Agroforestry and Ecosystem Services

Contents
Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services: An Introduction
	Introduction
	Agroforestry for Soil Ecosystem Services and Climate Resilience
	Agroforestry for Improved Water Quality
	Agroforestry and Silvopasture
	Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation and Enhanced Pollination
	Agroforestry for Flood Reduction, Air Quality Improvement, and Peatland Protection
	Agroforestry and Cultural Ecosystem Services
	Country-Specific Examples, India and Australia
	Agroforestry Design and Economics
	Conclusions
	References
Agroforestry Practices for Soil Conservation and Resilient Agriculture
	Introduction
	Agroforestry Systems and Soil Conservation
	Shelterbelts in Eurasia and North America
		Shelterbelts in Temperate Eurasia
		Shelterbelts in Semiarid and Arid Eurasia
		Shelterbelts in the Semiarid US and Canadian Great Plains
		Summary of Shelterbelt Contributions in Eurasia and North America
	Silvopasture Systems of the Southeastern USA
		Soil-Based Ecosystem Services of Silvopasture Systems
		Forage Considerations for Silvopasture Production
			Perennial Cool-Season Forages
			Perennial Warm-Season Forages
			Annual Cool-Season Forages
			Annual Warm-Season Forages
		Livestock Considerations in Silvopastoral Systems
		Summary of Silvopasture Considerations
	Agroforestry Practices for Soil Conservation and Agriculture Resilience in the Neotropics
		Soil Quality
		Soil Erosion
		Multifunctionality and Adoption
	Agroforestry in Africa and Asia
		Soil Conservation and Agroforestry in African Drylands
		Agroforestry and Soil Conservation in Humid Zones of Africa
		Agroforestry and Soil Conservation in Asia
		Summary of Agroforestry Contributions in Neotropical Africa and Asia
	Conclusions Regarding Agroforestry Contributions to Soil Conservation
	References
Soil Health Ecosystem Services of Agroforestry
	Introduction
	Ecosystem Services
		Agroforestry and Ecosystem Services
	Soil Health
		Agroforestry and Soil Health
	Agroforestry Management to Sustain and Improve Soil Health and Ecosystem Services
	Conclusions
	References
Belowground Services in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems
	Introduction
	Problems in Modern Viticulture
	Agroforestry in Vineyards as a Sustainable Solution
	The Effect of Trees on Soil Water Parameters in Vineyards
		Increased Water Conservation in Agroforestry Systems
		Competition Between Trees and Grapevines for Water
		Striking Water Stress Balance in Grapevines
	The Effect of Trees on Vineyard Nutrition Parameters
		Increased Nutrient Availability in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems
		Reduced Nutrient Losses in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems
		Competition Between Trees and Grapevines for Nutrients
		Striking Nutritional Balance in Grapevines
	The Effect of Trees on Vine Root Systems
		Improved Soil Structure in Vineyard Agroforestry Systems
		Soil Niche Competition Between Tree and Grapevine Roots
		Balancing Competition Through Root Plasticity
	Practical Implications
	Conclusion
	References
Selected Soil Properties Among Agroforestry, Natural Forest, Traditional Agriculture, and Palm Oil Land Uses in Central Kalimantan
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Study Site
		Soil Types
		Experimental Design and Sampling
		Cellulase Activity
		PMEase Activity
		Urease Activity
		C, N, and C:N Ratio
		Statistical Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Soil Carbon
		Soil Nitrogen Concentration
		C:N Ratio
		Urease Activity
		Cellulase Activity
		PMEase Activity
	Conclusions
	References
Water Quality and Quantity Benefits of Agroforestry and Processes: Long-Term Case Studies from Missouri, USA
	Introduction
		The Two Study Sites (RAF and GAF)
		Surface Runoff
		Groundwater
		Water Quality
			Soil Physical Properties
			Soil Chemical Properties
			Soil Biological Activity
		Buffer Vegetation
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
Enhanced Ecosystem Services Provided by Silvopastures
	Introduction
	Silvopasture Ecology
	Supporting Services of Silvopastures
		Wildlife Habitat
		Plant Communities
		Nutrient Cycling
	Provisioning Services of Silvopastures
		Forage Production
		Animal Production
		Tree Production
	Regulating Services of Silvopastures
		Water Quality
		Air Quality
		Soil Conservation
		Nutrient Distribution and Use Efficiency
		Weeds, Diseases, and Pests
		Environmental Modifications
		Carbon Cycling and Sequestration
	Cultural Services of Silvopastures
		Animal Welfare
		Aesthetics and Recreation
	Opportunities for Adoption: Placement, Design, and Management Considerations for Silvopastures
	Conclusion
	References
Silvopasture for Food Security in a Changing Climate
	Introduction
		The Food-Climate Crisis
		Sustainable Livestock Production
	Silvopasture: A Contribution to Food Security
		Forage Production
		Forage Nutritive Value
		Tree Fodder Production and Nutritive Value
		Tree Fruit Production
		Animal Performance
		Thermal Stress
		Animal Health
		Habitat for Pollinators
	Conclusion
	References
Potential Indicators to Assess the Sustainability of South American Forests Under Silvopastoral Management: Case Study of an Old Roble Forest in Chile’s Andes
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Statistical Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Results of Bibliographic Consultation
		Expert Consultation or Judgment Results
		Community Member Consultation Results
		Methodological Triangulation Results
	Conclusions
	References
Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation
	Introduction
	Agroforestry and Diversity
		Agroforestry and Floral Diversity
		Agroforestry and Faunal Diversity
		Agroforestry and Soil Microbial Diversity
	Practical Implication of Agroforestry on Biodiversity
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
The Role of Temperate Agroforestry Practices in Supporting Pollinators
	Introduction
	Importance of Pollinators
	Important Groups of Pollinators
	Pollinator Status and Threats
	Agroforestry’s Role
		Providing Habitat
			Foraging Resources
			Nesting and Egg-Laying Sites
		Enhancing Connectivity
		Reducing Pesticide Exposure
		Crop Pollination Services
	Summary
	References
Flood Control and Air Cleaning Regulatory Ecosystem Services of Agroforestry
	Introduction
	Flood Control
		The Processes of Flood Control
	Air Cleaning
		Windbreaks
		Urban Food Forest (UFF)
		The Processes of Air Cleaning
	Practical Implications
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
Establishing Agroforestry Conservation Buffer Zones to Protect Tropical Peatland Forests of Indonesia
	Introduction
		Conservation Challenges for Indonesian Peatland
		Agroforestry as a Conservation Option
	Materials and Methods
		Study Area
		Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve as a Case Study
		Data
			Soil
			Land Cover
			NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)
			Fire
			Village Demographic and Spatial Planning
			Access and Traditional Land-Use Data
		Index-Based GIS Modeling
			Data Analysis
		Ecological Factors
			Peat Soil Depth Scoring
			Land Cover and NDVI Scoring
		Disturbance Factors
			Fire Density Scoring
			Access Density Scoring
	Result and Discussion
		Suitability Map
		Sensitivity Analysis
	Overall Conclusion and Future Directions
	Conclusion and Management Implications
	References
Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests
	Introduction
		Cultural Ecosystem Service Definition and History
		Assessing CES
		Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests
	Case Studies
		Lacandon Maya Milpa: Chiapas, Mexico
			Description and History
			Cultural Ecosystem Services
			Socioecological Changes
		VAC Homegardens: Vietnam
			Description and History
			Cultural Ecosystem Services
			Socioecological Changes
		Rubber Homegardens: Brazil
			Description and History
			Cultural Ecosystem Services
			Socioecological Changes
		Tree-Vine Vineyards: Portugal
			Description and History
			Cultural Ecosystem Services
			Socioecological Changes
	Conclusions and Recommendations
		Common Themes
		Framework for Assessing Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests
		The Future of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Agroforests
	References
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems in India: A Synthesis
	Introduction
	Agroforestry: A Cardinal Feature of the Indian Landscape
	Area Under Agroforestry in India
	Agroforestry for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
		Vegetation Carbon Sequestration Potential of AFS in India
			Agroforestry Systems and the Nature of Components
			Ecoregions and Site Quality
			Species and Stand Age
			Silvicultural Management
		Soil Carbon Sequestration
		Measurement and Estimation of C Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems
		Concluding Remarks
	References
Ecosystem Services from Agroforestry Systems in Australia
	Forests and Soils in Australia
	Ecosystem Services
	Agroforestry Solutions for Natural and Anthropogenic Issues
		Permaculture/Home Gardens
		Grazing Systems and Shelterbelts in Australia
		Multipurpose Riparian Forests on Farms
		Salinity
		Carbon
		Biodiversity Enhancement on Farms
		Socioeconomic/Policy Challenges
	Conclusions
	References
Agroforestry Integration and Multifunctional Landscape Planning for Enhanced Ecosystem Services from Treed Habitats
	Introduction
	Background
		Landscape Ecology
		Landscape Suitability Analysis
		Multifunctional Landscape Framework
	Placement of the Five Agroforestry Practices
		Alley Cropping
			Landscape Scale
			Farm Scale
		Riparian Forest Buffers
			Landscape Scale
			Farm Scale
		Windbreaks
			Landscape Scale
			Farm Scale
		Silvopasture
			Landscape Scale
			Farm Scale
		Forest Farming
			Landscape Scale
			Farm Scale
	Moving Forward
	Conclusion
	References
Economic Valuation of Agroforestry Ecosystem Services
	Introduction
	Total Economic Value
	Economic Valuation Approaches
		Revealed Preference Method
		Stated Preference Method
		Benefit Transfer (BT) Methods
	Summary and Conclusions
	References
Index