Agriculture and energy

Front Cover......Page 1
Agriculture and Energy......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
PART I: ENERGY USE IN AGRICULTURE: STATEWIDE AND NATIONAL ANALYSES......Page 16
THE MODEL......Page 18
RESOURCES USE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION......Page 20
FARMING PRACTICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 33
CHAPTER 2. ENERGY INTENSIVENESS OF WASHINGTON AGRICULTURE AND THE EFFECTS OF INCREASES IN ENERGY PRICES ON WASHINGTON AGRICULTURE......Page 36
ENERGY INTENSIVENESS OF WASHINGTON AGRICULTURE......Page 37
MEASURING ENERGY INTENSIVENESS THROUGH AN INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL......Page 39
INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL FOR ENERGY PRICE CHANGES......Page 43
CONCLUSION......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 46
SEMI-ARID AGRICULTURE......Page 48
THE RESEARCH PROJECT......Page 49
STUDY PROCEDURES......Page 50
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY PRODUCT......Page 52
SUMMARY......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 56
PART II: CROP PRODUCTION......Page 58
SOLAR ENERGY RE-EVALUATED......Page 60
SOLAR ENERGY IDEAL FOR LOW TEMPERATURE DRYING......Page 61
SOLAR COLLECTORS APPLIED TO DRYING......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
CHAPTER 5. DRYING ENERGY FROM CORN COBS: A TOTAL SYSTEM......Page 66
ENERGY CONTENT OF CORN COBS......Page 67
COLLECTION AND HANDLING OF COBS FOR DRYING ENERGY......Page 69
ENERGY EXTRACTION METHOD......Page 71
ECONOMICS......Page 76
SUMMARY......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
CHAPTER 6. EVALUATING ENERGY-SAVING PRACTICES BY SIMULATION......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 92
CHAPTER 7. CHANGES IN FERTILIZER USAGE AND CROP PRODUCTION UNDER SCARCE ENERGY SUPPLIES......Page 94
PROCEDURE......Page 95
DESCRIPTION OF MODEL......Page 97
ANALYSIS......Page 98
RESULTS......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 101
INTRODUCTION......Page 104
METHODS......Page 105
RESULTS......Page 109
DISCUSSION......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 119
PART III: IRRIGATION......Page 123
INTRODUCTION......Page 122
METHOD AND RESULTS......Page 125
CONCLUSION......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 132
OBJECTIVE......Page 134
PROCEDURE......Page 135
RESULTS......Page 136
CONCLUSIONS......Page 144
APPENDIX......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 151
INTRODUCTION......Page 152
THE GRAND VALLEY......Page 155
THE WELLTON-MOHAWK VALLEY......Page 161
SANTA MARIA VALLEY......Page 163
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
CHAPTER 12. IMPACT OF NATURAL GAS CURTAILMENTS AND PRICE INCREASES ON IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN TEXAS......Page 170
STUDY AREAS......Page 171
IMPACT OF NATURAL GAS CURTAILMENT......Page 172
IMPACT OF INCREASED NATURAL GAS COSTS......Page 174
CONCLUSIONS......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 184
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN TEXAS......Page 186
ENERGY USE IN TEXAS IRRIGATION......Page 187
ENERGY SUPPLY AND PRICE PROBLEMS......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 190
CHAPTER 14. A METHOD FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATED FARMING WITH DIMINISHING GROUND WATER RESERVES......Page 192
THE MODEL......Page 195
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMPLE......Page 196
CONCLUSION......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
INTRODUCTION......Page 208
TECHNIQUES FOR ENERGY REDUCTION......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 222
CHAPTER 16. A COMPARISON OF MINIMUM ENERGY DESIGNS TO MINIMUM ECONOMIC DESIGNS FOR FARM IRRIGATION SUPPLY LINES......Page 226
MODEL DEVELOPMENT......Page 227
MODEL OUTPUTS......Page 232
CHAPTER 17. INTERPRETATION OF OUTPUT......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 241
PART IV: TILIAGE......Page 244
INTRODUCTION......Page 246
DESIGN OF TRACTION AND TRANSPORT DEVICES......Page 247
FIELD TRAFFIC CONDITIONS......Page 251
DISCUSSION......Page 252
CONCLUSIONS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
CHAPTER 19. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR TILLAGE ON COASTAL PLAINS SOILS......Page 256
DISCUSSION OF DATA......Page 257
DISCUSSION......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 267
CHAPTER 20. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF REDUCED TILLAGE PRACTICES FOR CORN AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IN VIRGINIA......Page 268
TILLAGE PRACTICES IN VIRGINIA......Page 269
COMPARISON OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS......Page 271
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
RESEARCH SITES AND PROCEDURES......Page 284
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS......Page 287
TILLAGE AND PLANT GROWTH......Page 290
TILLAGE EFFECT ON CORN YIELD......Page 291
OTHER NO-PLOW SYSTEMS......Page 293
RESPONSE TO CULTIVATION......Page 294
AREAS OF ADAPTATION FOR REDUCED TILLAGE SYSTEMS......Page 295
POSSIBLE ENERGY SAVINGS FROM REDUCED TILLAGE......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 298
CHAPTER 22. ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY COMPARISONS OF SOYBEAN TILLAGE SYSTEMS......Page 300
PRODUCTION INPUTS......Page 301
THE OUTPUT SIDE......Page 302
VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY......Page 304
ENERGY EFFICIENCY......Page 305
WHOLE FARM PLANNING......Page 306
SOIL CONSERVATION: SECONDARY BENEFIT?......Page 307
SUMMARY......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
CHAPTER 23. CORN TILLAGE SYSTEMS -- WILL ENERGY COSTS DETERMINE THE CHOICE?......Page 312
PROCEDURE......Page 313
DETERMINING PROFITS ON SIMULATED FARM SITUATIONS......Page 314
RESULTS......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 322
PART V: FERTILIZERS AND PLANT NUTRIENTS......Page 324
INTRODUCTION......Page 326
MAJOR AGRICULTURAL USES OF MINERALS......Page 327
DOMESTIC RESERVES AND RESOURCES1......Page 332
GEOLOGY OF SELECTED MINERAL COMMODITIES......Page 333
REFERENCES......Page 338
INTRODUCTION......Page 340
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PRODUCTION......Page 343
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 348
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 356
FACTORS INFLUENCING SOIL CARBON......Page 358
SHORT-RUN EFFECTS ON CROP YIELDS......Page 365
CARBON FEEDBACK INFLUENCES UPON CORN YIELD RESPONSE TO NITROGEN......Page 370
SUMMARY......Page 372
APPENDIX: MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 375
CHAPTER 27. GENETIC MODIFICATION OF N2-FIXING BACTERIA......Page 378
INCREASING N2 FIXATION IN THE RHIZOBIUM-LEGUME SYMBIOSIS.......Page 379
USE OF MUTANT STRAINS OF FREE-LIVING N2-FIXING BACTERIA FOR AMMONIUM PRODUCTION......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 383
INTRODUCTION......Page 386
MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 388
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 400
CHAPTER 29. IMPROVED GROWTH AND YIELD OF CROPS FROM ORGANIC SUPPLEMENTS......Page 402
REFERENCES......Page 408
INTRODUCTION......Page 410
PROCEDURES......Page 412
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 414
DISCUSSION......Page 417
REFERENCES......Page 418
PART VI: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION......Page 420
CHAPTER 31. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN COLORADO......Page 422
DATA SOURCES AND METHODS......Page 423
RESULTS......Page 428
SUMMARY......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 436
CHAPTER 32. EFFICIENCIES OF BEEF PRODUCTION USING ALTERNATE CROPPING SYSTEMS......Page 440
REFERENCES......Page 447
INTRODUCTION......Page 448
TECHNOLOGICAL VARIATIONS EVALUATED......Page 449
DAIRY FARM MODELS......Page 450
MATERIAL-ENERGY REQUIREMENTS......Page 453
ECONOMICS......Page 456
REFERENCES......Page 457
INTRODUCTION......Page 458
HEATING, VENTILATION AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM......Page 459
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS......Page 460
CONCLUSIONS......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 471
CHAPTER 35. SOLAR ASSISTED HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR SWINE HOUSING......Page 472
ENERGY USE IN SWINE HOUSING......Page 473
SOLAR ASSISTED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS......Page 474
CURRENT RESEARCH PROGRAM......Page 478
SUMMARY......Page 480
REFERENCES......Page 481
PART VII: NON-DEPLETABLE ENERGY SOURCES......Page 482
CHAPTER 36. MEASUREMENT OF EXTERNAL LEARNING BENEFITS FROM METHANE GENERATION ON COMMERCIAL POULTRY FARMS......Page 484
LEARNING FUNCTIONS......Page 485
EXTERNAL BENEFITS......Page 486
EMPIRICAL RESULTS......Page 487
PROGRAM COSTS......Page 490
CONCLUSIONS......Page 492
APPENDIX......Page 495
REFERENCES......Page 496
INTRODUCTION......Page 498
MODEL AND DATA......Page 499
RESULTS......Page 502
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 505
CHAPTER 38. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF BAGASSE AS AN ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCE: THE HAWAIIAN EXPERIENCE......Page 508
INSTITUTIONAL SETTING......Page 509
BAGASSE AS AN ENERGY SOURCE......Page 510
THE HAWAIIAN EXPERIENCE......Page 512
OPTIMIZING BAGASSE USE......Page 514
REFERENCES......Page 516
CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE HEAT......Page 518
WASTE HEAT AVAILABILITY......Page 522
WASTE HEAT USES......Page 523
TVA PROJECTS......Page 524
REFERENCES......Page 535
PARAMETERS OF THE WASTE HEAT PROBLEM......Page 536
UTILIZATION VERSUS DISSIPATION......Page 539
PREVIOUS STUDIES......Page 540
METHODOLOGY......Page 541
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION......Page 543
PRELIMINARY RESULTS......Page 544
ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS......Page 545
FACTORS AFFECTING FEASIBILITY......Page 547
REFERENCES......Page 549
WOOD AS AN ENERGY SOURCE......Page 552
U.S. FORESTS AND THEIR DEPENDENT INDUSTRIES......Page 554
ENERGY FORESTS......Page 559
TROPICAL OPPORTUNITIES......Page 560
EQUIVALENT VALUES......Page 561
REFERENCES......Page 562
INTRODUCTION......Page 564
ENERGY BUDGETS......Page 565
FACTORS THAT GOVERN BIOMASS YIELD......Page 568
PROCEDURE......Page 573
AN ALTERNATIVE TO LANDFILLS AND SEWAGE PLANTS......Page 580
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES......Page 582
DISCUSSION......Page 583
REFERENCES......Page 585
PART VIII: AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 588
ENERGY USE IN RURAL INDIA: 1970-71......Page 590
PATTERN OF ENERGY USE IN AGRICULTURE......Page 595
TRACTOR VS. BULLOCKS FOR DRAFT POWER......Page 600
CONCLUSIONS......Page 608
REFERENCES......Page 609
INTRODUCTION......Page 612
LAND USE AND NUTRIENT PRODUCTION......Page 613
ALTERNATIVES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS......Page 619
DISCUSSION......Page 623
SUMMARY......Page 624
REFERENCES......Page 625
INTRODUCTION......Page 628
ENERGY USE IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE: FOSSIL, HUMAN AND ANIMAL......Page 629
POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVED USE OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL POWER......Page 633
CONCLUSIONS......Page 636
REFERENCES......Page 637
INTRODUCTION......Page 638
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE DUNG......Page 639
AN ENERGY THEORY OF VALUE......Page 645
THE QUESTION OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY......Page 647
CONCLUSION......Page 652
REFERENCES......Page 654
CHAPTER 47. PROSPECTS FOR INCREASING FOOD PRODUCTION IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES THROUGH EFFICIENT ENERGY UTILIZATION......Page 656
POTENTIAL FOR INCREASING FOOD PRODUCTION INPUTS......Page 657
PROSPECTS FOR INCREASING ENERGY INPUTS IN LDC'S......Page 658
ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION AND INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION......Page 661
EFFECTS OF POPULATION GROWTH AND OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FACTORS ON TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS......Page 665
REFERENCES......Page 666
INTRODUCTION......Page 670
GENERAL POLITICAL FRAMEWORK......Page 671
THE INTERIOR OF THE SAHEL: MALI, NIGER, UPPER VOLTA......Page 673
CONCLUSION......Page 684
REFERENCES......Page 685
CHAPTER 49. ALTERNATIVE TO ENERGY INTENSIVE FERTILIZERS: ORGANIC MATERIALS AS FERTILIZERS......Page 688
POTENTIAL FOR THE USE OF ORGANIC MATERIALS AS FERTILIZERS IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS......Page 689
NEW AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY FOR THE LARGE SCALE UTILIZATION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS AS FERTILIZERS AS A PARTIAL ALTERNATIVE TO ENERGY-INTENSIVE FERTILIZERS......Page 691
SHORT TERM RESEARCH......Page 692
LONG TERM RESEARCH......Page 694
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION......Page 696
REFERENCES......Page 698
PART IX: IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY PROBLEMS FOR U.S. AGRICULTURAL POLICY......Page 700
CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES......Page 702
AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENTS TO CHANGING ENERGY SUPPLIES AND PRICES......Page 706
AGRICULTURAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 709
REFERENCES......Page 713
INTRODUCTION......Page 716
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF U.S. AGRICULTURE......Page 717
U.S. AGRICULTUR--ENERGY EFFICIENT OR ENERGY INEFFICIENT?......Page 719
U.S. FOOD PRODUCTION COSTS--HIGH OR LOW?......Page 721
ENERGY CONSTRAINTS IN FOOD PRODUCTION......Page 722
REFERENCES......Page 725
INTRODUCTION......Page 728
THE PROBLEM......Page 729
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS......Page 732
IMPLEMENTATION......Page 739
DISCUSSION......Page 740
REFERENCES......Page 742
INTRODUCTION......Page 746
BENEFITS OF ENERGY STUDIES......Page 748
CRITICISM OF THE ENERGY APPROACH......Page 749
BROADER REASONS FOR CONCERN WITH OUR FOOD SYSTEM......Page 751
SUMMARY......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 760
AFTERWORD......Page 766
Index......Page 772