Agricultural and Environmental Nanotechnology: Novel Technologies and their Ecological Impact

Preface
About the Book
Contents
Part I: An Introduction to Nanoagriculture, Agronanobiotechnology and Nanoremediation
	Nanoagriculture: Advantages and Drawbacks
		1 Introduction
		2 Advantages of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
			2.1 Nanogentically Rise in Crop Production Rate
			2.2 Nanosensing Techniques and Agriculture Monitoring
		3 Characteristics for Ideal Nanobiosensors
			3.1 Nanotechnology in Delivery of Drugs
			3.2 Nanotechnology in Delivery of Drugs
			3.3 Nanofertilizers and Their Slow Release
			3.4 Control of Plant Pests
			3.5 Nanoherbicides and Nanopesticides
			3.6 Soil Fertility Management
			3.7 Nanomaterials as Priming Agent (Nanopriming)
			3.8 Nanobionics and Photosynthesis
			3.9 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging
			3.10 Nanotechnology in Agriculture Machinery
			3.11 Nanoparticles in Recycling Agricultural Waste
			3.12 Commercial Applications of Nanotechnology in the Agricultural Sector
		4 Drawbacks of Nanotechnology
			4.1 Demerits of Nanosensors
			4.2 Demerits of Nanopesticides and Nanoherbicides
			4.3 Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbes
			4.4 Adverse Effect on Nutrient Cycling
			4.5 Adverse Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Enzyme Activities
			4.6 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterials on Crop Plants
			4.7 Disadvantage of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging
			4.8 Adverse Effect of Nanotechniques on Farmers and Environmental Health
		5 Future Outlook
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Agronanobiotechnology: Present and Prospect
		1 Introduction
			1.1 What Is Nanotechnology?
			1.2 What Are NPs?
			1.3 Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
				1.3.1 NMs in Nutrient Addition
				1.3.2 NPs Promote Plant Growth
				1.3.3 Management and Detection of NMs in a Plant Disease
				1.3.4 NPs in Management of Pests
				1.3.5 Nanomaterials Utilised in Plant Tissue Culture
				1.3.6 Agricultural Nanotechnologies and Water Recycling
				1.3.7 Agricultural Waste Recycling Applications for Nanotechnology
				1.3.8 Nanobiosensor Act as a Biodetector in Soil and Plants
				1.3.9 Nanofertilisers Role in Agriculture
			1.4 Nanopesticides Role in Agriculture
		2 NPs-Mediated Gene Delivery
		3 NPs Identified Environmental Pollutants and Remedy Nanotechnology
		4 NPs-Mediated Improved Food Quality and Safety
			4.1 Nanoemulsions
			4.2 Nanosensors-Mediated Food Safety
				4.2.1 Chemical Contaminant Nanosensors
				4.2.2 Biological Contaminant Nanosensors
		5 NMs Impact on Soil/Plant System
			5.1 Impact of Soil Organic NMs
			5.2 Impact of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbes
			5.3 Plants Containing NMs
				5.3.1 Mechanism for Uptake and Translocation
				5.3.2 NM Influence on Plants
				5.3.3 NPs Act as Defensing Molecules
			5.4 Formation of Soil Structure
		6 Future Prospects of Nanotechnology
		7 Constraints
		References
Part II: Nanoagriculture
	Approaches, Challenges, and Prospects of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture
		1 Introduction
		2 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterial
			2.1 Bacteria-Mediated Green Synthesis
				2.1.1 Algae-Mediated Green Synthesis
				2.1.2 Fungus-Mediated Green Synthesis
				2.1.3 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis
				2.1.4 Advantages of Green Synthesis Routes of Nanomaterial
		3 Advantages and Usefulness of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
			3.1 Precision Farming
			3.2 Delivery of Fertilizers
			3.3 Nanobiosensors
			3.4 Nanopesticides and Nanoherbicides
			3.5 Nanofiltration in Agriculture
			3.6 Micronutrient Supply
			3.7 Nanogenetic Changes in Agricultural Crops
			3.8 Nanotechnology in Seed Treatment
			3.9 Diagnosis of Disease and Pest
			3.10 Reinforced Supply of Nutrients and Phytosanitary Products
			3.11 Ecological Aspects of Nanotechnology and Agro-Industry
				3.11.1 Viable Use of Water
				3.11.2 Reduced Pollution and Runoff
		4 Agriculture Scenario in India
		5 Challenges
		6 Future Perspectives
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Nanotechnology in Pesticide Management
		1 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
		2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture
		3 Pesticides Nanoformulations
		4 Nanomaterial Applications for Pesticide Detection and Removal
			4.1 Pesticide Detection and Removal by Means of Nanomaterials
			4.2 Pesticide Detection
				4.2.1 Biosensors
				4.2.2 Other Nanostructures for Pesticide Detection and Removal
		5 Effects of Nanotechnology-Based Pesticides on Pollinators and Nature
		6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment
		1 Introduction
		2 Nanotechnology for Wastewater Treatment
			2.1 Nanophotocatalysis
			2.2 Nanofiltration
			2.3 Nano Adsorbents
		3 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Purifying the Water from Organic and Inorganic Waste
			3.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles as Photocatalyst and Adsorbent
			3.2 CeO2 Nanoparticles as Photocatalyst and Adsorbent
		4 Carbon Nanomaterials
			4.1 One-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube (1-DCNT)
		5 Chitosan
		6 Future Perspective of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Application of Nanotechnology in Plant Growth and Diseases Management: Tool for Sustainable Agriculture
		1 Introduction
		2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			2.1 Physical Method
			2.2 Chemical Method
			2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
				2.3.1 Plant Extract
				2.3.2 Microorganism
		3 Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
			3.1 pH
			3.2 Temperature
			3.3 Reaction Time
			3.4 Pressure
			3.5 Volume/Concentration of Plant Extract
		4 Nanofertilizers: An Efficient Source of Crop Nutrient
		5 Nanopesticides: Controlling Plant Diseases
		6 Nanosensors: Detection of Plant Diseases
		7 Challenges for Nanotechnology in Agriculture
		8 Conclusion and Future Prospect
		References
	Interaction Between Nanoparticles and Phytopathogens
		1 Introduction
		2 Phytopathogens
			2.1 Broad Classification of Phytopathogens
		3 Plant-Pathogen Interactions
			3.1 The Disease Triangle of Host, Environment, and Pathogen
			3.2 Disease Cycle
		4 Phyto-pathogenesis-Linked Molecular Mechanisms Mediated by Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi
			4.1 Bacterial Phyto-pathogenesis
				4.1.1 Surpassing Stress on Epiphytic Plant Surface
				4.1.2 Signaling Cascades Regulated by Phytopathogens
					4.1.2.1 Quorum Sensing (QS) in Phytopathogenic Bacteria
					4.1.2.2 cdG Signal Transduction Pathway
				4.1.3 Adapting Skills of Pathogenic Bacteria to Phyto-environment
				4.1.4 Apoplastic and Plant Surface Motility of Bacteria
				4.1.5 Bacterial Invasion of Plant Tissue Mediated by Hijacking Stomatal Entry and Cell Wall Degeneration Enzymes
				4.1.6 Maneuvering Various Plant Protective Systems by Phytopathogenic Bacteria
				4.1.7 Effector Proteins-Mediated Bacterial Virulence
				4.1.8 Subduing Plant Defense Mechanisms by Phytopathogenic Bacteria
			4.2 Viral Phyto-pathogenesis
				4.2.1 RNA-replicase-Associated Viral Proteins and Their Role in Phyto-pathogenicity
				4.2.2 Viral Coat Proteins-Mediated Pathogenicity
				4.2.3 Viral Protein Interrelated with Movement and Their Role in Phyto-infections
				4.2.4 Viral Suppressors of RNA Silencing
				4.2.5 Other Phytopathogenic Viral Factors
			4.3 Fungal Phyto-pathogenesis (Vadlapudi and Naidu 2011; Yang et al. 2017)
		5 Conventional Strategic Approach for Phyto-infections and Disease Management
		6 Nanotechnology and Its Impact on Agricultural Produce
		7 Types of Nanoparticle and Their Role in Phytopathogen Suppression
			7.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNps)
			7.2 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNps)
			7.3 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Based Nanoparticles
			7.4 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles
			7.5 Other Nano-formulations Preventing Phyto-pathogenesis
			7.6 Suppression of Phytopathogens by Green-synthesized Nanoparticles
		8 The Nanoparticles and Their Mechanisms to Prevent Phytopathogenesis
			8.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
			8.2 Green Synthesized Biocompatible Nanoparticles
			8.3 Nanoparticles and Their Role as Immune Elicitors
		9 Multifaceted Roles of Nanoparticles to Limit Plant-Pathogen Interactions
			9.1 Nanomaterial-Based Diagnostic Tools for Phytopathogenic Detection
			9.2 Nano-Pesticides and Efficient Carrier System
		10 Nanotechnology and the Threats Imposed
			10.1 Environmental Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles
			10.2 Toxic Impact of Nano-formulations on the Favorable Microbial Plant Interrelation
			10.3 Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Adverse Impact on Plants
		11 Conclusion
		References
	Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Herbal Plant Extracts and Its Applications
		1 Introduction
		2 Different Methods Used in Nanoparticle Synthesis
			2.1 Physical Method
			2.2 Chemical Methods
			2.3 Green Methods
			2.4 Nanoparticles of Zinc Oxide
		3 ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis from Leaf Extracts
		4 ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis from Stem and Root Extracts
		5 ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis from Peel, Flower, Fruit and Latex Extracts
		6 ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis from Whole Plant Extracts
		7 Applications
			7.1 ZnO NPs in Agriculture
			7.2 Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.3 Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.4 Antioxidant Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.5 Anticancer Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.7 Antidiabetic Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.8 Photocatalytic Activity of Zno Nanoparticles
			7.9 Wound Healing with ZnO Nanoparticles
			7.10 Degradation of ZnO Nanoparticles
		References
	Biomolecule Integrated Nanostructures for Advanced Diagnosis Systems in Viral Disease Management of Crops
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Plant Virus as a Threat to Food Security
			1.2 Current Diagnosis Systems for Virus Detection
			1.3 Nanodiagnostics Applied to Virology
			1.4 Onsite Application Systems Based on Nanosensors
		2 Nanobiosensors as a Diagnostic System
			2.1 Nanowires/Nanofibers Coated with Biomolecules for Plant Virus Detection
			2.2 Quantum Dots (QDs) Conjugated with Biomolecules
			2.3 Gold Nanoparticles from Biomolecules
			2.4 Nanorods and Nanoribbon Technology
		3 Biological Agents Based Sensors
			3.1 Immunosensors or Immunochips
			3.2 DNA-Based Nanosensors
				3.2.1 Molecular Beacons
				3.2.2 Aptamer-Based Plant Virus Detection
			3.3 Nanochips/Nanoarray
			3.4 Peptide-Based Sensors
			3.5 Future Point of Care Devices Assembled on Biomolecules with Nanosensor Systems
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Polymeric Nanocomposites-Based Agricultural Delivery: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives
		1 Introduction
		2 Advent of Contrived Nanomaterials
		3 Types of Nanomaterials and Their Functionalities
			3.1 Nano Manures
			3.2 Nanopesticides
			3.3 Polymer Composite Materials
			3.4 Nanofungicides
			3.5 Nanoherbicides
			3.6 Nanobiosensors
			3.7 Quantum Dots
			3.8 Nanobarcodes
			3.9 Micronutrient Supply
			3.10 Insect Pest Management
		4 Polymeric Complexes
			4.1 Polymer Metal Complex
			4.2 Polymer Carbon Complex
			4.3 Polymeric Nanorods
			4.4 Miniature and Nanoencapsulation
			4.5 Polymeric Nanoemulsions
		5 Communication of Polymeric Nanocomposites with Plants
		6 Polymeric Nanomaterial Improved Hereditary Designing
		7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
Part III: Agronanobiotechnology
	Nanotechnology: A Tool for the Development of Sustainable Agroindustry
		1 Introduction
		2 Nanofertilizers
		3 Nanopesticides
		4 Nanoherbicides
		5 Nanoinsecticides
		6 Nanosensors
		7 Nutrients Delivery
		8 Seed Germination, Plant Growth and Development, Secondary Metabolism
		9 Genetic Transformation
		10 Antimicrobial Properties
		11 Antioxidant Properties
		12 Food Processing, Packaging, and Transportation
		13 Nanoremediation
		14 Nanotoxicology
		15 Regulation and Legislation for Safety Concerns of Nanoparticles
		16 Public Awareness and Acceptance
		17 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
		References
	Nanotechnology and Omics Approach in Agrobiotechnology
		1 Introduction
		2 Different NPs in Agriculture Practices for Improvement in Plant Growth and Soil Heath Under Different Conditions
		3 Metagenomics to Study Effect NPs on Soil Microbial Dynamics
		4 Proteomics to Study the Plant and Soil Microbial Flora
		5 Metabolomics to Study the Plant and Soil Microbial Flora
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Plant-Microbe Partnership
		1 Introduction
		2 Plants and Microbe Environments
			2.1 Allelochemicals as a Defense of Crops
			2.2 Interactions Between Plants and Arthropod Herbivores
			2.3 Technological Limitations
		3 Nanomaterials (Metallic, Oxides, Fibers, and Carbon-Based, Release Route to Plants and Soil)
		4 Nanomaterial Interactions with Plants (Toxicity and Benefits)
			4.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
			4.2 Oxide NMs
			4.3 Organic NPs and Fibers
			4.4 Carbon-Based NMs
		5 Nanomaterial Interaction with Microbes (Toxicity and Benefits)
			5.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
			5.2 Metal Oxides
			5.3 Organic NPs and Fibers
			5.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Nanotechnology for Pest and Microbiological Control
		1 Pest Problems and Their Control in Mexico
			1.1 How Different Pests Affect Crops
		2 Nanotechnology Potential in Agriculture
			2.1 Crop Plants and Nanotechnology
			2.2 Use of NPs in the Management of Plant Diseases
		3 Nanopesticides
			3.1 Nanoformulation
		4 Nanopesticide Release Processes
		5 Phytochemicals in Nanoformulations
			5.1 Nanoemulsions and Polymer-Based Nanoformations
			5.2 Bioactive Nanopesticides
		6 Nanocoatings
			6.1 NADES
			6.2 Synthesis of NADEF-CuO
			6.3 Characterization of NADEF-CuO
			6.4 Experimental Results and Discussion
		7 New Developments: Nanofungicidal in Clothes and Medical Wound Heal Materials
			7.1 Method of Impregnation, Drying, and Curing (Pad-Dry-Cure Method) in Cotton Fibers
			7.2 Exposure of Crops to Different Pollutants
		8 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Nanoremediation
	Nanoremediation
		1 Introduction
		2 Environmental Pollution
		3 Management of Environmental Pollution
		4 Crop Production in Polluted Environment
		5 Nanotechnology in Controlling Pollutions
		6 Crop Propagation and Nanoremediation in Polluted Terrains
		7 Drawbacks and Risks of Nanoparticles
		8 Solutions to Drawback of Nanoremediation
		9 Conclusions
		References
	Nanoremediation of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil
		1 Introduction
		2 Heavy Metals and the Hazards They Pose
		3 Nanoremediation of Ground Water, Wastewater, and Soil
		4 Soil Nanoremediation
		5 Use of Carbon Nanoparticles in Heavy Metal Remediation
			5.1 Carbon Nanotubes
				5.1.1 Technical Challenges of Using CNTs for Heavy Metal Remediation
			5.2 Graphene Oxide (GO)
			5.3 Carbon Dots
		6 Non-carbon Nanomaterials
			6.1 Zeolites
			6.2 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoremediation
		7 Self-Toxicity of Nanomaterials
		8 Practical Applications of Above-Mentioned Nanoparticles So Far
		9 Conclusion
		References
	Phytobial Remediation: A New Technique for Ecological Sustainability
		1 Introduction
		2 Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles
		3 Lethal Features and Risks to the Ecosystem
		4 Nanoparticles for Drinking Water Treatment
		5 Nanofertilizers
		6 Wastewater Treatment
			6.1 Nanomaterials as Catalysts
			6.2 Explicit Detection of Pollutants Using Biosensors in Wastewater
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Nanobioremediation: Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Remediation of Environmental Contaminants
		1 Introduction
		2 Nanobioremediation Techniques: Principles
		3 Enzyme-Based Nanomaterials in Bioremediation
		4 Biologically Fabricated Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
		5 Microorganism-Assisted Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
		6 Current and Future Prospects
		7 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Ecological Impacts
	Nanomaterials in the Human Food Chain
		1 Processing and Additives: Preservatives, Nutritional and Sensory Enhancement
		2 Nanotechnology in Food Analytical Quality Control
		3 Active and Intelligent Nanotechnology in Food Packaging
			3.1 Active Systems for Packaging
			3.2 Sensing Systems for Intelligent Packaging
		4 Environment, Health, and Safety
		References
	Nanotechnological Achievements and the Environmental Degradation
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Photocatalytic Degradation
			1.2 Chemical Catalytic Degradation
			1.3 Electrocatalytic Degradation
			1.4 Adsorption
		2 Conclusion
		References
	Accumulation of Engineered Nanomaterials in Soil, Water, and Air
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Fate of ENMs in Soil
			1.2 Soil Type
			1.3 Accumulation of NPs in Soil and Plant Tissues
				1.3.1 Soil as Sink for NPs
				1.3.2 Influence of ENMs in Germination, Growth, and Yield of Plant
				1.3.3 Oxidative Stress Responses
					1.3.3.1 Enzyme Assays
					1.3.3.2 Omics
		2 NPs Toxic Effects on Human Health
		3 Toxic Impacts in Aquatic Systems
			3.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
				3.1.1 Ag NPs
					3.1.1.1 Characteristics
					3.1.1.2 Applications
					3.1.1.3 Toxic Effects of ENMs
				3.1.2 Au NPs
					3.1.2.1 Characteristics
					3.1.2.2 Applications
					3.1.2.3 Toxic Effects of ENMs
				3.1.3 TiO2 NPs
					3.1.3.1 Characteristics
					3.1.3.2 Applications
					3.1.3.3 Toxic Effects of ENMs
				3.1.4 ZnO NPs
					3.1.4.1 Characteristics
					3.1.4.2 Applications
					3.1.4.3 Toxic Effects of ENMs
			3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
				3.2.1 Fullerenes
					3.2.1.1 Characteristics
					3.2.1.2 Applications
					3.2.1.3 Toxic Effects of ENMs
				3.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)
					3.2.2.1 Characteristics
					3.2.2.2 Applications
					3.2.2.3 Toxic effects of ENMs
		4 Exposure of ENMs in Atmosphere
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Nanomaterials for Removal of Organophosphorus Pesticides from Wastewater
		1 Introduction
		2 Sources and Occurrence
		3 Nanomaterials
			3.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
				3.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
				3.1.2 Graphene
				3.1.3 Polymeric Materials (Dendrimers)
			3.2 Zeolites
			3.3 Zero-Valent Iron Nanocatalysts
			3.4 Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials
			3.5 Silica-Based Nanoparticles
			3.6 Nanostructured ZnO Semiconductor Films
			3.7 Nanowater Treatment Residuals
			3.8 Nanosized Moringa oleifera Seeds Waste
		4 Parameters Affecting OPPs Adsorption Process
			4.1 Effect of pH
			4.2 Effect of Contact Time
			4.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dose
			4.4 Effect of Temperature
		5 Sorption Mechanism
		6 Future Perspectives
		References
	Collateral Effects of Nanopollution on Human and Environmental Health
		1 Introduction
		2 Nanopollution
		3 Environmental Concerns Regarding Nanotechnologies
		4 Risks of Nanotechnology to Human Life, a New Hazard
		5 Life Cycle Assessment of Nanomaterials
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Integration of Eco-Friendly Biological and Nanotechnological Strategies for Better Agriculture: A Sustainable Approach
		1 Introduction
		2 Nanotechnologies for Soil Management
		3 Soil Fertility
		4 Soil Quality
		5 Decontamination
		6 Others
		7 Nanotechnologies for Crop Protection
		8 Crop Nutrition
		9 Pests Control in Agricultural Crops
		10 Diseases Control in Edible and Nonedible Crops
		11 Irrigation and Water Requirement
		12 Control of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
		13 Harvest, Food Processing, and Shelf Life
		14 Improved Nanopackaging
		15 Active Nanopackaging
		16 Smart Nanopackaging
		17 Safety to Nanotechnological System
		18 Conclusions
		References
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