Aeronautical radio communication systems and networks

Aeronautical Radio Communication Systems and Networks......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 20
About the Author......Page 21
Book Layout and Structure......Page 22
1.2 Today and the Second Generation of Equipment......Page 24
1.4 Operational and User Changes......Page 26
1.5 Radio Spectrum Used by Aviation......Page 27
1.6 Discussion of the Organizational Structure of Aviation Communications Disciplines......Page 29
1.6.4 Example Standards Bodies and Professional Engineering Bodies......Page 30
1.6.5 Users/Operators......Page 31
Summary......Page 32
2.1.1 Notations and Units......Page 33
2.2.3 Speed of Propagation and Relationship to Wavelength and Frequency......Page 34
2.3 Power, Amplitudes and the Decibel Scale......Page 37
2.4.2 Derivation of Free Space Path Loss Equation......Page 38
2.4.4 Electric Field Strength......Page 40
2.4.5 Relationship Between Field Strength and Transmitted Power......Page 41
2.5.1 Radio Horizon Calculations......Page 42
2.5.2 Earth Bulge Factor – k Factor......Page 45
2.5.3 Nautical Mile......Page 46
2.5.4 Great-circle Distances......Page 47
2.6 Complex Propagation: Refraction, Absorption, Non-LOS Propagation......Page 48
2.6.1.2 Obstacle Refraction......Page 49
2.6.2.2 Oxygen Absorption and Other Gases......Page 51
2.6.3.2 Reflection and Multipath......Page 53
2.6.3.3 Propagation – Sky Wave......Page 55
2.6.4.2 Atmospheric Losses......Page 59
2.7.1.1 Example......Page 60
2.8 Modulation......Page 61
2.8.2 The Analogue and Digital Domains......Page 63
2.8.3.1 DSB-AM......Page 64
2.8.3.2 The VHF Aeronautical Mobile Communications (Route) Service (AM(R)S)......Page 66
2.8.3.3 Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation......Page 69
2.8.3.5 Suppressed Carrier Double Side Band AM......Page 71
2.8.4.1 Capture Effect (Hysteresis)......Page 72
2.8.5.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)......Page 73
2.8.5.2 Amplitude Modulated Minimum Shift Keying (AM–MSK)......Page 74
2.8.5.4 Bipolar and Differential......Page 75
2.8.5.6 Phase Shift Keying......Page 76
2.8.5.7 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Trellis Code Modulation (TCM)......Page 81
2.8.5.8 Trellis Code Modulation......Page 82
2.8.5.9 Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)......Page 83
2.10 Multiplexing and Trunking......Page 85
2.10.2.1 Example......Page 86
2.10.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Coded OFDM......Page 88
2.11.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)......Page 89
2.11.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)......Page 90
2.11.3.1 CDMA Principles......Page 92
2.11.3.2 Frequency Domain Duplex (FDD) and Time Domain Duplex (TDD)......Page 93
2.12.1 Equalization......Page 94
2.12.3 Interleaving......Page 95
2.12.4 Space Diversity......Page 97
2.12.6 Passive Receiver Diversity......Page 98
2.13 Bandwidth Normalization......Page 100
2.14.1 Ideal Isotropic Antenna......Page 103
2.14.2 Practical Realizations......Page 104
2.14.3.3 Quarter-Wave Vertical Antenna......Page 105
2.14.3.4 5/8 • Vertical Antenna......Page 106
2.14.3.6 Log Periodic Antenna......Page 107
2.14.3.7 Parabolic Dish Antennas......Page 109
2.15 The Link Budget......Page 110
2.16.1 Third-order, Unwanted Harmonics......Page 111
2.17.3 Man-made Noise and Interference......Page 115
2.18 Satellite Theory......Page 116
2.18.3 The Link Budget Equation......Page 117
2.18.4.2 Antenna Side of the Reference Point......Page 118
2.19.2 The Reliability Bathtub Curve......Page 122
2.19.3 Some Reliability Concepts......Page 123
2.19.4.2 Parallel Chain......Page 124
2.19.4.3 The Reliability Block Diagram......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 127
3.1.1 The Legacy Pre-1947......Page 128
3.1.2 1947 to Present, Channelization and Band Splitting......Page 129
3.1.3 Today and 8.33 kHz Channelization......Page 131
3.1.4 Into the Future (Circa 2006 Plus)......Page 132
3.2.1 System Design Features of AM(R)S DSB-AM System......Page 133
3.3 Dimensioning a Mobile Communications System–The Three Cs......Page 136
3.3.1 Coverage......Page 138
3.3.1.1 Voting Networks and Extended Coverage......Page 140
3.3.2 Capacity......Page 143
3.3.3 Cwality (Quality)......Page 145
3.4.1.1 Allocation......Page 146
3.4.1.4 Utilization Profile......Page 147
3.5.1 Receiver Swamping......Page 148
3.6.1 Limitations with VHF Voice......Page 149
3.6.2 The History of Datalink......Page 150
3.6.3.1 ACARS/VDL0/VDLA......Page 151
3.6.3.2 VDL1......Page 152
3.6.3.3 VDL2......Page 153
3.6.3.4 VDL Mode 3......Page 157
3.6.3.5 VDL4......Page 161
3.6.6 Future Data Applications......Page 163
Further Reading......Page 166
4.1 Military VHF Communications – The Legacy......Page 168
4.2 After the Legacy......Page 169
4.5 The Birth of JTIDS/MIDS......Page 170
4.6.3 Link-11 Air Interface......Page 171
4.6.4 Link 16 – Air Interface......Page 172
4.6.5 Access Methods......Page 174
4.6.9 Sychronization Stack......Page 175
4.6.9.2 Data Packing......Page 176
4.6.9.4 Packed 2 Single Pulse Format......Page 177
4.6.9.6 Packed 4 Single Pulse Format......Page 178
4.6.11 Overlay with DME Band......Page 179
5.1 High-Frequency Radio – The Legacy......Page 180
5.3 HF System Features......Page 181
5.3.4 Selective Calling (SELCAL)......Page 182
5.3.5 Channel Availability......Page 183
5.4.1 Protocol......Page 185
5.5 Applications of Aeronautical HF......Page 186
5.6.1.1 Geostationary Satellite Systems......Page 188
5.6.1.2 Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Systems......Page 190
5.6.2.1 The AMS(R)S Satellite System......Page 191
5.6.3 Antenna System Specifications......Page 194
5.6.3.2 Antenna Discrimination......Page 195
5.6.3.3 Rx Thresholds......Page 196
5.6.3.4 Tx EIRP Limits......Page 197
Further Reading......Page 198
6.1 Introduction – The Legacy......Page 200
6.2 Existing Systems......Page 201
6.2.1 A Typical Telemetry System Layout......Page 202
6.2.1.1 Transmitter Side (On-board Aircraft Components)......Page 203
6.2.1.3 On-board System Duplication and Ground Backhaul Infrastructure......Page 204
6.3 Productivity and Applications......Page 205
6.4.3 Telemetry Downlink......Page 206
6.4.4 Telecommand Uplink......Page 207
6.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles......Page 208
7.1 Introduction......Page 210
7.2.1 Copper Cables......Page 211
7.2.3 Newer Digital Connections and the Pulse Code Modulation......Page 212
7.2.5 Fibre Optic......Page 214
7.2.6 Private Networks and the Aeronautical Telecommunications Networks......Page 215
7.2.8.1 Fixed Radio Link Design......Page 217
7.2.9.1 VSAT Radio Link Budget......Page 220
7.2.10 Hybrid Network......Page 222
Summary......Page 224
8.2.1.1 Frame Structure......Page 225
8.2.1.2 UAT Transceiver Specification......Page 226
8.2.1.4 Message Types......Page 227
8.2.2.1 Mode S Introduction......Page 228
8.2.2.2 Pulse Interrogations and Replies......Page 229
8.2.3 802.xx Family......Page 230
8.2.3.1 802.16......Page 231
8.2.3.2 Specification......Page 232
8.3.2 Answer......Page 233
8.3.3 The Definition Conundrum......Page 234
8.3.3.1 The Requirements or the Operational Scenario......Page 235
8.3.3.2 Technology Options and Frequency Band......Page 236
8.3.4 A Proposal for a CDMA-based Communication System......Page 237
8.3.5 Software Defined Radio......Page 240
Further Reading......Page 242
9.2 Basic Rules of Economics......Page 244
9.4 The Cost of Money......Page 245
9.4.1 Some Basic Financial Concepts......Page 246
9.4.2 Inflation......Page 247
9.5 The Safety Case......Page 248
9.6 Reliability Cost......Page 249
9.7 Macroeconomics......Page 250
10.1.1.1 Indoor Environment......Page 252
10.1.1.2 Outdoor Environment......Page 253
10.2.2 VHF Receivers......Page 256
10.2.3.1 VHF Single-channel Dual Simplex Station Site Configuration......Page 258
10.2.4 VHF Cavity Filters......Page 259
10.2.5 VHF Combiner, Multicouplers, Switches and Splitters......Page 260
10.2.6.1 HF......Page 261
10.2.6.3 Satellite Equipment......Page 263
10.2.6.5 Future Communication Equipment......Page 264
10.2.7.1 Mains/AC Service......Page 266
10.2.7.4 Pressurization......Page 267
10.3.2.1 Antenna Location and Application......Page 268
10.3.2.2 Antenna Selection......Page 270
10.3.2.4 Practical Antennas......Page 271
10.3.3 Towers or Masts......Page 277
10.3.4 Equipment Room......Page 278
10.3.5 Equipment Racks......Page 280
11.2 Environment......Page 282
11.2.1.1 Outside......Page 284
11.2.4 Apparent Wind Speed......Page 285
11.2.5.3 General......Page 287
11.3 Types of Aircraft......Page 291
11.3.2 General Aviation......Page 292
11.3.3 Commercial Aviation......Page 293
11.3.4 Military Aviation......Page 294
11.4 Simple Avionics for Private Aviation......Page 295
11.5.1.1 ARINC 429 Standard......Page 296
11.5.1.2 ARINC 629 Standard......Page 300
11.5.1.4 Fibre-distributed Data Interface (FDDI)......Page 301
11.5.2 Power Supply System......Page 302
11.5.2.2 Example The Boeing 777......Page 303
11.5.2.4 Flight Management System Monitoring of Circuit Breakers......Page 304
11.6.1 ATR and MCU......Page 305
11.6.3 Back Plane Wiring......Page 306
11.7.1 VHF Transceivers......Page 307
11.7.1.1 Transmitter Specification......Page 308
11.7.1.2 Receiver Specification......Page 309
11.7.1.3 Navigation Communication Control Panel......Page 310
11.7.2.2 Transmitter......Page 312
11.7.2.4 Power......Page 313
11.7.2.6 HF Antenna Tuner and Coupler......Page 314
11.7.2.8 HF Data Radio......Page 315
11.7.3.2 Size Specification......Page 316
11.8.1 VHF Antennas......Page 317
11.8.1.1 Whip Antennas......Page 318
11.8.1.2 Blade Antennas......Page 320
11.8.2.1 Wireline......Page 321
11.8.2.2 Probe Antennas......Page 322
11.8.3 Satellite Antennas......Page 323
11.9 Mastering the Co-site Environment......Page 324
11.11.1 Certification......Page 326
Further Reading......Page 327
Summary......Page 330
12.2.1 Sources of Interference......Page 331
12.2.1.1 Accidental or Inadvertent Interference......Page 332
12.2.2 Interference Forms......Page 333
12.2.3 Immunity and Susceptibility......Page 334
12.2.4 Testing for Interference......Page 336
12.3.1 Analysis......Page 337
12.3.2 Out of Channel, Out of Band, Spurious Emissions......Page 339
12.3.3 EMC Criteria......Page 340
12.4 Spectrum Management Process......Page 341
12.4.2 Intrasystem and Intersystem Compatibility......Page 342
12.4.4.2 Two Systems: One of Them Not Aviation Safety of Life......Page 343
12.4.5 WRC Process and the Review and Amend Cycles......Page 344
12.5.2 Emergency Frequency (Three-channel Guard Band Either Side)......Page 345
Further Reading......Page 347
Appendix 1 Summary of All Equations (Constants, Variables and Conversions)......Page 348
Appendix 2 List of Symbols and Variables from Equations......Page 356
Appendix 3 List of Constants......Page 358
Appendix 4 Unit Conversions......Page 360
Appendix 5 List of Abbreviations......Page 362
Index......Page 368