KG Usage Framework and Motivation for iALC
	3 IALC
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Base Knowledge
		4.2 Rule Ed1 (TRUST)
		4.3 Rule Ed2 (Ed Does Not Trust George)
		4.4 Rule George1 (PRIVACY)
		4.5 Rule Transp (Transparency)
		4.6 MetaRule1 (Precedence)
	5 Final Remarks
	A Natural Deduction System for iALC
	References
Logical Comparison of Cases
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory: Case Comparisons
	3 Application: HYPO-style Comparison
	4 Application: The Dynamics of Case-Based Reasoning
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Explainable AI in Law and Ethics
A Conceptual View on the Design and Properties of Explainable AI Systems for Legal Settings
	1 Introduction
	2 Designing Explainable AI Using Legal Requirements via KORA
	3 A General Research Strategy for Ethical AI – IntERMeDIUM
	4 Next Steps
	References
Towards Grad-CAM Based Explainability in a Legal Text Processing Pipeline. Extended Version
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Comparison Metrics
	4 System Architecture
	5 Experiments
		5.1 Datasets
		5.2 Embeddings/Language Modeling
	6 Results
		6.1 Metric-Based Heatmap Comparison
		6.2 User-Based Study
		6.3 Grad-CAM Guided Context Extraction
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Making Things Explainable vs Explaining: Requirements and Challenges Under the GDPR
	1 Introduction
	2 Background: The Right to Explanation
	3 Problem Statement
	4 Proposed Solution
		4.1 Example
	5 Conclusions
	References
Explaining Arguments at the Dutch National Police
	1 Introduction
	2 Argumentation Preliminaries
	3 Deriving Explanations
		3.1 Basic Explanations
		3.2 Necessity and Sufficiency
		3.3 Contrastive Explanations
	4 Conclusion
	References
Like Circles in the Water: Responsibility as a System-Level Function
	1 Introduction
	2 From Data to Data-Flow Problems
		2.1 Computational Reflection
		2.2 From Data to Data-Flow
		2.3 Responsible Computing as Responsible Disclosure
	3 The Role of Context
		3.1 Contextual Integrity
		3.2 Contextual Demographic Disparity
	4 Function and Types of Responsibility
		4.1 Function of Responsibility
		4.2 Epistemic Responsibility
		4.3 Causal Responsibility
		4.4 Moral Responsibility
		4.5 Agentive Responsibility
		4.6 Accountability, Liability
	5 Operationalizing Responsible Computation
		5.1 Responsible Networking
		5.2 From Operational to Agentive Responsibility?
	References
Law as Web of linked Data and the Rule of Law
The Rule of Law and Compliance: Legal Quadrant and Conceptual Clustering
	1 Introduction
	2 Legal Quadrant
	3 Analytical Research Approach
		3.1 Phase 1: Data Collection and Literature Extraction
		3.2 Data Analysis and Synthesis
		3.3 Results Reporting
	4 Discussion: Clustering of Legal Concepts
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Web of Data’s Role in Legal Ecosystems to Address Violent Extremism Fuelled by Hate Speech in Social Media
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition
	3 Technology: Fostering Dignity and Preventing Extremism
	4 Regulatory Models: Socio-legal Ecosystems
	5 Ecological Compliance
	6 Final Remarks
	7 Conclusion
	References
SPIRIT: Semantic and Systemic Interoperability for Identity Resolution in Intelligence Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 SPIRIT System Components
	3 Semantic Interoperability
	4 Privacy Controller System
	5 Integration and Systemic Interoperability as Regulatory Devices
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
TimeLex: A Suite of Tools for Processing Temporal Information in Legal Texts
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 LawORdate
	4 Añotador
	5 WhenTheFact: Dealing with Events
	6 Conclusions
	References
Data Protection and Privacy Modelling and Reasoning
Inferring the Meaning of Non-personal, Anonymized, and Anonymous Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Personal Data, Non-personal Data, Mixed Datasets
	3 Anonymization Techniques in the Light of WP29 05/2014 and Its State of the Art
	4 …and Pseudonymization?
	5 Conclusions
	References
Challenges in the Implementation of Privacy Enhancing Semantic Technologies (PESTs) Supporting GDPR
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges in Use of PESTs for GDPR Compliance
		2.1 Challenges in Representation of Legal Norms
		2.2 Challenges in the Representation of Involved Entities in GDPR
		2.3 Challenges in Personal Data Governance
	3 Related Work
		3.1 Rule Interchange Languages
	4 Data Protection Impact Assessment
	5 An Agent-Based Decentralized Architecture
		5.1 Legal Reasoning by ICA
	6 Conclusion
	References
Publication of Court Records: Circumventing the Privacy-Transparency Trade-Off
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Analysis of Current Practices
		3.1 Redaction in the Wild
		3.2 Limits of Current Approaches
		3.3 Reasons for the Failure of Rule-Based Redaction
	4 Multimodal Publication Scheme
	5 Conclusion
	References
Challenges in the Digital Representation of Privacy Terms
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Challenges in the Representation of Privacy Terms in the Light of GDPR
		3.1 Case Study: Machine-Readable Policies for Healthcare and Genomics
	4 A Target Architecture to Deal with GDPR Challenges
		4.1 Early-Stage Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Use of Decentralized and Semantic Web Technologies for Personal Data Protection and Interoperability
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Moving Data Sovereignty Towards Users
	4 A Proposal Based on DLTs and Semantic Web
		4.1 (Decentralized) Personal Information Management Systems
		4.2 Data Flow Through Smart Contracts
		4.3 Semantic Web Based Policies
	5 Vision and Conclusions
	References
Author Index