Agro-industrial Perspectives on Sugarcane Production under Environmental Stress

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
1: Growth and Development of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrid) and Its Relationship with Environmental Factors
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Germination Stage
		1.2.1 Temperature
		1.2.2 Water
		1.2.3 Air
	1.3 Seedling Stage
		1.3.1 Temperature, Moisture, and Nutrition
	1.4 Tillering Stage
		1.4.1 Temperature, Sunshine, Soil Moisture, and Nutrients
	1.5 Elongation Stage
		1.5.1 Temperature and Water
	1.6 Maturation Stage
		1.6.1 Processing Maturation
	1.7 Physiological Maturation
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2: Impact of Climate Change on Sucrose Synthesis in Sugarcane Varieties
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sucrose Accumulation in Sugarcane
	2.3 Ambient Air Temperature
	2.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
	2.5 Soil Moisture
	2.6 Sunlight, Photoperiod, and Flowering
	2.7 Sugar Recovery in Relation to Climate Change
	2.8 Response of Sugarcane Genotypes to Climatic Factors During the Ripening Phase
	2.9 Pattern of Sucrose Accumulation Under Rainfed Conditions in Tropics: A Case Study in Thailand
	2.10 Role of Invertases in Sucrose Accumulation
	2.11 Effect of Cold Temperature on Sucrose Synthesis
	2.12 Effect of Flooding on Sucrose Accumulation
	2.13 Development of Climate-Smart Sugarcane Varieties Through Pre-breeding
	2.14 Improved Hybrid Derivatives for High Juice Sucrose Content
	2.15 Sugarcane Crop Prediction Models and Their Applications Under Changing Climate
	2.16 APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator) Model
	2.17 CANEGRO-Sugarcane Simulation Model
	2.18 QCANE Sugarcane Simulation Model
	2.19 Ricardian Model for Impact Analysis of Sugarcane Production Under Dryland and Irrigated Conditions
	2.20 Predicting Sucrose Yield Through Modeling Approaches
	2.21 Future Directions
	References
3: Impact of Salinity Stress on Sugarcane Yield and Quality: Management Approaches for Higher Cane Sugar Productivity
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Impact of Salinity on Sugarcane Production and Quality of Juice
	3.3 Salinity and Jaggery Quality
	3.4 Molecular Marker for Salinity Tolerance in Sugarcane
		3.4.1 QTL for the Salinity Tolerance in Sugarcane
	3.5 Transcriptome Approach to Develop Salinity Tolerance in Sugarcane
	3.6 Tissue Culture Technique for In Vitro Selection of Salinity Tolerant Sugarcane
	3.7 Genetic Engineering for Salinity Tolerance in Sugarcane
	3.8 Management of Sugarcane Production Under Saline Conditions
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4: Potential Parents for Developing Climate-Resilient Sugarcane Varieties in India: A Breeding Perspective
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Biotic Stresses
		4.2.1 Red Rot
			4.2.1.1 Inheritance of Red Rot Resistance
			4.2.1.2 Sources of Red Rot Resistance
		4.2.2 Smut
			4.2.2.1 Inheritance of Smut Resistance
			4.2.2.2 Sources of Smut Resistance
		4.2.3 Yellow Leaf Disease
		4.2.4 Rust
	4.3 Abiotic Stress
		4.3.1 Drought Tolerance
			4.3.1.1 Source of Drought Tolerance
			4.3.1.2 Use of Molecular Markers and Transgenic Technology for Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane Improvement
		4.3.2 Salinity
		4.3.3 Waterlogging Tolerance
		4.3.4 High-Temperature Tolerance
		4.3.5 Winter Ratooning Ability
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5: Bioactive Silicon: Approach to Enhance Sugarcane Yield Under Stress Environment
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Silicon in Sugarcane
	5.2 Status of Plant-Available Silicon in Sugarcane
	5.3 Classification of Si-Rich Materials in Agriculture
	5.4 Silicon and Pest Management in Sugarcane
	5.5 Effect of Silicon Fertilization in Water Stress and Salinity Stress Amelioration in Sugarcane
	5.6 Silicon-Mediated Mechanisms Responsible for Increasing Plant Resistance to Stress
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6: Anatomy of Tolerance Mechanisms in Sugarcane Crop to Abiotic Stresses
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Leaf Anatomy and Drought Tolerance
	6.3 Stomatal Density and Size
	6.4 Enlargement of Bulliform and Epidermal Cells
	6.5 Thickening of Leaf Lamina and Cuticle Layer
	6.6 Other Anatomical Features
	6.7 Root Anatomical Traits
	6.8 Reduced Xylem Diameter
	6.9 Increased Exodermal Layer
	6.10 Thin-Walled Exodermis
	6.11 Reduced Cortical Layer
	6.12 Cortical Lysigenous Aerenchyma
	6.13 Endodermis with U-Thickening
	6.14 Sclerification of Pericycle
	6.15 Conclusion
	References
7: Interaction of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria with Sugarcane Plants for Alleviating Abiotic Stresses and Improving Cr...
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sugarcane Crop
	7.3 Abiotic Stresses
	7.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs)
	7.5 Mechanisms of PGPRs for Alleviating Abiotic Stresses
		7.5.1 ACC Deaminase Enzyme Production
		7.5.2 Abscisic Acid Production
		7.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Toxic Metals
		7.5.4 Osmoprotectants/Antioxidants Production
		7.5.5 Expression of Stress-Related Genes and Proteins
		7.5.6 Expolysaccharide and Biomolecules Production
		7.5.7 Nutrients Solubilization and Mobilization
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8: Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical, and Ultrastructural Modifications on Sugarcane to Prolonged Water Deficit
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Water Deficit
	8.3 Effect of Agronomic, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects in Sugarcane During Water Stress
	8.4 Genetic Engineering for Sugarcane Improvement
	8.5 Stress-Resistance Capacity in Sugarcane Plants
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9: Impact of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Sugarcane Growth, Development and Productivity
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Exposure to Sugarcane
	9.3 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Sugarcane
	9.4 Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Sugarcane
		9.4.1 Morphological Symptoms
		9.4.2 Growth, Development and Productivity
	9.5 Risks in Human
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10: Defense-Related Proteins in Sugarcane and Their Role in Disease Resistance: Molecular Advancements and Beyond
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 PR-1 Family
	10.3 PR-2 Family (beta-1,3-Glucanase)
	10.4 Chitinases (PR-3, PR-4, PR-8, and PR-11 Families)
	10.5 Thaumatin-Like Proteins (PR-5 Family)
	10.6 Peptidase Inhibitors (PR-6 Family)
	10.7 Endoproteinases (PR-7 Family)
	10.8 Peroxidases (PR-9 Family)
	10.9 Ribonuclease-Like Proteins (PR-10 Family)
	10.10 Defensins (PR-12 Family)
	10.11 Thionins (PR-13 Family)
	10.12 Lipid-Transfer Proteins (PR-14 Family)
	10.13 Oxalate Oxidase and Oxalate Oxidase-Like Proteins (PR-15 and PR-16 Family)
	10.14 PR-17 Family
	10.15 NBS-LRR Proteins
	10.16 Glycoproteins
	10.17 Catalases
	10.18 WRKY Proteins
	10.19 Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) Markers
	10.20 Potential of Defense-Related Proteins in Sugarcane
	10.21 Conclusion
	References
11: Impact of Green and Organic Fertilizers on Soil Fertility and Sugarcane Productivity
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Edaphoclimatic Environments and the Planting of Sugarcane
	11.3 Organic Fertilization Using Sugar and Alcohol Industry Waste Residues
	11.4 Organic Fertilization with Poultry Litter
	11.5 Green Manure
	11.6 Soil Fertility and Sunn Hemp Growth
	11.7 Soil Fertility, Liming and Gypsum
	11.8 Sowing Times of Sunn Hemp
	11.9 Seed Inoculation of Sunn Hemp
	11.10 Accumulation of Dry Matter and Nutrients in the Shoots of Sunn Hemp
	11.11 Sugarcane Production in Areas Previously Cultivated with Sunn Hemp
	11.12 Conclusions
	References
12: Silicon-Induced Mitigation of Low-Temperature Stress in Sugarcane
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Influence of Silicon on Growth and Biomass Characteristics
	12.3 Si-Rich Soil Amendments
	12.4 Application of Si
		12.4.1 Si-Based Biostimulators
		12.4.2 The Modified Molybdenum Blue Method
		12.4.3 Procedure
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
13: Agro-technologies to Sustain Sugarcane Productivity Under Abiotic Stresses
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Effect of Environmental Stresses on Sugarcane Growth, Yield, and Quality
		13.2.1 Drought
			13.2.1.1 Physiological Response of Sugarcane to Drought
			13.2.1.2 Biochemical Crop Response to Drought
			13.2.1.3 Drought and Its Impact on Sugarcane Growth, Yield, and Quality
		13.2.2 Salinity
			13.2.2.1 Response of Sugarcane to Salinity
		13.2.3 Heat Stress and Other Climatic Factors
			13.2.3.1 Effect of Heat Stress and Climatic Variables on Sugarcane Productivity and Quality
		13.2.4 Light Stress
		13.2.5 Frost
		13.2.6 Rainfall
		13.2.7 Impact of Climatic Change on Sugarcane Crop Growth
		13.2.8 The Effect of Climate on Ripening
		13.2.9 Waterlogging
		13.2.10 Soil Constraint and Its Impact on Sugarcane Growth and Yield
		13.2.11 Nutrient Stress
	13.3 Abiotic Stress Management in Sugarcane
		13.3.1 Soil Reclamation and Special Management Practices
		13.3.2 Subsoiling
		13.3.3 Drainage
		13.3.4 Bio-intensive Modulation of Ratoon Rhizosphere
			13.3.4.1 Early Planting, Using Higher Seed Rate
			13.3.4.2 Crop Rotation, Intercropping, and Green Manuring
			13.3.4.3 Earthing Up
			13.3.4.4 Planting Methods
			13.3.4.5 Paired Row Method
			13.3.4.6 Pit Method
			13.3.4.7 Subsurface Drip with Twin Rows Method
			13.3.4.8 Deep Trench System of Planting
			13.3.4.9 Modified Trench System of Planting with the Application of Gypsum
	13.4 Use of Tolerant/Resistant Varieties and Setts Treatments for the Management of Abiotic Stresses
		13.4.1 Sugarcane Varieties Tolerant to Drought
		13.4.2 Genetic Engineering for Water Stress Resistance
		13.4.3 Setts Soaking in Lime Water
		13.4.4 Sugarcane Varieties Tolerant to Salinity
		13.4.5 In Situ Trash Mulching in Plant Crops
		13.4.6 Green Cane Trash Blanketing in Mechanically Harvested Sugarcane
		13.4.7 Irrigation Management
		13.4.8 Micro-irrigation
		13.4.9 Fertigation
		13.4.10 Cane Agronomy for Water Scarcity Area
	13.5 Method of Irrigation
		13.5.1 Use of Trash Mulching
		13.5.2 Adjusting Planting Dates and Population Densities
		13.5.3 Potassium Application Under Stress Condition
		13.5.4 Drip Irrigation
		13.5.5 Skip Furrow Irrigation
		13.5.6 Alternate Furrow Irrigation
		13.5.7 Adoption of Water-Saving Techniques
		13.5.8 Deficit Irrigation Scheduling with Climate-Smart Sugarcane Genotypes
		13.5.9 Integrated Weed Management with New Generation Herbicide Molecules
	13.6 Fertilizer Management
		13.6.1 Use of Organic Manure
		13.6.2 Foliar Spray of N and K
	13.7 Use of Plant Growth Regulators
	13.8 Use of Antitranspirants
	13.9 Cultivation of Waterlogged Tolerant Sugarcane
		13.9.1 Early Planting to Lessen the Surplus Moisture
		13.9.2 Planting Approaches
		13.9.3 Earthing Up for Better Root Development
		13.9.4 Drainage of Excess Water and Providing Field Drains
	13.10 Pre-monsoon Field Practices
	13.11 Management of Post Waterlogging Crop
	13.12 Conclusions and Future Thrust
	References
14: Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Sugarcane Quality and Quantum Under Environmental Stresses
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Critical Points of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Sugarcane
		14.2.1 Sugarcane Micropropagation
		14.2.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
	14.3 DNA Recombinant Technology
		14.3.1 Cloning Gene
		14.3.2 Gene Overexpression
		14.3.3 RNA Interference
		14.3.4 Genome Editing
	14.4 Biotechnology to Increase Sucrose Production
	14.5 Biotechnology of Water Stress Tolerance
		14.5.1 Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Water Stress Responses
		14.5.2 Genetic Engineering to Enhance Glycine Betaine Biosynthesis
	14.6 Biotechnology of Virus Resistance
		14.6.1 Viruses and Sugarcane Mosaic Disease
		14.6.2 Strategy to Develop Virus-Resistant Plants
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
15: Biotic Stresses in Sugarcane Plants and Its Management
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Fungal Diseases of Sugarcane
	15.3 Bacterial Diseases of Sugarcane
	15.4 Phytoplasma Disease of Sugarcane
	15.5 Viral Diseases of Sugarcane
	15.6 Management of the Sugarcane Diseases Through Biotechnological Approaches
		15.6.1 Physical Management
		15.6.2 Biocontrol of Sugarcane Diseases
		15.6.3 Chemical Control
	15.7 Genetic Resources of Resistance/Tolerance Genes
	15.8 Sugarcane Pests Introduction
		15.8.1 Biological Control of Insect Pests
		15.8.2 Chemical Control of Sugarcane Pests
	15.9 Agroecological Options for the Management of Sugarcane Stem Borers: The Case of Chilo sacchariphagus (Lepidoptera: Crambi...
		15.9.1 Trap Crops, Companion Plants, and Intercropping
	15.10 Nitrogen and Silicon Are Key Elements to Influence Borer Infestation
		15.10.1 Silicon Reinforce the Resistance of Sugarcane Varieties
	15.11 Cane Burning Is Not Compatible with an Agroecological Approach
	15.12 Biocontrol of Chilo sacchariphagus Using Natural Enemies and How to Preserve Them
	15.13 Predation by Ants and Other Beneficial Arthropods: Better Understanding of Their Impact
	15.14 Field Releases of Telenomus Busseolae Against Sesamia spp.
	15.15 Cultivar Resistance in Sugarcane Stem Borers Integrated Pest Management
	15.16 Physical and Mechanical Resistance
	15.17 Chemical Resistance
	15.18 New Tools and Emerging Technologies to Optimize IPM in Sugarcane: Remote Sensing and GIS for Early Detection of Pest Dam...
	15.19 Conclusion
	References
16: Weeds Management in Sugarcane: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Main Weed Species Infesting Sugarcane Fields
	16.3 Planting Timings and Critical Period of Interference
	16.4 Chemical Weed Control in Unburned Sugarcane
		16.4.1 Post-emergence Herbicide Application
		16.4.2 Herbicide Application Prior to Straw Deposition
		16.4.3 Application of Specific Herbicides Over the Straw Mulching
		16.4.4 Pre-emergence Herbicide Application
	16.5 Climatic Factors Affecting Herbicide Activity in Sugarcane Fields
		16.5.1 Sun Radiation
		16.5.2 Rains
		16.5.3 Air Relative Humidity
		16.5.4 Temperature
		16.5.5 Wind Speed
		16.5.6 Managing to Reduce Adverse Climatic Effects on Herbicide Efficiency
	16.6 Tolerance of Sugarcane Genotypes to Herbicides
		16.6.1 Visible Impacts of Herbicides on Sugarcane Genotypes
		16.6.2 Invisible Impacts of Herbicides on Sugarcane Genotypes
	16.7 Weed Resistance and Tolerance to Herbicides in Sugarcane
		16.7.1 Weed Resistance to Herbicides in Sugarcane
		16.7.2 Weed Tolerance to Herbicides in Sugarcane
	16.8 Technology of Herbicide Application in Sugarcane
		16.8.1 Aircraft Applications
		16.8.2 Tractor-Towed and Self-Propelled Sprayers
		16.8.3 Backpack Sprayers
		16.8.4 Application Over Straw Mulching (Unburned Sugarcane)
	16.9 Future Perspectives for Weed Control in Sugarcane
	16.10 Final Remarks
	References
17: Synergistic Integration of SugarcaneProteomics with Genomics: Proteogenomics to Decipher the Mechanism of Disease Resistan...
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Complexities, Challenges, and Status of Sugarcane Genome Sequencing
	17.3 Disease Resistance in Sugarcane: A Comprehensive Lookout Involving Genomics and Proteomics
	17.4 Unveiling the Avenues of Proteomics and the Significance of Integrating It with Genomics
	17.5 Conclusion
	References
18: The Metabolic Interaction of Potassium Salt of Active Phosphorus (PSAP) and Its Stimulatory Effects on the Growth and Prod...
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Forms and Application of Phosphorus
		18.2.1 Nutrient-Based Phosphorus: Phosphate (PO4-)
		18.2.2 Fungicide-Based Phosphorus: Phosphite (PO3-)
		18.2.3 Stress Alleviator-Based Phosphorus: Inactive Phosphate
	18.3 Potassium Salt of Active Phosphorus (PSAP): Autonomous Combination of Phosphorus and Potash
	18.4 Impact of PSAP on Crop Plants During Abiotic Stress
		18.4.1 Stress Mitigation Process of the Crops
		18.4.2 Plant Secondary Metabolism and Improved Metabolite Biosynthesis
		18.4.3 Plant to PSAP empirical interactions and metabolic modifications
		18.4.4 Impact of Abiotic Stress Factors on Sugarcane Yield and Productivity
	18.5 High-Temperature Stress-Induced Effects on Sugarcane
		18.5.1 Techniques for Inducing Tolerance to High-Temperature Stress
	18.6 Effect of Cold (freezing) Temperature Stress on Sugarcane Plants
		18.6.1 Approaches for Inducing Tolerance to Cold Stress
	18.7 Salinity Stress
	18.8 Water Deficit Stress
		18.8.1 Metabolic Adaptation Strategies
	18.9 Abiotic Stress vs. PSAP
	18.10 Excess Nutrients Can Trigger Extreme Stress Responses in Sugarcane
	18.11 Conclusion
	References