Age Factors in Biometric Processing

Section 1 Introduction and basic issues

1 Ageing and biometrics: an introduction
Michael Fairhurst
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A context for understanding ageing effects
1.3 Biometrics and ageing
1.4 Some practical implications for biometrics
1.5 Plan and structure of the book

2 Review of ageing with respect to biometrics and diverse modalities
Andreas Lanitis, Nicolas Tsapatsoulis and Anastasios Maronidis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ageing databases
2.3 Biometric modalities and ageing
2.4 Conclusions, summary and future research directions

3 Biometrics and ageing: social and ethical considerations
Andrew P. Rebera and Emilio Mordini
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The nature of the problem
3.3 Social and ethical factors
3.4 A sketch of an approach to ‘age-blind’ biometrics

4 Using age to enhance performance in biometrics
Ma´rjory Da Costa-Abreu and Michael Fairhurst
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fusion of relevant information
4.3 A brief survey of the literature
4.4 Representation of age information
4.5 System design using age information
4.6 Experimental results and discussion
4.7 Conclusions

Section 2 Modality-related approaches to management of age factors

5 Human face ageing: a perspective analysis from anthropometry and biometrics
Karl Ricanek Jr., Gayathri Mahalingam, A. Midori Albert and Richard W. Vorder Bruegge
5.1 Introducing the face
5.2 Physical manifestations of facial ageing
5.3 Computerized modeling of physical manifestations of facial ageing: a survey
5.4 Conclusion

6 Ageing in biometrics: a case study in online signature
Javier Galbally, Marcos Martinez-Diaz and Julian Fierrez
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Related works
6.3 The on-line signature long term database
6.4 Experimental protocol
6.5 Results
6.6 Conclusions

7 Ageing in iris biometrics
Judith Liu-Jimenez and Raul Sanchez-Reillo
7.1 Anatomy of the eye
7.2 Iris biometric scheme
7.3 Iris ageing
7.4 Sensor
7.5 Quality measures
7.6 Pre-processing
7.7 Feature extractor and matching
7.8 Discussion and future work

8 Ageing effects in fingerprint biometrics
Andreas Uhl and Peter Wild
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Related work in fingerprint ageing
8.3 System and setup
8.4 Ageing experiments
8.5 Conclusion

9 The impact of ageing on speech-based biometric systems
Finnian Kelly and Naomi Harte
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Speech changes with age
9.3 Age in speaker verification
9.4 Speaker ageing data
9.5 Ageing speaker verification experiment
9.6 Effect of quality variation on speaker verification
9.7 Ageing-quality stacked classifier
9.8 Conclusions

10 An analysis of biometric performance change over time: a multimodal perspective
Norman Poh, Josef Kittler, Chi-Ho Chan and Medha Pandit
10.1 Introduction
10.2 User-specific performance characterisation
10.3 Our framework: a homomorphic users grouping algorithm
10.4 Experiment setup
10.5 Results
10.6 Conclusions

Section 3 Applications and implications for practical applications

11 An industrial perspective on biometric age factors
Alastair Partington
11.1 Industrial implications of biometric ageing – a risk-based view
11.2 Biometric ageing – does it matter?
11.3 Industry: at the starting line for biometric ageing
11.4 Factors exacerbating age-related biometric matching inaccuracies in industrial systems
11.5 A low-impact scenario: student identification
11.6 A moderate-impact scenario: ePassport gates
11.7 A high-impact scenario: anticipated use of India’s Unique ID scheme ‘Aadhaar’
11.8 Possible mitigations to age-related biometric matching inaccuracies in industrial systems
11.9 Closing thoughts

12 Fingerprints and human inspection: a forensics perspective
Clive Reedman
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A brief history of modern human identification methodologies
12.3 Physiology of fingerprints
12.4 Physiological effects of ageing on fingerprints
12.5 Ageing effects across the fingerprint matching modalities
12.6 Issues surrounding the study of fingerprint ageing
12.7 Conclusions

13 Age prediction in face images
Guodong Guo
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Face representation
13.3 Ageing function
13.4 Age group classification
13.5 Databases
13.6 Evaluation
13.7 Research trends and challenges
13.8 Concluding remarks

14 Short- and long-time ageing effects in face recognition
Massimo Tistarelli, Daksha Yadav, Mayank Vatsa and Richa Singh
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Analysis of short-time ageing effects
14.3 Analysis of long-time ageing effects
14.4 A novel face database to analyze long-time ageing effects
14.5 Experimental validation and data statistics
14.6 Discussion and conclusion

Section 4 Future trends and research challenges

15 Analysis of ageing effects in biometric systems: difficulties and limitations
Meryem Erbilek and Michael Fairhurst
15.1 Introduction to physical ageing effects in biometric systems
15.2 Limitations in the analysis of physical ageing effects in biometric systems
15.3 Experimental infrastructure
15.4 Investigating ageing issues
15.5 Database issues and biometric data quality
15.6 Database issues and biometric features
15.7 Conclusions

16 Usable biometrics for an ageing population
M. Angela Sasse and Kat Krol
16.1 Introduction
16.2 What is usability?
16.3 The impact of cognitive ageing on the use of technology
16.4 Opportunities for biometrics
16.5 Conclusions

17 Ageing effects and implications for biometric template protection
Christian Rathgeb, Andreas Uhl and Christoph Busch
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biometric template protection
17.3 Age factors and template protection
17.4 Effects on iris biometric cryptosystems: a case study
17.5 Discussion
17.6 Conclusion

18 Future challenges for systems delivery using ageing tolerant biometrics
Peter Hawkes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The main challenges
18.3 Why is it timely to plan for use of robust biometric authentication on a much wider scale than now?
18.4 Choice of biometric sub-systems
18.5 Guiding principles
18.6 Scope for the independent IMS provider to operate a
profitable business – the business case
18.7 The role of the smart phone as a biometric token
18.8 Applications requiring enablement by biometrics – a proposed taxonomy
18.9 Conclusions