Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982

© 1995 The Regents of the University of California......Page 1
Maps......Page 2
Introduction......Page 4
Notes......Page 16
Storming of the Presidential Palace......Page 17
President Amin’s Faith in his Soviet Comrades......Page 19
The Elimination of President Amin......Page 21
Occupation of other Military Centers......Page 22
Military Officers and the Invasion: An Evaluation......Page 23
2. Why Did the Soviet Union Invade?......Page 25
Rift in the Khalq Leadership......Page 27
Soviet Scheme for a New Afghan Government......Page 29
The Palace Plot......Page 30
Rift with the Soviet Union......Page 32
The Dilemma of Afghan Reformist Rulers......Page 33
Invasion without Invitation......Page 36
Notes......Page 39
3. Under the Soviet Shadow......Page 43
Rule by surrogates......Page 44
The Sitam-e-Milli......Page 46
The Khalq and Parcham Factions......Page 48
The Parchamis during the Khalq Rule......Page 50
Babrak Karmal......Page 53
Karmal as a Ruler......Page 55
The Invisible Ruling Circle......Page 57
Empty Promises......Page 58
Notes......Page 61
4. Islamic Resistance Organizations......Page 65
Features of Islamic Radicalism......Page 66
The Islamic Movement in Afghanistan......Page 69
Unsuccessful Uprising and Split......Page 72
Attempts at Unity......Page 75
Shi’ite Resistance Groups......Page 76
Notes......Page 78
5. Nationalist Resistance Organizations......Page 82
Afghan Jirga in Peshawar......Page 83
Afghan Jirga in Pishin......Page 86
Mohammad Zahir......Page 87
Leftist Resistance Groups......Page 90
Notes......Page 92
6. Urban Uprisings and Their Suppression......Page 95
Prelude to Urban Uprisings......Page 96
Herat and Kandahar in Turmoil......Page 97
The Great Uprising of Kabul......Page 98
Student Uprisings......Page 102
Notes......Page 105
7. Beginning of the Countrywide Armed Clashes......Page 106
A Government without Rural Territories......Page 107
Mujahideen as Local Rulers......Page 108
Public Concern......Page 109
Features of Military Confrontations......Page 110
Attempts at Controlling the Strategic Frontier Posts......Page 111
The First Soviet Expedition in Laghman......Page 112
The Changed Role of the Afghan Army......Page 115
The Case of Logar......Page 116
Inhabitants......Page 117
Traditional Political Leadership......Page 118
The Rise of Mullas as Leaders......Page 119
The Force of Jehad......Page 122
The Political Significance of Weapons......Page 123
Notes......Page 125
9. KhAD as an Agency of Suppression......Page 128
Khad in Action......Page 132
Prisoners of Pul-e-Charkhi......Page 137
Inmates’ Responses......Page 139
Notes......Page 140
10. Military and Administrative Measures for Consolidation of the Government......Page 142
Recall of the Reserve Army......Page 143
Military Posts......Page 145
Relations with Frontier Tribes......Page 146
Administrative Measures......Page 150
Notes......Page 155
11. Victory at Any Cost......Page 156
Security Measures for the City of Kabul......Page 157
Mujahideen’s Penetration of the city of Kabul......Page 158
Security Measures for the Land......Page 160
The Afghan Problem in International Forums......Page 161
The Unsuccessful Drive from City to Village......Page 163
Notes......Page 164
12. Elimination of Opponents by Nonmilitary Means......Page 165
Alienation of the Pdpa......Page 167
Party Members Terrorized in Provincial Cities......Page 168
Party Members Terrorized in Kabul......Page 169
Terrorism and Intraparty Rivalry......Page 170
Party Conference Overshadowed by Terrorist Activities......Page 171
Notes......Page 173
13. Genocide Throughout the Country......Page 174
Features of Genocide in Afghanistan......Page 175
Russia at a Glance......Page 177
Problems Relating to Genocide in Afghanistan......Page 178
Early Instances of Genocide......Page 179
Mass Killings in Civic Gatherings and the Kidnapping of Women......Page 182
Killing along the Roads......Page 183
Notes......Page 187
14. Genocide in Districts Around Kabul......Page 189
Massacre in Logar......Page 190
Massacre in Shamali......Page 196
Massacre in Panjsher......Page 198
Massacre in Paghman......Page 200
Chemical Warfare......Page 201
Notes......Page 205
Conclusion......Page 207
Epilogue, 1982-1994......Page 209
Notes......Page 242
A. Political Organizations, Factions, and Unions......Page 251
Amin, Hafizullah (1929-79)......Page 253
Badakhshi, Tahir......Page 254
Daoud (Da’ud), Mohammad (1910-78)......Page 255
Gulabzoy, Sayyed Mohammad (1951-)......Page 256
Karmal, Babrak (1929-)......Page 257
Khalis, Mawlawi Mohammad Yunus (1919-)......Page 258
Khybar, Mier Akbar (1925-78)......Page 259
Laweq, Sulaiman......Page 260
Mojaddidi, Sibgatullah (1929-)......Page 261
Niazi, Ghulam Mohammad (1932-1978)......Page 262
Rabbani, Burhanuddin (1940-)......Page 263
Ratebzad, Anahita (1931-)......Page 264
Sayyaf, Abd Al-rab Rasul (1947-)......Page 265
Taraki, Nur Mohammad (1917-79)......Page 266
C. Afghan Refugees in Pakistan......Page 268
D. Telephone Conversation Between Kosygin and Taraki......Page 270
Glossary......Page 281
Manuscripts......Page 283
Books and Booklets......Page 284
Articles......Page 289
Books......Page 294
Translations into Pashto and Dari......Page 295