Agricultural Microbiology Based Entrepreneurship: Making Money from Microbes

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Series Editor, Editors and Contributors
Part I: Entrepreneurship and Business Plan
	Chapter 1: Concept of Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Defining Entrepreneurship
		1.3 Entrepreneurs Versus Managers
		1.4 Entrepreneurial Process
		1.5 Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship
			1.5.1 National Culture
			1.5.2 Education
			1.5.3 Experience
			1.5.4 Family Background
			1.5.5 Need for Achievement
			1.5.6 Innovativeness
			1.5.7 Locus of Control
			1.5.8 Attitude
		1.6 Theories of Entrepreneurship
			1.6.1 Economic Theories of Entrepreneurship
			1.6.2 Psychological Entrepreneurship Theories
			1.6.3 Resource-Based Entrepreneurship Theories
			1.6.4 Sociological Entrepreneurship Theory
			1.6.5 Anthropological Entrepreneurship Theory
			1.6.6 Opportunity-Based Entrepreneurship Theory
		1.7 Entrepreneurship in India: The Startup Zone
		1.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Government Schemes for Entrepreneurship Programs
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Entrepreneurship in India
			2.1.2 Startup Revolution
				Prime Minister´s Employment Generation Program (PMEGP)
				Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
				SAMRIDH Scheme
				Aspire (Scheme for promotion of Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Agro-Industry)
				Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme
				National SC-ST Hub
				Raw Material Assistance
				Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE)
				Micro and Small Enterprises Cluster Development Program (MSE-CDP)
				Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI)
				Entrepreneurial and Managerial Development of SMEs Through Incubators
				Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Program (ESDP) Scheme
				Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization (MGIRI)
		2.2 Policies and Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs in India
			2.2.1 Top Government Schemes for Women Entrepreneurs
			2.2.2 Annapurna Scheme
			2.2.3 Stree Shakti Package
			2.2.4 Orient Mahila Vikas Yojana Scheme
			2.2.5 Dena Shakti Scheme
			2.2.6 Udyogini Scheme
			2.2.7 Cent Kalyani Scheme
			2.2.8 Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme
			2.2.9 TREAD (Trade-Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development) Scheme
		References
	Chapter 3: Skills for Entrepreneurs
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Entrepreneurial Traits
		3.3 Entrepreneurship and Innovation
		3.4 Entrepreneurship and Innovation
		3.5 Entrepreneurial Skills
			3.5.1 Cognitive Skills
				Creative Thinking
				Focus
				Initiative
				Problem Solving
				Perception
			3.5.2 Social and Relational Skills
				Impression
				Persuasion
				Adaptability
				Empathy
				Group Skills
			3.5.3 Technical Skills
				Operations
				Design
				Research and Development
				Environment Assessment
				Ergonomics
			3.5.4 Managerial Skills
				Planning
				Organizing
				Motivating
				Marketing
				Finance
			3.5.5 Skills for Entrepreneurs
		3.6 Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Chapter 4: Intellectual Property Principles in Microbial Technologies
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
		4.3 Patents
		4.4 Copyrights
		4.5 Federal Registration of Copyrights
		4.6 Trademarks
			4.6.1 Trademarks and the Paris Convention
			4.6.2 Trademarks and TRIPS
			4.6.3 Trade Secrets
		4.7 Design
			4.7.1 Industrial Designs
		4.8 International Agreements on Designs
		4.9 Patents
			4.9.1 Microorganisms
			4.9.2 Microorganisms and Patent
			4.9.3 Requirements for Microbiological Patent Applications
			4.9.4 Patentability of Microorganisms
			4.9.5 Types of Patentable Microbiological Inventions
		4.10 IPR in Related Disciplines
		4.11 Economic Considerations
		4.12 Geographical Indications
		4.13 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (The Berne Convention)
		4.14 Madrid Protocol
		4.15 Paris Convention
		4.16 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
		4.17 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Ethical and Legal Issues in Microbial Products in India
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Analysis of the Indian Law on Biofertilizers
			5.2.1 Registration of Dealers
			5.2.2 Registration of Manufacturing of Biofertilizers Consortia
			5.2.3 Packing and Labeling
			5.2.4 Inspectors and Inspection
			5.2.5 Sampling and Analysis of Biofertilizers
			5.2.6 Quality Control
			5.2.7 Ecological and Health Safety Issues
		5.3 Analysis of the Indian Law on Biopesticides
			5.3.1 The Insecticides Act, 1968: Scope of the Law
			5.3.2 Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC)
			5.3.3 Registration Process
			5.3.4 Packing and Labeling
			5.3.5 Inspection, Sampling, and Analysis of Biopesticides
			5.3.6 Disposal of Pesticides
		Appendix 1
		Appendix 2
		Appendix 3: Technical Data Required for Registering a Biopesticide in India
		References
Part II: Biofertilizer and Compost Production
	Chapter 6: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 What Are Cyanobacteria
			6.2.1 Applications of Cyanobacteria
		6.3 Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers
			6.3.1 Biofertilizers
			6.3.2 Types of Biofertilizers
		6.4 Mass Production of Cyanobacterial Fertilizers
			6.4.1 Multiplication and Production Methods
			6.4.2 Open System Cultivation Using Sunlight
			6.4.3 Closed System Cultivation Using Sunlight
			6.4.4 Closed System Cultivation Using Artificial Light
		6.5 Method of Application of Fertilizer on Field
		6.6 The Business Plan Development
		6.7 Production Cost and Market Value of Cyanobacterial Fertilizer
		6.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
		6.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Rhizobium Biofertilizers: Mass Production Process and Cost-Benefit Ratio Analysis
		7.1 Introduction
			7.1.1 Rhizobium Species
			7.1.2 Mass Production
			7.1.3 Calculation of Pilot-Scale Production of Rhizobium for Small-Scale Industry
		References
	Chapter 8: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of VAM Fungal Biofertilizer
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Cultivation Criteria
			8.2.1 Popular Substrate-Based Cultivation Methods
				Greenhouse Culture Method
				In Vitro Mass Multiplication of AMF Using Synthetic Media
			8.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Substrate-Based System
		8.3 Substrate-Free Cultivation System
			8.3.1 Aeroponic
			8.3.2 Hydroponic
			8.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Substrate-Free Production System
		8.4 In Vitro Production System (Root-Organ Culture)
			8.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the In Vitro Production System
		8.5 Industrial Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
			8.5.1 Formulation of AM Fungi
			8.5.2 Packaging
			8.5.3 Storage
			8.5.4 Quality Control
			8.5.5 Product Specification
		8.6 Important Considerations to Be Taken During Mass Multiplication
		8.7 Economical Details
			8.7.1 Infrastructure
			8.7.2 Non-recurring Cost (Tables 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5)
			8.7.3 Recurring Cost (Tables 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10; Box 8.4)
			8.7.4 Income Calculation
		8.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Mass Multiplication and Cost Analysis of Frankia Biofertilizer
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Mass Multiplication and Production of Frankia Biofertilizer
			9.2.1 Culturing of Frankia
			9.2.2 Selection of Suitable Strain of Frankia
				Screened Frankia Isolates Were Tested for Nodulation Kinetics
			9.2.3 Mass Culture of Frankia
			9.2.4 Processing of Carrier Material
				Carrier Sterilization (Amutha et al. 2014)
				Carrier Preparation (Amutha et al. 2014)
			9.2.5 Mixing of Carrier and Frankia
			9.2.6 Packaging of Frankia Biofertilizer
			9.2.7 Transportation
		9.3 Field Application of Frankia Biofertilizer
		9.4 Analysis of the Cost-Benefit Relationship
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 10: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis and Marketing of Azospirillum
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Azospirillum
		10.3 Morphology
		10.4 Species List of Azospirillum
		10.5 Isolation of Azospirillum
			10.5.1 Principle
			10.5.2 Materials Required
			10.5.3 N-Free Semisolid Malic Acid Medium
			10.5.4 Trace Element Solution
			10.5.5 Procedure
			10.5.6 Observation
		10.6 Carrier Making
		10.7 Mass Production of Azospirillum
		10.8 Packaging and Preservation of Biofertilizer with Associative N2 Fixer
		10.9 Marketing
			10.9.1 Field Demonstration
			10.9.2 Market Segmentation and Product Positioning
			10.9.3 Pricing
			10.9.4 Publicity and Training
			10.9.5 Marketing Linkages
			10.9.6 Marketing Challenges and Options in Biofertilizer Business
		10.10 Uses of Azospirillum
		10.11 Profits
			10.11.1 Cereal Crops
			10.11.2 Rice
			10.11.3 Corn
			10.11.4 Vegetables
			10.11.5 Fruits
		10.12 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Azotobacter
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Utilization of Azotobacter as Potent Biofertilizer
		11.3 Mode of Action
		11.4 Azotobacter Biofertilizer Production
			11.4.1 Inoculum Preparation
			11.4.2 Mass MultiplicationProcess
		11.5 Costs and Profit in Azotobacter Biofertilizer Production
		11.6 Marketing
		11.7 Statutory/Government Approvals
		References
	Chapter 12: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Pseudomonas
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Pseudomonas fluorescens
		12.3 Technological Details
		12.4 Production Process
			12.4.1 Preparation of Starter Culture
			12.4.2 Mass Multiplication
			12.4.3 Product Formulation
		12.5 Carrier Sterilization
			12.5.1 Packaging
		12.6 Quality Control and Product Specification
		12.7 Project Details
		12.8 Utilities
		12.9 Raw Material
		12.10 Packaging
		12.11 Income per 100 ton of Selling
		References
	Chapter 13: Mass Production, Formulation, and Cost-Benefit Ratio Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis Bioinsecticide
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 Bacillus Thuringiensis
		13.2 Technological Details
			13.2.1 Mass Production Process
				Derivation, Maintenance, and Mother Culture Preparation
				Seed Culture Preparation
				Mass Fermentation
				Product Recovery through Harvesting
					Membrane-Based Filtration
				Formulation
					Adjuvants (Additives)
					Liquid Formulations
		13.3 Packaging
		13.4 Quality Control
		13.5 Economical Aspects
			13.5.1 Basic Requirements for Setting up of Bioinsecticide Units
		13.6 Income per 100 Ton of Production
		13.7 Profitability
		References
	Chapter 14: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Trichoderma
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Mass Production Process of Trichoderma as a Biocontrol Agent
		14.2 Type of Formulations for Trichoderma-Based Biocontrol Agent
		14.3 Features of Trichoderma for Formulation Development
			14.3.1 Shelf Life and Storage of Trichoderma Formulations
			14.3.2 Application Methods
		14.4 Registration and Quality Control
		14.5 Production Cost Analysis for the Establishment of Commercial Trichoderma-Based Biocontrol Agents
		14.6 The Basic Requirements and Project Cost for the Production Unit Are as Follows
		14.7 Financial Assistance
		14.8 Marketing
		14.9 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 15: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Metarhizium
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Mycoinsecticide: Metarhizium anisopliae
		15.3 Technological Details
		15.4 Mass Multiplication/Production Process of Metarhizium sp.
			15.4.1 Fungal Mother Culture/Starter Culture Preparation
			15.4.2 Mass Multiplication
				Preparation of Conidial Suspension
				Subculturing of Spores
				Production of Conidiospore on Solid Media
				Production of Conidiospore on Liquid Media
			15.4.3 Spore Drying and Harvesting
				Spray-Drying
				Freeze-Drying
			15.4.4 Product Formulation
		15.5 Packaging
			15.5.1 Quality Control and Product Specifications
		15.6 Spore Concentration Determination
		15.7 Spore Viability Determination
		15.8 Human Risk Assessment
		15.9 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
		15.10 Dose Response Assessment
		15.11 Food Exposure and Risk Characterization
		15.12 Project Details
		15.13 Summary
		References
	Chapter 16: Mass Multiplication, Production Cost Analysis, and Marketing of Beauveria
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Biopesticide: Beauveria bassiana
		16.3 Technological Details
		16.4 Mass Multiplication/Production Process of Beauveria Bassiana
			16.4.1 Preparation of Fungi Mother Culture/Starter Culture
			16.4.2 Mass Multiplication
				Preparation of Liquid State Fermentation
				Mass Production of Spore on Solid Substrate
			16.4.3 Spore Drying and Harvesting
				Spore Drying
				Spore Harvesting
			16.4.4 Product Formulation
				Liquid Formulation
				Wettable Powder
		16.5 Constrains Related to Biopesticide Formulation Based on B. bassiana
			16.5.1 Packaging
		16.6 Quality Control and Product Specification
		16.7 Determination of Spore Concentration
		16.8 Determination of Spore Viability
		16.9 Food Quality Clearance
		16.10 Risks Posed Due to Drinking Water Exposure
		16.11 Toxicology
		16.12 Risks Posed by Multiple Routes Including Dermal, Oral and Inhalation
		16.13 Project Details
		16.14 Summary
		References
	Chapter 17: Chaetomium sp.: An Insight into its Antagonistic Mechanisms, Mass Multiplication, and Production Cost Analysis
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Significance
		17.3 Taxonomy
		17.4 Ecology
		17.5 Biological Control Potential of Chaetomium spp.
			17.5.1 Mycoparasitism
			17.5.2 Antibiosis
			17.5.3 Plant Growth Promotion
			17.5.4 Induced Systemic Resistance
			17.5.5 Extracellular Enzymes Production
		17.6 Commercial Formulations
		17.7 Mass Production Technology
		17.8 Production Cost Analysis
		17.9 Market Trend
		17.10 Opportunities
		17.11 Future Potential
		References
	Chapter 18: Vermicomposting: A Leading Feasible Entrepreneurship
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Role of Earthworms in Sustainable Environment
		18.3 Valuable Compost
		18.4 Mass Production of Vermicompost
			18.4.1 Worm Selection and its Significant Factors
				Bedding
				Worm Feedstock
				Oxygen Level and Water Content
				Temperature
				pH
				Salt Content
				Urine Content
			18.4.2 Organic Waste Selection
			18.4.3 Commercial Installation of Vermicomposting Unit
			18.4.4 Vermicomposting Technology
				Processing of Vermicompost
				Production Cycle of Earthworms
		18.5 Harvesting
		18.6 Points to be Noted to Produce Quality Product
		18.7 Business Development Plan
			18.7.1 Constraints on Setting up Large-Scale Units
			18.7.2 Initiatives for Surpassing these Constraints
				FIGs Support through NGO and FPOs
				FPOs Support
		18.8 Marketing of Vermicompost
			18.8.1 Marketing Analysis
			18.8.2 Marketing Systems
		18.9 Benefit and Cost Analysis
		18.10 Financial Aspects, Loans and Schemes Available
		18.11 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts
		18.12 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: Mass Production and Marketing of Microbial Compost
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Stage of Microbial Composting
		19.3 Composting Methods
		19.4 Factors Affecting the Microbial Composting
			19.4.1 C:N Ratio
			19.4.2 Oxygen
			19.4.3 pH
			19.4.4 MoistureContent
			19.4.5 Temperature
			19.4.6 Porosity and Size of Particle
		19.5 Production and Marketing of Compost
			19.5.1 Quality of Compost
			19.5.2 Cost of Compost
			19.5.3 Marketing of Compost
			19.5.4 Market Segmentation
		19.6 Demand and Production Relationship for Compost
			19.6.1 End Users of Compost
			19.6.2 Labelling of Compost
			19.6.3 Value Addition for Compost
			19.6.4 Distribution of Compost
		19.7 Conclusion
		19.8 Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 20: Cost-Benefit Assessment of Solid-Based Biofertilizer Production
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Carrier Material
		20.3 Carrier-Based Biofertilizers
		20.4 Liquid Biofertilizers
		20.5 Mode of Application
			20.5.1 Seed Treatment
			20.5.2 Root Dipping
			20.5.3 Soil Application
		References