Aerodynamics for Engineers (5th Edition)

Cover......Page 1
Conversion factors......Page 3
Title page......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Preface to the fifth edition......Page 20
Preface to the fourth edition......Page 22
1.1 The Energy-Maneuverability Technique......Page 26
1.1.1 Specific Excess Power......Page 29
1.1.2 Using Specific Excess Power to Change the Energy Height......Page 30
1.2 Solving for the Aerothermodynamic Parameters......Page 31
1.2.2 Fluid as a Continuum......Page 32
1.2.3 Fluid Properties......Page 33
1.2.4 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid Medium......Page 39
1.2.5 The Standard Atmosphere......Page 44
1.3 Summary......Page 47
2. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics......Page 53
2.1 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics......Page 54
2.2 Conservation of Mass......Page 56
2.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum......Page 59
2.4 Applications to Constant-Property Flows......Page 64
2.5 Reynolds Number and Mach Number as Similarity Parameters......Page 70
2.6 Concept of the Boundary Layer......Page 74
2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 77
2.9 Derivation of the Energy Equation......Page 79
2.9.1 Integral Form of the Energy Equation......Page 82
2.9.3 Flow Work......Page 83
2.9.4 Viscous Work......Page 84
2.9.6 Application of the Integral Form of the Energy Equation......Page 85
2.10 Summary......Page 87
3.1 Inviscid Flows......Page 99
3.2 Bernoulli's Equation......Page 100
3.3 Use of Bernoulli's Equation to Determine Airspeed......Page 103
3.4 The Pressure Coefficient......Page 106
3.5 Circulation......Page 108
3.6 Irrotational Flow......Page 110
3.7 Kelvin's Theorem......Page 111
3.7.1 Implication of Kelvin Theorem......Page 112
3.9 Stream Function in a Two-Dimensional, Incompressible Flow......Page 113
3.10 Relation Between Streamlines and Equipotential Lines......Page 115
3.12.1 Uniform Flow......Page 118
3.12.2 Source or Sink......Page 119
3.12.3 Doublet......Page 121
3.12.4 Potential Vortex......Page 122
3.13.1 Velocity Field......Page 124
3.13.2 Pressure Distribution......Page 127
3.13.3 Lift and Drag......Page 130
3.14 Lift and Drag Coefficients as Dimensionless Flow-Field Parameters......Page 133
3.15.2 Lift and Drag......Page 138
3.16 Source Density Distribution on the Body Surface......Page 140
3.17 Incompressible, Axisymmetric Flow......Page 145
3.17.1 Flow around a Sphere......Page 146
3.18 Summary......Page 148
4. Viscous Boundary Layers......Page 163
4.1 Equations Governing the Boundary Layer for a Steady, Two-Dimensional, Incompressible Flow......Page 164
4.2 Boundary Conditions......Page 167
4.3 Incompressible, Laminar Boundary Layer......Page 168
4.3.1 Numerical Solutions for the Falkner-Skan Problem......Page 171
4.4 Boundary-Layer Transition......Page 185
4.5 Incompressible, Turbulent Boundary Layer......Page 188
4.5.1 Derivation of the Momentum Equation for Turbulent Boundary Layer......Page 189
4.5.2 Approaches to Turbulence Modeling......Page 192
4.5.3 Turbulent Boundary Layer for a Flat Plate......Page 193
4.6 Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length Concepts......Page 196
4.7 Integral Equations for a Flat-Plate Boundary Layer......Page 198
4.7.1 Application of the Integral Equations of Motion to a Turbulent, Flat-Plate Boundary Layer......Page 201
4.7.2 Integral Solutions for a Turbulent Boundary Layer with a Pressure Gradient......Page 207
4.8 Thermal Boundary Layer for Constant-Property Flows......Page 208
4.8.1 Reynolds Analogy......Page 210
4.8.2 Thermal Boundary Layer for Pr <>1......Page 211
4.9 Summary......Page 215
5.1.1 General Comments......Page 220
5.1.2 Parameters That Govern Aerodynamic Forces......Page 223
5.2.1 Airfoil-Section Nomenclature......Page 224
5.2.3 Mean Camber Line......Page 225
5.2.4 Maximum Thickness and Thickness Distribution......Page 226
5.3 Wing-Geometry Parameters......Page 227
5.4.1 Lift Coefficient......Page 234
5.4.2 Moment Coefficient......Page 239
5.4.3 Drag Coefficient......Page 241
5.4.4 Boundary-Layer Transition......Page 245
5.4.5 Effect of Surface Roughness on the Aerodynamic Forces......Page 248
5.4.6 Method for Predicting Aircraft Parasite Drag......Page 251
5.5 Wings of Finite Span......Page 261
5.5.1 Lift......Page 262
5.5.2 Drag......Page 265
5.5.3 Lift/Drag Ratio......Page 269
6.1 General Comments......Page 280
6.2 Circulation and the Generation of Lift......Page 281
6.2.1 Starting Vortex......Page 282
6.3 General Thin-Airfoil Theory......Page 283
6.4 Thin, Flat-Plate Airfoil (Symmetric Airfoil)......Page 286
6.5 Thin, Cambered Airfoil......Page 290
6.5.1 Vorticity Distribution......Page 291
6.5.2 Aerodynamic Coefficients for a Cambered Airfoil......Page 292
6.6 Laminar-Flow Airfoils......Page 299
6.7 High-Lift Airfoil Sections......Page 304
6.8 Multielement Airfoil Sections for Generating High Lift......Page 309
6.9 High-Lift Military Airfoils......Page 317
7.1 General Comments......Page 324
7.2 Vortex System......Page 327
7.3 Lifting-Line Theory for Unswept Wings......Page 328
7.3.1 Trailing Vortices and Downwash......Page 331
7.3.2 Case of Elliptic Spanwise Circulation Distribution......Page 333
7.3.3 Technique for General Spanwise Circulation Distribution......Page 338
7.3.5 Vortex-Induced Drag......Page 344
7.3.6 Some Final Comments on Lifting-Line Theory......Page 351
7.4 Panel Methods......Page 354
7.4.1 Boundary Conditions......Page 355
7.4.2 Methods......Page 356
7.5 Vortex Lattice Method......Page 357
7.5.1 Velocity Induced by a General Horseshoe Vortex......Page 361
7.5.2 Application of the Boundary Conditions......Page 365
7.5.3 Relations for a Planar Wing......Page 367
7.6 Factors Affecting Drag Due-to-Lift at Subsonic Speeds......Page 379
7.7 Delta Wings......Page 382
7.8 Leading-Edge Extensions......Page 392
7.9 Asymmetric Loads on the Fuselage at High Angles of Attack......Page 396
7.9.1 Asymmetric Vortex Shedding......Page 397
7.10 Flow Fields For Aircraft at High Angles of Attack......Page 399
7.11 Unmanned Air Vehicle Wings......Page 401
7.12 Summary......Page 403
8. Dynamics of a Compressible Flow Field......Page 409
8.1.1 Specific Heats......Page 410
8.1.2 Additional Relations......Page 412
8.1.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Reversibility......Page 413
8.1.4 Speed of Sound......Page 415
8.2 Adiabatic Flow in a Variable-Area Streamtube......Page 417
8.3 Isentropic Flow in a Variable-Area Streamtube......Page 422
8.4 Characteristic Equations and Prandtl-Meyer Flows......Page 427
8.5 Shock Waves......Page 435
8.6 Viscous Boundary Layer......Page 445
8.6.1 Effects of Compressibility......Page 447
8.7.1 Ground-Based Tests......Page 451
8.7.2 Flight Tests......Page 455
8.9 Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions......Page 460
9. Compressible, Subsonic Flows and Transonic Flows......Page 472
9.1.1 Linearized Theory for Compressible Subsonic Flow About a Thin Wing at Relatively Small Angles of Attack......Page 473
9.2 Transonic Flow Past Unswept Airfoils......Page 478
9.3.2 Supercritical Airfoil Sections......Page 487
9.4 Swept Wings at Transonic Speeds......Page 489
9.4.1 Wing-Body Interactions and the "Area Rule"......Page 491
9.4.2 Second-Order Area-Rule Considerations......Page 499
9.4.3 Forward Swept Wing......Page 502
9.5 Transonic Aircraft......Page 505
9.6 Summary......Page 508
10. Two-Dimensional, Supersonic Flows Around Thin Airfoils......Page 512
10.1 Linear Theory......Page 513
10.1.1 Lift......Page 514
10.1.2 Drag......Page 517
10.1.3 Pitching Moment......Page 518
10.2 Second-Order Theory (Busemann's Theory)......Page 521
10.3 Shock-Expansion Technique......Page 524
11. Supersonic Flows Over Wings and Airplane Configurations......Page 533
11.1 General Remarks About Lift and Drag......Page 535
11.2 General Remarks About Supersonic Wings......Page 536
11.3 Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions......Page 538
11.5 Solution Methods......Page 540
11.6 Conical-Flow Method......Page 541
11.6.1 Rectangular Wings......Page 542
11.6.2 Swept Wings......Page 547
11.6.3 Delta and Arrow Wings......Page 551
11.7 Singularity-Distribution Method......Page 553
11.7.1 Find the Pressure Distribution Given the Configuration......Page 555
11.7.2 Numerical Method for Calculating the Pressure Distribution Given the Configuration......Page 564
11.7.3 Numerical Method for the Determination of Camber Distribution......Page 577
11.8 Design Considerations for Supersonic Aircraft......Page 580
11.9.1 The Supersonic Transport (SST), the Concorde......Page 584
11.9.3 Reducing the Sonic Boom......Page 585
11.9.4 Classifying High-Speed Aircraft Designs......Page 587
11.10 Slender Body Theory......Page 589
11.11 Aerodynamic Interaction......Page 592
11.12 Aerodynamic Analysis for Complete Configurations in a Supersonic Stream......Page 595
12. Hypersonic Flows......Page 601
12.1 Newtonian Flow Model......Page 602
12.2 Stagnation Region Flow-Field Properties......Page 605
12.3 Modified Newtonian Flow......Page 610
12.4 High L/D Hypersonic Configurations - Waveriders......Page 626
12.5 Aerodynamic Heating......Page 633
12.5.1 Similarity Solutions for Heat Transfer......Page 637
12.6 A Hypersonic Cruiser for the Twenty-First Century ?......Page 639
12.7 Importance of Interrelating CFD, Ground-Test Data, and Flight-Test Data......Page 643
12.8 Boundary-Layer Transition Methodology......Page 645
13.1 High-Lift Configurations......Page 654
13.1.1 Increasing the Area......Page 655
13.1.2 Increasing the Lift Coefficient......Page 656
13.1.3 Flap Systems......Page 657
13.1.4 Multielement Airfoils......Page 661
13.1.5 Power-Augmented Lift......Page 664
13.2 Circulation Control Wing......Page 668
13.3 Design Considerations For Tactical Military Aircraft......Page 669
13.4.1 Variable-Twist, Variable-Camber Wings......Page 674
13.4.2 Laminar-Flow Control......Page 675
13.4.3 Wingtip Devices......Page 678
13.4.4 Wing Planform......Page 681
13.5.1 The EA-6B......Page 683
13.5.2 The Evolution of the F-16......Page 686
13.5.3 External Carriage of Stores......Page 694
13.6 Considerations for Wing/Canard, Wing/Tail, and Tailless Configurations......Page 699
13.7 Comments on the F-15 Design......Page 704
13.8 The Design of the F-22......Page 705
13.9 The Design of the F-35......Page 708
14. Tools for Defining the Aerodynamic Environment......Page 716
14.1.1 Semiempirical Methods......Page 718
14.1.2 Surface Panel Methods for Inviscid Flows......Page 719
14.1.4 Two-Layer Flow Models......Page 720
14.1.5 Computational Techniques that Treat the Entire Flow Field in a Unified Fashion......Page 721
14.1.6 Integrating the Diverse CFD Tools......Page 722
14.2 Establishing the Credibility of CFD Simulations......Page 723
14.3 Ground-Based Test Programs......Page 725
14.4 Flight-Test Programs......Page 728
14.5 Integration of Experimental and Computational Tools: The Aerodynamic Design Philosophy......Page 729
Appendix A: The Equations of Motion Written in Conservation Form......Page 733
Appendix B: A Collection of Often Used Tables......Page 739
INDEX......Page 747