Agricultural Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (IV): After 10 Years

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Chapter 1: An Overview of Our Research
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Soil
		1.1.2 Water
		1.1.3 Mountain
		1.1.4 Others
	1.2 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Recovery of Food Production from Radioactive Contamination Caused by the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
	2.1 Post-Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Safety Measures for Agricultural Products Produced in Fukushima Prefec...
	2.2 Current Status of Agricultural Products from Fukushima Prefecture
	2.3 Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 3: Annual Reduction of Transfer Factors of Radiocesium from Soil to Rice Cultivated in a KCl Fertilized and Straw Plow...
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Materials and Methods
		3.2.1 Test Field, Rice Cultivation, and Sampling
		3.2.2 Measurement of Radiocesium and Exchangeable Cations
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Yearly Change of 137Cs in Brown Rice, Straw and Paddy Soil
		3.3.2 Yearly Change of Transfer Factors of 137Cs to Brown Rice and Straw from Soil
		3.3.3 Analysis of Exchangeable 137Cs Fraction in the Soil Sampled in 2019, 2020 and 2021
	3.4 Conclusive Remark
	References
Chapter 4: Effects of Radioactive Cesium from Suspended Matter and Fallout on Agricultural Products
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Effects of Radioactive Cs from Suspended Matter and Fallout on Japanese Mustard Spinach (Komatsuna)
	4.3 Secondary Contamination Due to Fallout
	4.4 Characteristics of Radioactive Fallout
	4.5 Relationship Between Fallout Adhesion and Meteorological Factors
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Verification of Uptake and Transport Properties of Cesium in Hydroponically Cultivated Quercus serrata
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Effect of K Nutrition on the Cs Content
	5.3 Inhibition of Cs+ Uptake Through Competition Between K+ and Cs+
	5.4 Uptake and Transport of Cs+ in Oak and Rice Plants
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Candidates for Breeding Target Genes Related to Cesium Transport in Plants After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Powe...
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Potassium Transporters, KUP/HAK/KT Family
	6.3 SNARE Sec22p/SEC22
	6.4 ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Proteins, ABCG37 and ABCG33
	References
Chapter 7: Evaluation of the Absorption of Different Forms of Cesium from Soil
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Cesium in Each Fraction of Soil
	7.3 Intercrop Differences in 137Cs and 133Cs
	7.4 Transfer Factor for Cs Present in Each Fraction
	7.5 K Fertilization Suppresses the Absorption of Each Cs Fraction
	References
Chapter 8: Structure, Composition, and Physicochemical Properties of Radiocesium-Bearing Microparticles Emitted by the Fukushi...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 CsMP Structure and Composition
		8.2.1 Silicate Glass Matrix of CsMPs
		8.2.2 Nanoparticles in CsMPs
		8.2.3 CsMPs with Irregular Forms and Different Compositions
	8.3 Physicochemical Properties of CsMPs
		8.3.1 Thermal Properties of CsMPs
		8.3.2 Dissolution Properties of CsMPs
	8.4 Discrimination of CsMPs in Contaminated Samples
	8.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 9: Verification of Effects on Crops and Surrounding Environment in Agriculture Using Radioactively Contaminated Grass ...
	9.1 Compost Derived from Grass Silage Contaminated with Radioactive Cesium
	9.2 Pasture Cultivation Using Compost Derived from Radioactively Contaminated Grass Silage
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Transport of 137Cs into Fruits After External Deposition onto Japanese Persimmon Trees
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Preparation of 137Cs Solution
		10.2.2 Measurement of the Amount of 137Cs Applied to Various Organs
		10.2.3 Transport into Japanese Persimmon Fruits of 137Cs Applied on Calyx and Leaves (EXP. 1)
			10.2.3.1 Plant Material and Treatments
			10.2.3.2 Sample Preparation
		10.2.4 Effects of Leaf Position on the Transport into Fruit of 137Cs Applied on Leaves (EXP. 2)
			10.2.4.1 Plant Material and Treatments
			10.2.4.2 Sample Preparation
		10.2.5 Effects of Fruit Load on the Transport into Fruit of 137Cs Applied on Leaves (EXP. 3)
			10.2.5.1 Plant Material and Treatments
			10.2.5.2 Sample Preparation
		10.2.6 The Transfer Rate and Aggregated Transfer Factors into Fruits of 137Cs Applied on Fruiting Mother Shoots Before Sprouti...
			10.2.6.1 Plant Material and Treatments
			10.2.6.2 Calculation of the [137Cs] per Unit Area of Contaminated Fruiting Mother Shoot
			10.2.6.3 Sample Preparation
		10.2.7 Radiocesium Measurements
		10.2.8 Transfer of 137Cs Applied on the Dormant Fruiting Mother Shoot into Organs and Measurement of the Aggregated Transfer F...
		10.2.9 Data Analysis
	10.3 Results
		10.3.1 Transfer of 137Cs Applied on Calyx and Leaves at the Young Fruit Stage and the Fruit Growing Stage into Dropped Fruit a...
		10.3.2 Effects of the Position Where 137Cs Was Applied onto Leaves on the Transfer into Japanese Persimmon Fruit (EXP. 2)
		10.3.3 Effects of Fruit Load on the Transfer of 137Cs Applied onto Leaves into Persimmon Fruit (EXP. 3)
		10.3.4 Transfer of 137Cs Applied on the Dormant Fruiting Mother Shoot into Fruit (EXP. 4)
	10.4 Discussion
	10.5 Limitations
	References
Chapter 11: Progress Toward Managing Radiocesium Contamination in Orchards
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 FDNPP Disaster and Radioactive Contamination of Orchards
		11.2.1 Radiocesium Contamination of Fruit and Leaves in the First Year After the FDNPP Disaster
		11.2.2 Radiocesium Contamination of the Bark and Tree in the First Year After the Disaster
		11.2.3 Radiocesium Contamination of Soil and Grass in the First Year After the Disaster
	11.3 Elucidation of Radiocesium Uptake by Tree Bodies and Fruit, and Transfer Routes
		11.3.1 Radiocesium Transfer from the Bark to Inside
		11.3.2 Distribution of Radiocesium in Peach Tree Bodies Five Months After the Disaster
		11.3.3 Transfer from Soil to Fruit
	11.4 Development of Techniques to Reduce Radiocesium Content in Trees and Orchards
		11.4.1 Time-Course of Radiocesium Content in Mature Peaches Using Fruit Thinning
		11.4.2 Reducing Fruit Radiocesium Concentrations by Bark Washing
		11.4.3 Reducing Transfer to Fruit by Pruning and Cutting the Trunk
		11.4.4 Soil Radiocesium Elimination and Aerial Radiation Dose Reduction by Topsoil Stripping
	11.5 Progress Toward Restarting Anpo-Gaki Shipment: Persimmons for Making Anpo-Gaki and Product Control
		11.5.1 Restarting Shipments of Persimmons for Anpo-Gaki
		11.5.2 Anpo-Gaki Product Control
	11.6 Societal Implementation of Study Results
	11.7 Conclusions and Future Issues
	References
Chapter 12: Overview of Radiocesium Dynamics in Forests: First Decade and Future Perspectives
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Decrease in Radiation Dose in Forests
	12.3 Intensively Investigated Parts of Forests
	12.4 Radiocesium Dynamics in Forests
		12.4.1 Trees to Soils
		12.4.2 Soil
		12.4.3 Wood
		12.4.4 Wild Food in Forests
	12.5 New Features Captured in Fukushima
	12.6 Future Prediction
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Toward the Estimation of Radiocesium Activity Concentration in Trunks of Coppiced Quercus serrata: Leaf Availabili...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methods
		13.2.1 Data
		13.2.2 Analysis
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Seasonal Stability of Leaf 137Cs Activity Concentration
		13.3.2 137Cs Activity Concentration in Current-Year Branches, Estimated Using Sampled Leaves
	13.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14: Decomposition of Organic Matters in a Forest Floor Enhanced Downward Migration of Radioactive Cs After the Acciden...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Study Site and Methods
	14.3 Results and Discussion
		14.3.1 Surface Conditions and Soil Layers
		14.3.2 Organic Carbon and Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio
		14.3.3 Radioactive Cs Distributions
		14.3.4 Effects of Surface Litter on the Migration of Radioactive Cs
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Effect of Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Potassium in Soil on Cesium Uptake by Quercus serrata Seedlings
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Materials and Methods
		15.2.1 Sampling of Native Seedlings and Soils
		15.2.2 Extraction of K and 133Cs from Soil
		15.2.3 Decomposition of Current-Year Shoots and Measurement of 133Cs Concentrations
	15.3 Results
		15.3.1 Relationship Between Soil K Concentrations and TF
		15.3.2 Relationships Between Soil K Concentrations
		15.3.3 Soil HNO3-Cs Concentration and Its Relationship with 133Cs Contents in Shoots
		15.3.4 Relationships Between Soil K Concentrations and K Contents of Shoots
		15.3.5 Relationship Between TF and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Contents
	15.4 Discussion
	References
Chapter 16: Ten-Year Transition of Radiocesium Contamination in Wild Mushrooms in the University of Tokyo Forests After the Fu...
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Research Sites and Sampling
	16.3 Gamma Ray Air Dose Rate at the Mushroom Collection Sites (Fig. 16.1)
	16.4 Dynamics of Radiocesium Contamination in the University of Tokyo Forests
		16.4.1 Overall Trends (Fig. 16.2)
		16.4.2 Trend at the Same Sampling Sites (Fig. 16.3)
	16.5 Examples of Radiocesium Transfer at the Same Sampling Sites (Fig. 16.4)
	16.6 Transfer of Radiocesium-Changes in Decay Corrected 137Cs/134Cs Radioactivity Ratio in Each University Forest (Fig. 16.5)
	16.7 Transfer of Radiocesium (137Cs) Derived from Fukushima Accident Compared with Pre-Fukushima 137Cs (Fig. 16.6)
	16.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 17: Challenge to Resume Production of Mushroom Bed Logs by Potassium Fertilizer Application
	17.1 Potential Effect of Forest Management to Reduce Radiocesium Content in Hardwood Trees
	17.2 Negative Correlation Between Exchangeable Potassium in Soil and the Radiocesium Concentration in New Shoots
	17.3 Application of Potassium Fertilizer to Increase Exchangeable Potassium in the Soil
	References
Chapter 18: Studies on the Revitalization of Radioactive-Contaminated Mushroom Log Forests: Focus on Shoots
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 What Is Needed to Resume Hardwood Mushroom Log Forestry in the Abukuma Region?
	18.3 Overview of Radioactive Contamination in Forests: What We Know So Far
	18.4 Key Factors of Radiocesium Uptake in Mushroom Log Forests
	18.5 Uptake Competition Between Cesium and Potassium
	18.6 Distinguishing Current-Year Shoots
	18.7 Measures by Potassium Fertilization to Reduce Radiocesium Absorption
	18.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Contribution of Cesium-Bearing Microparticles to Cesium in Soil and River Water of the Takase River Watershed and ...
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Methods
		19.2.1 Study Sites
		19.2.2 Sampling and Analysis of Forest Soils
		19.2.3 Sampling and Analysis of River Water
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 Vertical Distribution of CsMPs in Forest Soil
		19.3.2 Discharge of CsMPs from the Forested Catchment
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Global Fallout: Radioactive Materials from Atmospheric Nuclear Tests That Fell Half a Century Ago and Where to Fin...
	20.1 Global Fallout
	20.2 Cumulative Deposition of 137Cs-GFO (From Monthly Data Collected by Meteorological Observatories and Local Authorities)
	20.3 Residual 137Cs-GFO in Forest Soils in Japan Before the FDNPP Accident
	20.4 Does 137Cs-GFO Remain in the Forest´s Surface Soil After 50 Years?
	20.5 Vertical Distribution of 137Cs-GFO Reveals Sediment Redistribution Over 50 Years
		20.5.1 Downward Infiltration in Soils Alone Cannot Explain the Various Vertical Distribution Patterns of 137Cs-GFO
		20.5.2 The 137Cs-GFO Inventory Predicted by Assuming Only Downward Infiltration in Soils Is Entirely Different from the Actual...
		20.5.3 The Sediment Redistribution Is Consistent with the Correspondence Between the Vertical Distribution Pattern and the Inv...
			20.5.3.1 Pattern of Stable
			20.5.3.2 Pattern of Erosion
			20.5.3.3 Pattern of Redeposition
			20.5.3.4 Pattern of Replacement
			20.5.3.5 Patterns of Subsoil Cover
			20.5.3.6 Patterns of Multiple Covers
		20.5.4 Whole Picture of 137Cs-GFO-Containing Sediment Migration
	20.6 Destination of 137Cs-GFO in Forested Areas Across Japan After Half a Century from Fallout Deposition
	20.7 Sediment Migration and Past Forest Conditions: Suggestions for the Future
	References
Chapter 21: Resilience Education Program in Iitate Village for the Young Generation
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 FPBL: Field- and Project-Based Learning
		21.2.1 PBL: Project-Based Learning
		21.2.2 Open Spiral Model
		21.2.3 Multidisciplinary Science and STE(A)M
	21.3 Program and Activities in FPBL Practices
	21.4 Effectiveness of FPBL
		21.4.1 Basic Information of Respondents and Summary of 2 Indices
		21.4.2 Result of Factor Analysis
		21.4.3 Key Qualitative Results from the Free-Style Responses and Writing
	21.5 Discussion
	21.6 Conclusion
	References