Agricultural Policies in Non-OE - OECD

Foreword......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 13
Executive Summary......Page 15
Chapter 1. Overview......Page 17
Agriculture is still a major employer......Page 18
Figure 1.2. Agriculture’s share of GDP against GDP per capita, 2003-05 average......Page 19
Figure 1.4. Share of agriculture in GDP......Page 20
Figure 1.6. Evolution of GDP, index 2000 = 100......Page 21
Figure 1.8. Share of agriculture and food exports in total exports......Page 22
Policy context......Page 23
Figure 1.10. Inflation, end year changes in consumer prices, per cent......Page 24
Box 1.1. Land reforms......Page 25
Evaluation of support......Page 27
Box 1.2. Measuring agricultural support......Page 28
Box 1.3. Evaluating policies in non-OECD countries......Page 30
Market price support dominates......Page 29
Average market protection is low, but sensitive commodities keep protection......Page 32
Input subsidies are also prominent......Page 31
The money spent on producer support could be more productively allocated to public investments......Page 33
Policy observations and recommendations......Page 34
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 37
Figure 2.3. TSE composition over time......Page 38
Table 2.1. Brazil: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 39
Macroeconomic situation......Page 40
Figure 2.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in Brazil, 1995-2005......Page 41
Market price support......Page 43
Table 2.2. Brazil: Volume of purchases of agricultural commodities, by instrument, 2003-06......Page 45
Credit......Page 46
Structural adjustment policies......Page 47
Biodiesel policies......Page 48
Agro-food trade policies......Page 49
Bibliography......Page 50
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 51
Figure 3.3. TSE composition over time......Page 52
Table 3.1. Bulgaria: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 53
Agriculture and agri-food situation......Page 54
Figure 3.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in Bulgaria, 1995-2005......Page 55
Commodity specific support......Page 57
Institutional changes related to EU accession......Page 61
Payments based on area......Page 58
Payments based on input use......Page 59
Pest and disease control......Page 60
Box 3.2. Introducing the Common Agricultural Policy in Bulgaria......Page 62
Agro-food trade policies......Page 63
Bibliography......Page 64
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 65
Figure 4.3. TSE composition over time......Page 66
Table 4.1. China: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 67
Agriculture and agri-food situation......Page 68
Figure 4.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in China, 1995-2005......Page 69
Box 4.1. Why do Chinese farmers overuse chemicals?......Page 71
Figure 4.5. Agro-food trade in China, 1995-2005......Page 72
Domestic agricultural policies......Page 73
Price and income support policy......Page 74
Input subsidies......Page 76
Biofuel policies......Page 77
Overall budgetary support to agriculture......Page 78
Import policy......Page 79
Table 4.2. Tariff quota utilisation in China, selected commodities, 2002-05......Page 80
Bibliography......Page 81
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 83
Agriculture and agri-food situation......Page 84
Figure 5.1. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in India, 1995-2005......Page 85
Figure 5.2. Agro-food trade in India, 1995-2005......Page 88
Prices and income support......Page 89
Infrastructure......Page 90
Marketing and diversification......Page 91
General services......Page 92
Box 5.1. India: the transition to the Eleventh Five Year Plan, (2007-12)......Page 93
Import policy......Page 94
Box 5.2. India’s recent trade agreements......Page 95
Bibliography......Page 96
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 99
Figure 6.3. TSE composition over time......Page 100
Table 6.1. Romania: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 101
Agriculture and agri-food situation......Page 102
Figure 6.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in Romania, 1995-2005......Page 103
Output payments......Page 105
Disaster measures......Page 109
Area and headage payments......Page 106
Variable input support......Page 107
Structural policies and privatisation......Page 108
Budget plan......Page 110
Agro-food trade policies......Page 111
Bibliography......Page 112
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 113
Figure 7.3. TSE composition over time......Page 114
Table 7.1. Russia: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 115
Macroeconomic situation......Page 116
Figure 7.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in Russia, 1995-2005......Page 117
Figure 7.5. Russia’s agricultural terms of trade: ratio of index of prices received over index of prices paid......Page 118
Table 7.2. Share of top 100 producers in livestock production in Russia......Page 119
Figure 7.6. Agro-food trade in Russia, 1996-2005......Page 121
Input subsidies......Page 122
New distribution of functions between the federal and regional authorities......Page 123
Box 7.1. National Priority Project for Development of Agro-Industrial Complex: Russia......Page 124
Table 7.3. Consolidated budgetary expenditures on agriculture in Russia in 2001-06......Page 125
Table 7.4. Russia’s meat import quotas in 2005-09......Page 126
Box 7.2. Russia’s regional and bilateral trade relations......Page 128
Bibliography......Page 129
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 131
Figure 8.3. TSE composition over time......Page 132
Table 8.1. South Africa: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 133
Macroeconomic situation......Page 134
Figure 8.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in South Africa, 1995-2005......Page 135
Figure 8.5. Agro-food trade in South Africa, 2000-05......Page 138
Land reform......Page 139
Import measures......Page 140
Export measures......Page 141
Box 8.1. South Africa’s trade agreements......Page 142
Bibliography......Page 143
Evaluation of policy developments......Page 145
Figure 9.3. TSE composition over time......Page 146
Table 9.1. Ukraine: Estimates of support to agriculture......Page 147
Agriculture and agri-food situation......Page 148
Figure 9.4. Evolution and annual changes of agricultural output in Ukraine, 1995-2005......Page 149
Figure 9.5. Agro-food trade in Ukraine, 1996-2005......Page 152
Price and income support......Page 153
Tax concessions......Page 154
Import policy......Page 155
Export policy......Page 157
Bibliography......Page 158
Annex A. Measuring Agricultural Support......Page 159
Box A.1. Previous classification of PSE and related support indicators......Page 162
Box A.2. Definitions of categories in the current PSE classification......Page 163
Box A.3. New PSE classification......Page 164
Box A.4. Definitions of categories in the new PSE classification......Page 165
Box A.5. Agricultural debt rescheduling in Brazil and Russia......Page 170
Box A.6. Programmes combining social assistance and agricultural support......Page 172
Annex B. Statistical Annex......Page 175
Table B.3. GDP growth......Page 176
Table B.6. Agricultural input price index......Page 177
Table B.9. Exchange rate, annual average......Page 178
Table B.12. Agriculture and food exports......Page 179
Table B.15. Share of agriculture and food imports in total imports......Page 180
Table B.16. Top five agro-food export commodities by country......Page 181
Table B.17. Top five agro-food import commodities by country......Page 183
Table B.18. Top five export destinations......Page 185
Table B.19. Top five import origin countries......Page 187
Table B.22. Gross Agricultural Output, livestock......Page 189
Table B.25. Coarse grain production......Page 190
Table B.28. Pigmeat production......Page 191
Table B.29. Milk production......Page 192
Table B.30. Production of selected commodities......Page 193
Table B.33. Annual consumption of grain and grain products......Page 195
Table B.36. Total area sown, crops......Page 196
Table B.39. Pig inventories......Page 197