Aging: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants

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Aging: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants
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Contributors
Preface
Section 1: Oxidative stress and aging
Oxidative stress and miR-200c
	Introduction
		microRNA
	miR-200c and oxidative stress
		miR-200c induces apoptosis and senescence via ZEB1 inhibition
		miR-200c oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Caloric restriction, reactive oxygen species, and longevity
	Introduction
	CR in animals
	Mechanisms responsible for beneficial effects of CR in animals
		Oxidative stress and inflammation
		Insulin/IGF-1 pathway
		The TOR pathway and autophagy
		The AMPK pathway
		Sirtuins
		Mitochondrial maintenance
	CR in humans
		CALERIE-1 study
		CALERIE-2 study
		Recent CR studies in humans
	Trials on other modified CR and other modules mimicking CR-induced beneficial signaling
	Conclusions and future prospective questions
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
	Further reading
Cardiovascular disease in aging and the role of oxidative stress
	Introduction
	Physiology of the aging cardiovascular system
	The molecular basis of oxidative stress as applied to the cardiovascular system
	Longevity genes and the longevity network
	Genes of the longevity network: SIR2, IGF-1, AMPK, and mTOR
		The sirtuins
		The cardiovascular system and SIR2 proteins
		Oxidative stress and SIR2 proteins
		Insulin-like growth factor 1
		The cardiovascular system and IGF1
		Oxidative stress and IGF1
		Forkhead box transcription factors
		The cardiovascular system and FOXO proteins
		Oxidative stress and FOXO proteins
		Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
		The cardiovascular system and AMPK
		Oxidative stress and AMPK
		Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
		The cardiovascular system and mTOR
		Oxidative stress and mTOR
	The longevity network: SIR2, IGF1, AMPK, and mTOR
	Other genes and pathways in oxidative stress and age-related cardiovascular disease
		CLOCK1
			The cardiovascular system and mCLK1
			Oxidative stress and mCLK
		Catalase
			The cardiovascular system and catalase
			Oxidative stress and catalase
		Klotho
			The cardiovascular system and Klotho
			Oxidative stress and Klotho
		Pituitary transcription factor 1 and prophet of pituitary transcription factor 1
			Cardiovascular disease and PIT1/PROP1
			Oxidative stress and PIT1/PROP1
		p66Shc
			The cardiovascular system and p66Shc
			Oxidative stress and p66Shc
	Recent advances in cardiovascular disease, aging and oxidative stress
	Applications to other diseases and conditions
	Summary points
	References
	Further reading
Aging, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the liver
	Introduction
	Evidence for age-associated morphological, structural, and functional changes in the liver
	Evidence for age-associated loss of mitochondrial bioenergetics in liver
	Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in liver aging
	Oxidative damage to the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in liver aging
	Mitochondrial dysfunction and liver-associated disease
	Conclusion
	Summary points
	References
Culprit effect of oxidative stress in the development of Parkinson's disease: A conundrum of senescence
	Introduction
	Aging and Parkinson disease: A mysterious convergence
	Treacherous role of oxygen and nitrogen molecule in PD
		Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease
			RONS-mediated biomolecular destruction in PD
			Counteractive mechanism of antioxidants in PD
	Neuroinflammation in PD
	Therapeutic interventions
	Summary points
	References
	Further reading
Linking bone cells, aging, and oxidative stress: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and bone marrow cells
	Basic biology of bone
	Aging and bone: Role of oxidative stress
	Molecular mechanisms that mediate oxidative stress in aging bone cells
		Osteoblasts
		Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
		Osteoclasts
		Osteocytes
	Summary points
	References
Oxidative stress, senescence and Mediterranean diet effects on osteoarthritis
	Introduction
	Chondrocytes in osteoarthritis
	Chondrocytes and senescence
	Chondrocytes and oxidative stress
	Chondrocytes and pro- and antioxidant agents
	Mediterranean nutrients: Protective or risk factors?
	Conclusions
	Application to other diseases
	Summary points
	References
Arthritis as a disease of aging and changes in antioxidant status
	Introduction
	The concept of oxygen toxicity and free radicals
		Sources of free radicals in arthritis
		Oxidative stress in arthritis
			Free radical-mediated biomolecular deterioration in arthritis
			Alteration in antioxidant defense system in arthritis
			Oxidative stress and chondrocyte cell death
			Oxidative stress and inflammation in arthritis
			Therapeutic interventions
	Summary
	References
Oxidative stress and sarcopenia
	Introduction
	The aging muscle and sarcopenia
		Changes in muscle structure
		Changes in muscle fibers and composition
		Changes in muscle metabolism
	Reactive species and redox signaling in aging
	Redox signaling in skeletal muscle
	Redox alterations and sarcopenia
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Oxidative stress and hypertension in old age: The role of physical exercise
	Introduction
	Aging, oxidative stress, and hypertension
	Physical exercise, oxidative stress, and blood pressure control
		Oxidative stress and aerobic exercise
		Oxidative stress and anaerobic exercise
	Conclusion
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Linking senescence, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in fertility
	Introduction
	Changing maternal age in some countries
	Senescence enhances free radical generation
	Free radical theory of aging
	Involvement of other biomolecules in senescence
	Mechanisms of senescence in reproduction
		Impact of senescence on semen
		The effects of senescence on semen indices
	Evidence linking senescence, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in fertility
	Senescence exacerbates apoptosis
	Senescence alters endocrine system
	Senescence alters sex hormone levels
	The impact of senescence on sexual organs
	Impact of senescence on female reproductive function
	Senescence and ovarian function
	Applications to other diseases
	Summary points
	References
Antioxidant capacity and menopausal symptoms
	Introduction
	Menopausal symptoms
	Oxidative stress, blood antioxidant status, and menopausal symptoms
	Antioxidant-rich diets and menopausal symptoms
		Whole antioxidant-rich diets and menopausal symptoms
		Single antioxidant-rich food and menopausal symptoms
			Soybeans
			Coffee
	Antioxidants supplementation in menopausal symptoms management
		Vitamin E
		Vitamin C
	Antioxidants and minerals
		Proanthocyanidin
		Resveratrol
	Summary points
	References
Section 2: Antioxidants and aging
Reference dietary requirements of antioxidant vitamins in the older adults
	Introduction
	Oxidative stress
	Reference dietary requirements
	Vitamin A
	Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
	Vitamin E
	Other vitamins
	Challenges in meeting reference dietary requirements in older adults
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Oxidative stress and antioxidants in elderly women
	Introduction
	Review
		Role of estrogen in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in elderly women
		Role of telomere length in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in elderly women
		Dietary antioxidant therapies in elderly women
	Role of exercise on oxidative stress and antioxidant status of elderly women
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Caffeine and its analogs, antioxidants and applications
	Introduction
	Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species
	Antioxidant properties of caffeine and its analogs
	Caffeine and its analogs as adenosine receptors antagonists
	Caffeine and its analogs as monoamine oxidase inhibitors
	Caffeine and its analogs in neurodegenerative disease
	Anticancer properties of caffeine and its analogs
	Antibacterial and antifungal activity of caffeine analogs
	Caffeine and its analogs in medicines, cosmetics, and dietary supplements
	Summary points
	References
Coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant in the elderly
	Aging
	Coenzyme Q10
	Coenzyme Q10 functions
	Levels and distribution of coenzyme Q10 in the human organism
	Biosynthesis and transport of CoQ10
	Uptake and distribution of CoQ10
	CoQ10 and aging
	Therapeutic uses of CoQ10 in age-related diseases
		CoQ10 and cardiovascular disease
		CoQ10 and hypertension
		CoQ10 and endothelial function
		CoQ10 and renal failure
		CoQ10 and neurodegenerative diseases
	Conclusions
	Summary points
	References
The role of coenzyme Q10 in the protection of bone health during aging
	Bone biology
	Regulation of bone remodeling
	Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bone remodeling
	Oxidative stress and bone health
	Aging at the bone
	Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), oxidative stress, and bone metabolism
	What happens during aging?
	Has diet any modulatory role in CoQ10 effect on bone health during aging?
	Summary points
	References
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in aging
	Introduction
	Bioenergetics and antioxidant activity of CoQ10
	CoQ10 and longevity, the intriguing role of Clk-1/COQ7
	CoQ10 levels and longevity in humans
	CoQ10 in age-related diseases
	CoQ1010 supplementation and longevity
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Crocus sativus L. (saffron) extract antioxidant potential and use in aging
	Background
	Antioxidant system
	Mode of action of saffron
	Chemical composition of saffron
	Safety assessments of saffron and its main ingredients
	Saffron and its main ingredients, oxidative stress, and aging
		Experimental studies
		Clinical studies
	References
Pharmacological profile of γ-oryzanol: Its antioxidant mechanisms and its effects in age-related diseases
	Introduction
	Pharmacokinetics of γ-oryzanol
	Pharmacodynamics of γ-oryzanol
		γ-Oryzanol as a free radical scavenger
		γ-Oryzanol as an antioxidant enzyme activator
		γ-Oryzanol as a Nrf2-inducer
		Structure-activity relationship of γ-oryzanol
	Antioxidant effects of γ-oryzanol in age-related diseases
		γ-Oryzanol and oxidative stress
		γ-Oryzanol and hyperlipidemia
		γ-Oryzanol and hyperglycemia
		γ-Oryzanol and inflammation
		γ-Oryzanol and cognitive impairment
	Summary points
	References
Herbs including shell ginger, antioxidant profiles, aging, and longevity in Okinawa, Japan: A critical analys ...
	Introduction
	Literature search
	Definitions
		Plant antioxidants
			Antioxidant profile
			Antioxidant activity
		Plant stress
			Biotic stress
			Abiotic stress
		Organ stress
	Specificities of plant use
	Shell ginger and selected plants with their antioxidant profiles and biological activities
		Shell ginger
			Kavalactones
			Nonkavalactones
		Kava
		Green tea
		Ginseng
		Curcuma longa
	Issue of plant antioxidants in aging or longevity and its evidence
	Okinawa plants, their antioxidants and association with longevity
	Longevity-specific bioactivities of A. zerumbet
		Animal studies on longevity
		Antiobesity and antilipocytes
		Antipancreatic lipase
		Antidyslipidemia
		Antiatherosclerosis
		Antidiabetes
		Antihypertension
		Antitumor
	Okinawa longevity
		Genetic aspects
		Physical and social activities
		Caloric and dietary restriction
		Traditional Okinawa cuisine
	Causality gap under discussion between antioxidant plants and longevity in Okinawa
	Conclusions
	Summary points
	Contributions
	IntroductionNature-derived products including plants such as herbs not only are part of human life as medicines and food
	References
Lycopene as an antioxidant in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
	Introduction
	Oxidative stress and antioxidants
		The antioxidant lycopene
	Osteoporosis
		Bone cells involved in the development of osteoporosis
		Risk factors of osteoporosis
		Prevalence of osteoporosis
		Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
		Alternative approach to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
	Studies on lycopene
		Studies on lycopene in osteoblasts and osteoclasts
		Lycopene intervention studies in animals
		Epidemiological studies on lycopene
		Clinical intervention studies on lycopene
	Summary points
	Acknowledgments
	References
Medicinal plants, antioxidant potential, and applications to aging
	Introduction
	The free radical theory of aging
	Free radical-induced damages
		Lipid peroxidation
		Protein damage
		DNA/RNA damage
		Metal toxicity
	Antiaging effects of medicinal plants
	Some of the major antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymes of medicinal plants and their proposed mechanism of action
	Some important points to be noted
	Summary points
	References
Antioxidant and antiinflammatory role of melatonin in Alzheimer's neurodegeneration
	Introduction
	How free radicals are formed
	Some oxidative stress-related facts about the brain
	Where do free radicals come from in the Alzheimer's disease brain?
	How does melatonin scavenge free radicals?
	Melatonin stimulates antioxidant systems
	Breaking the cycle neuroinflammationoxidative stress
	Melatonin production decreases with age
	Conclusions
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth): Antioxidant effects and application to aging
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of free radical production
	Antioxidant defense system
	Oxidative stress and aging
	Murici [Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth]
		Botanical classification
		Chemical composition and biological activity
		Murici and aging
		Murici's application to other diseases and conditions
	Conclusion
	Summary points
	References
Natural products in aging skin
	Introduction
	Natural products in aging skin
		Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae, Fig. 1)
		Libidibia ferrea (Leguminosae, Fig. 2)
		Aconitum carmichaelii (Ranunculaceae, Fig. 3)
		Cuscuta chinensis (Convolvulaceae, Fig. 4)
		Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae, Fig. 5)
		Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae, Fig. 6)
		Asphodelus microcarpus (Liliaceae, Fig. 7)
		Nephelium lappaceum (Sapindaceae, Fig. 8)
		Camellia sinensis (Theaceae, Fig. 9)
		Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae, Fig. 10)
		Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae, Fig. 11)
		Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae, Fig. 12)
		Miscellaneous
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Summary points
	References
Antioxidant properties and applications of Ophiopogon japonicus root for age-related disease
	Introduction
	Features of cellular senescence
		Cellular senescence in the body
		SASP
		SIPS in vitro
	Ophiopogonis Radix
	Antiinflammatory effects of Ophiopogonis Radix on senescent NHDFS19
	Kampo, the traditional Japanese medicine
	Conclusions
	Summary points
	References
Passion fruit seed: Its antioxidative extracts and potency in protection of skin aging
	Introduction
	Oxidative stress and skin aging
	Antioxidative passion fruit seed extract and its potency in skin protection
		Preparation of antioxidative passion fruit seed extract by reflux and fractionation
		Preparation of phenolic-rich passion fruit seed extract by maceration and fractionation
		Antioxidant activities of the phenolic-rich passion fruit seed extract
	Conclusion
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a functional food for aging protection
	Introduction
	Nutritional importance of common bean
	Occurrence of bioactive compounds in common bean
	Polyphenols as important antioxidant compounds in common bean
	Other antioxidants in common bean
	Common bean and prevention of aging processes
	Conclusions
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	Acknowledgments
	References
Quercetin and resveratrol, aging and kidney
	Introduction
	Diabetes and renal cell aging
	Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
	Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)
	Advanced glycation end product (AGE)
	NADPH oxidase
	Endothelin-1 (ET-1)
	Urotensin II
	Cannabinoid receptor (CB)
	Beta-galactosidase as a marker of senescent cells
	Summary points
	References
Rambutan fruits extract in aging skin
	Introduction
	Minerals in rambutan peel
	Polyphenolic compounds in rambutan peel
	Role of polyphenolic compounds in antiaging
	Relationship of antioxidants with antiaging therapy
	Antioxidant activity of various parts of rambutan fruits
	Antiaging effect of rambutan fruits
	Conclusion
	Summary points
	References
Resveratrol, aging, and fatigue
	Introduction
	Skeletal muscle fatigue
	ROS and muscle fatigue
	Sarcopenia and lifestyle
	Calorie restriction and aging
	Resveratrol is a potent antioxidant with multiple functions
	Resveratrol and exercise in animal models
	Resveratrol and exercise in humans
	Resveratrol and fatigue, the underlying mechanisms
	Conclusions
	Summary points
	References
Resveratrol, SIRT1, oxidative stress, and brain aging
	Brain aging: Role of oxidative stress and sirtuins
		Aging and the causal role of the oxidative stress
		Aging and the protective role of SIRT1
		Function of SIRT1 during brain aging
	Resveratrol: Their effect in brain aging through SIRT1
		Diet interventions to combat brain aging
		Polyphenols against brain aging: Resveratrol as prototypical example
		Mechanism for resveratrol-induced increase of brain SIRT1 level
		Other mechanisms for resveratrol-induced increase of brain SIRT1 and/or neuroprotection
	Challenges on resveratrol application in the prevention of neurodegeneration
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	Acknowledgments
	References
Antioxidants, vegetarian diets, and age-related disease
	Introduction
	Human aging and its consequences
	Oxidative stress and age-related disease
	Potential role of vegetarian diets for lowering risk of disease and increasing health span
	Some evidence
	Questions of molecular connections and research needs
	Summary points
	References
Protective effect of vitamin D on oxidative stress in elderly people
	Introduction
	Review
		The role of vitamin D on oxidative stress
		Vitamin D in the prevention of dementia
		Vitamin D supplementation and cognitive health
	Applications to other diseases or conditions
	Summary points
	References
Zinc, oxidative stress in the elderly, and implication for inflammation
	Introduction
	Discovery of zinc deficiency in humans
	Clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency
		Severe deficiency of zinc
		Moderate deficiency of zinc
		Mild deficiency of zinc
	Zinc deficiency in the elderly subjects
		Zinc deficiency in the elderly
	Effect of zinc supplementation in the elderly: Cell-mediated immunity and incidence of infection
	Effect of zinc supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the elderly
	Zinc trials in AMD
	Zinc and NF-κB activation
		Cell culture study
	Proposed concept of mechanism of zinc action as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent
	Mechanism of zinc action as an antioxidant
	Zinc as a molecular signal regulating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation
	Metallothionein
	Summary points
	References
Oxidative stress and the senescence acceleration in senescence-accelerated mouse P10 (SAMP10)
	Free radical theory of aging
	Senescence-accelerated mouse: Animal model of aging
	Oxidative stress and aging of SAMP10
	Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SAMP10
	Production of ROS in mitochondria of SAMP10 mice with aging
	Production of neuronal NO by NO synthase
	Production of oxidative stress in glutamatergic neurotransmission
	Changes in antioxidant defense systems of SAM10 in aging
	Conclusion
	Summary points
	References
Recommended resources on aging: Oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants
	Introduction
	Resources
	Summary points
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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