Advances in Urbanism, Smart Cities, and Sustainability

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Foreword
Contributors
Section I: Urban Conservation, Land Transformation, and Regeneration
1. Crowdfunding and Place-Making Efforts in New Orleans
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Background Context
		1.2.1 Crowdfunding
		1.2.2 Placemaking
		1.2.3 The Role of Resilience in the Placemaking of New Orleans
	1.3 Research Design
		1.3.1 Study Area
		1.3.2 Data
		1.3.3 Methodology
	1.4 Analysis
		1.4.1 Tabular Overview of Projects and the Global Outreach of Backers
		1.4.2 Role of Place and Space
		1.4.3 Grantfunding
	1.5 Discussion and Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	Note
	References
2. Exploring the Spatial Pattern of Urban Heat Island Formation in Relation to Land Transformation: A Study on the Paschim Barddhaman District of West Bengal
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Study Area
	2.3 Database and Methodology
		2.3.1 Database
		2.3.2 Image Processing and Classification
		2.3.3 Calculation of Land Surface Temperature (LST)
			2.3.3.1 Step I Calculation of Radiation Luminance Form Digital Number
			2.3.3.2 Step II Estimation of At-Satellite Brightness Temperature (TB) from Luminance of Radiance (Lλ)
		2.3.4 Derivation of Spectral Indices
		2.3.5 Profile and Correlation Analysis
	2.4 Results and Discussion
		2.4.1 Extent of Land Transformation
		2.4.2 Changing Pattern of the LST in Winter and Summer
		2.4.3 Regional Pattern
		2.4.4 Relations between LULC Change and LST Pattern
		2.4.5 Index: NDVI, NDBI, and NDBaI
		2.4.6 Correlation
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3. Mechanisms for Brownfield Redevelopment: A Case of Indore City
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Background Study
		3.2.1 Brownfield Redevelopment in India
		3.2.2 Land Redevelopment Process in Madhya Pradesh
	3.3 Methodology for Redeveloping Brownfield Sites
		3.3.1 Case Study References
			3.3.1.1 Reference Case 1: Girangaon Mill Land Redevelopment, Mumbai
			3.3.1.2 Reference Case 2: Bhendi Bazaar Redevelopment, Mumbai
	3.4 Selection of Brownfield Sites for Redevelopment
	3.5 Data Collection
	3.6 Assessing Redevelopment Potential of Identified Brownfield Sites in Indore
		3.6.1 Financial Feasibility Analysis
		3.6.2 Community Benefit Analysis
		3.6.3 Local Context
			3.6.3.1 Land Reuse Preferences
			3.6.3.2 Employment in Inner-City Areas
			3.6.3.3 Urban Image
			3.6.3.4 Local Policy Incentives
		3.6.4 Analyzing Spatial Variables
		3.6.5 Analyzing Non-spatial Variables
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4. Religious Tourism in the Age of Commodification and Reconstruction of Heritagescapes: A Neighborhood-Based Study along the Stretch of River Hooghly, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
	4.1 Religious Landscape
	4.2 Religious Tourism and Economy
	4.3 Research Design and Methodology
		4.3.1 Framework
		4.3.2 Site Selection and Data Collection
		4.3.3 Measurement
	4.4 Riverfront Ghats Practicing Heritage
	4.5 Heritagescapes - Tale of Common History, Practices, and Culture
	4.6 Dakshineswar Temple in Quest for Marketplace
	4.7 Spatial Morphology Influenced by Sacred Economy
	4.8 Religious Tourists at the Dakhineswar Temple
	4.9 Forces of Market Economy Creating Dissimilarities among Similars
	4.10 Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Section II: Urban Health, Space, Governance, and Policy Implications
5. Mapping of Urban Heat Islands and Mitigation Measures in the Durgapur-Asansol Industrial Region, India
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Materials and Methods
		5.2.1 Study Area
		5.2.2 Data
		5.2.3 Methods
			5.2.3.1 Estimation of LST
			5.2.3.2 Conversion to TOA Radiance
			5.2.3.3 Conversion to Spectral Radiance to At-Satellite Brightness Temperatures
			5.2.3.4 Estimation of NDVI and Proportion of Vegetation (PV)
			5.2.3.5 Emissivity
			5.2.3.6 Land Surface Temperature
			5.2.3.7 Calculation of Normalize Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)
			5.2.3.8 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Classification
			5.2.3.9 Relationship among Different Indices (LST, NDBI, and NDVI)
	5.3 Results and Discussion
		5.3.1 Seasonal Variation of LST: Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon
		5.3.2 Surface Temperature Zones and Heat Island Identification
		5.3.3 Relationship of LST with NDBI and NDVI
		5.3.4 Land Use/Cover Pattern and Temperature Variation
		5.3.5 Mitigation Measures
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6. Approaches to Season-Responsive Urban Spaces for Children: Lessons and Challenges in Winter Cities
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Literature Review: Shared Principles of Child-Friendly Cities and Winter Cities
	6.3 Methodology
	6.4 Findings: Child-Friendly Urban Winter Initiatives
		6.4.1 Paradigm Shift
		6.4.2 Mobility
		6.4.3 Nature
		6.4.4 Participation
	6.5 Key Areas for Further Research
	6.6 Conclusion: Toward Child-Friendly Winter Cities
	References
7. Urbanization in the Fiji Islands during the 21st Century: A Tourism Perspective
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Objectives of the Study
	7.3 Method and Material
	7.4 Urbanization: Impediment or Fortune?
	7.5 Fiji's Tourism Industry: Challenges and Resilience
	7.6 Urbanization and Tourism: Development Dilemma
	7.8 Potholes of "City" or "Smart City": Nadi Town
	7.9 Conclusion
	7.10 Recommendations
	References
8. The Maturity of Social Innovations for the Adaptation of Cities to Climate Change-The Case of Poland
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials and Methods
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Social Innovations for the Adaptation of Polish Cities to Climate Change
		8.3.2 Assessment of the Maturity of the SI Process for Adaptation to Climate Change
		8.3.3 Directions for Improving the Maturity of the SI Process for the Climate Adaptation of Polish Cities
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9. Role of Urban Green Space Fostering Environmentally Modified Attitude and Behaviour: Reflection from a Highly Expanding Medium-Sized Town in India
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Study Area
		9.2.1 Selection of Neighbourhood
	9.3 Materials and Methods
		9.3.1 Development of Indicators
		9.3.2 The Present Research and Proposed Hypothesis
		9.3.3 Hypothesized Model for Enquiry
		9.3.4 Data Collection
		9.3.5 Socio-demographic Overview of Respondents
	9.4 Results and Discussion
		9.4.1 Structural Equation Model
		9.4.2 Descriptive Statistics of Input Variables
		9.4.3 Differentiating Nature Connectedness of Study Sites through MANOVA
		9.4.4 Differences in Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour among Urbanites in Different Study Sites
	9.5 Limitation and Future Scope of the Study
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Section III: Urbanism and Smart Cities—An Advanced Analysis
10. Urban Spaces and Smart City Development: Issues and Future Challenges
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Concept of a Smart City
		10.2.1 Smart Buildings
		10.2.2 Intelligent Transportation
		10.2.3 Energy
		10.2.4 Smart Health Care
		10.2.5 e-Governance
		10.2.6 Smart Education
	10.3 What Is Urban Space?
		10.3.1 Need for an Urban Public Space?
		10.3.2 Importance of Urban Public Spaces
	10.4 Sustainable Development and Urban Spaces
		10.4.1 Environmental Issues
		10.4.2 Population
		10.4.3 Uniform Development
	10.5 Communication Technologies (Cloud and Service Architecture)
	10.6 Sustainable Urban Spaces and Governance
		10.6.1 Sustainable Urban Development
		10.6.2 Urban Spaces and Information Communication Technologies
	10.7 Sustainable Urban Spaces: The Future
		10.7.1 Big Data and Issues
		10.7.2 Governance and Funding
		10.7.3 Street Fatalities
		10.7.4 Overreliance on Technology
		10.7.5 The Challenge of People/Skill Sets
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11. Urban Soundscape and Noise Pollution: An Introduction
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Urbanscape
	11.3 Soundscape
		11.3.1 Soundscape Components
		11.3.2 Soundscape Structure
		11.3.3 Soundscape Balance
		11.3.4 Types of Soundscapes
		11.3.5 Polluted Soundscape
	11.4 Noise Pollution
		11.4.1 Effect of Noise Pollution on Health
		11.4.2 Effect of Noise Pollution on Biodiversity
		11.4.3 Fight against Noise Pollution
	11.5 Tools and Methods for Studying and Analyzing Sound Environments
		11.5.1 Noise Measurement
		11.5.2 Questionnaires
		11.5.3 Sound Recording
		11.5.4 Noise Maps
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12. Transportation Sustainability Assessment using an Indicator-Based Method: A Case of Kochi, Kerala, India
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Literature Review
		12.2.1 Methods for Sustainability Assessment
		12.2.2 Selection of Indicators
		12.2.3 Tools and Techniques for Index Creation
	12.3 Materials and Methods
		12.3.1 Study Area
		12.3.2 Data Collection
		12.3.3 Methodology
	12.4 Analysis and Results
		12.4.1 Normalization and Benchmarking
		12.4.2 Weighing and Aggregation
		12.4.3 Transport Sustainability Index
		12.4.4 Comparison with Other Indian Cities
		12.4.5 Categorising Indicators
	12.5 Discussion
		12.5.1 Recommendations
		12.5.2 Scope for Further Research
	12.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Notes
	References
13. The Relation between Urban Physical Indicators and Solar Irradiation Availability on Building Envelopes: Using Tehran as a Case Study
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Literature Review
	13.3 Conceptual Model
	13.4 Data and Methods
	13.5 Morphological Analysis
	13.6 Solar Availability Analysis
	13.7 Results and Discussion
	13.8 Conclusion
	13.9 Limitations and Further Research
	References
14. Urban Water Quality Index of the Commercial Capital City of Bangladesh
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Profile of the Commercial Capital City of Bangladesh
	14.3 Data and Methods
	14.4 Results
	14.5 Discussion
	14.6 Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Section IV: Urban Sprawl, Resource Consumption, Management, and Smart Cities
15. Urban Sprawl, Blight, and the COVID-19 Pandemic
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 What Drives Urban Sprawl?
	15.3 Characteristics of Urban Sprawl
	15.4 Consequences of Urban Sprawl
		15.4.1 Health Impacts
		15.4.2 Natural Habitats
		15.4.3 Higher Costs
		15.4.4 Energy and Materials Consumption, Air Pollution
		15.4.5 Water Pollution and Floods
		15.4.6 Socio-Economic Impacts
		15.4.7 Impact of Sprawl in Other Countries
		15.4.8 Positive Effects
	15.5 The Nexus of Blight and Sprawl
		15.5.1 Definitions of Blight
		15.5.2 Causation: Which Comes First, Sprawl or Blight?
		15.5.3 Consequences of Blight
		15.5.4 Methodology of the Blight and Sprawl Connection
		15.5.5 Data on Spawl-Related Urban Blight
		15.5.6 Sprawl and Blight Policy Implications
	15.6 Difference between Urban Growth and Urban Sprawl
	15.7 Ways to Halt Sprawl
	15.8 How COVID-19 Impacts Cities
		15.8.1 Smart Growth, Implementation of Smart Technologies, and COVID-19
		15.8.2 Emerging Infections and Cities
		15.8.3 Sprawl, Blight, and COVID-19
	15.9 Conclusion
	References
16. Improving Food Security in African Cities towards Smartness: A Bibliometric Analysis
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Methodology
		16.2.1 Database Selection
		16.2.2 Search Strategy
		16.2.3 Refining Retrieved Results of the Search
		16.2.4 Data Export and Analysis
	16.3 Results and Discussion
		16.3.1 Features of Publications
		16.3.2 Growth in Publications and Citations
		16.3.3 Subject and Category Analysis
		16.3.4 Keyword Analysis
		16.3.5 Geographical Distribution of Publications, Active Countries, and Institutions
		16.3.6 Active Journals
		16.3.7 Author Analysis
	16.4 Suggested Measures to Improve Food Security in African Cities
	16.5 Future Perspectives
	16.6 Conclusions
	References
17. Analysis of Urban Sprawl and Blight Using Shannon Entropy Index: A Case Study of Memphis, Tennessee
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Where Urban Sprawl Can Be Found
	17.3 How to Measure Urban Sprawl
	17.4 The Urban and Suburban Neighborhood Spatial Structure and Sprawl Measurement: A Case Study of Memphis, Tennessee
		17.4.1 Introduction
		17.4.2 Hypothesis to Test
		17.4.3 Study Objectives
		17.4.4 Study Area
		17.4.5 Study Rationale
		17.4.6 Materials and Methods
		17.4.7 Theory and Calculations
			17.4.7.1 Mapping the Morphology of Urban Sprawl with Shannon Entropy
			17.4.7.2 Block Group Land Cover and Land Use Transitions
			17.4.7.3 Correlation of Sprawl and Blight
		17.4.8 Discussion
		17.4.9 Limitations of the Study and Scope for Further Research
	References
18. A Geospatial Analysis on Effects of Wetland Changes in the Coastal Urban Area in Ampara District
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 The Methology Applied
	18.2 Existing Wetlands in the Study Area
	18.3 Changes in Wetlands During Fifteen Years (From 2005 to 2019)
	18.4 Spatial Changes of Wetlands in the Ampara Coastal Area from 2005 to 2019
	18.5 Conclusion
	18.6 Recommendation
	References
19. Geospatial Analysis of Solid Waste Management in Badulla Municipality—Uva Province, Sri Lanka
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Research Problem
	19.2 Literature Review
		19.2.1 Solid Waste Issues in the Urban Sector
		19.2.2 Use of Geospatial Technology for Site Selection
	19.3 Methodology
		19.3.1 Study Area
		19.3.2 Data Source and Types
	19.4 Data Analysis
		19.4.1 Create the Geospatial Database
		19.4.2 Develop the Model Using the Multi-Criteria Analysis Approach to Identify Relevant Criteria
		19.4.3 Identify the Suitable Site for Waste Disposal under the Selected Criteria
	19.5 Results and Discussion
		19.5.1 Geospatial Analysis as a Solution for Solid Waste Issues in the Badulla Municipality
		19.5.2 Hydrological Network Map
		19.5.3 Land Use Pattern
		19.5.4 Built-Up Areas
		19.5.5 Road Networks
		19.5.6 Population Density
		19.5.7 Hazards
		19.5.8 Assigning Weights
	19.6 Conclusion
	19.7 Recommendations
	References
Section V: Urban Smart Building, Modern and Geospatial Technology, and Smart Cities
20. Building a Sustainable Green Space System in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, Using Space Inputs
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Study Area
	20.3 Research Objective
	20.4 Green space status inside Bhubaneswar Development Area (BDA) Area
	20.5 Database and Methodology
		20.5.1 Scoring/Ranking of Criteria
		20.5.2 Derivation of Weights by Statistic Integration
	20.6 Suitability Scenario
	20.7 Findings
	20.8 Conclusion
	References
21. Identification of Landslide Hazard Zones of Gangtok Urban Area in Sikkim Himalayas with the Help of the Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method Using Geospatial Techniques
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Study Area
		21.2.1 Geomorphological Characteristics
		21.2.2 Geological Characteristics
		21.2.3 Seismological Characteristics
	21.3 Data Used and Methodology
		21.3.1 Data Collection and Processing
		21.3.2 Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method
	21.4 Results and Discussion
		21.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Various Preparatory Factors
			21.4.1.1 Slope Angle
			21.4.1.2 Slope Aspect
			21.4.1.3 Geological Structures
			21.4.1.4 Relative Relief
			21.4.1.5 Distance to River
			21.4.1.6 Distance to Road
			21.4.1.7 Distance to Thrust and Fault
			21.4.1.8 Land Use
		21.4.2 Preparation and Evaluation of LHZ Map
		21.4.3 Validation of Landslide Hazard Zones
	21.5 Conclusion
	References
22. Designing Sustainable Urban Blocks: An Effort to Optimizing 3D Form and Achieving Maximum Amount of Solar Radiation
	22.1 Urban Block: From Theoretical Approaches to Practical Concepts
		22.1.1 Urban Block: The Challenge
		22.1.2 Urban Block: Definitions and History
		22.1.3 Sustainable Urban Block
	22.2 Introduction to Solar Energy: A Friendly Renewable Energy
		22.2.1 Solar Radiation: Modeling and Simulation
	22.3 A Review of Optimization Algorithm
	22.4 Methodology: Optimization Problems
		22.4.1 Genetic Algorithms: Simulated Annealing
		22.4.2 Simulation and Analysis Solar Radiation in Urban Block
	22.5 Case Study: Model Development of Urban Block
	22.6 Result and Discussion: Optimization Algorithms between Urban Block and Solar Radiation
	22.7 Conclusion
	References
23. Rethinking Disaster-Resilient Cities: A Close Integration of Planning with Geospatial Technology
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Disaster and Cities
		23.2.1 Impact of Disaster
		23.2.2 Disaster-Resilient Cities
	23.3 Geospatial Technologies and Disaster Management
		23.3.1 Geospatial Technology
		23.3.2 Remote Sensing in Disaster Management
		23.3.3 GIS and Disaster Management
		23.3.4 Land Use and Hazard Vulnerability Assessments
	23.4 Application of Geospatial Tools in Disaster Risk Reduction
		23.4.1 Floods and Coastal Systems
		23.4.2 Earthquakes
		23.4.3 Landslides
		23.4.4 Cyclones
		23.4.5 Forest Fire
		23.4.6 Epidemic/Pandemic
	23.5 Challenges with Geospatial Technologies in Disaster Management
	23.6 Conclusion
	References
24. Analysis of Multi-Environmental/Geo-Hazards Challenges for the City Coimbatore, South India
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Materials and Methods
		24.2.1 Study Area
		24.2.2 Land Use Land Cover Analysis
		24.2.3 Seismic Hazard Zonation of Coimbatore
		24.2.4 Standardized Precipitation Index
	24.3 Results and Discussion
		24.3.1 Status of Land Use Land Cover
		24.3.2 Earthquake Zonation of Coimbatore
		24.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index
	24.4 Conclusion and Way Forward
	Acknowledgement
	References
25. Monitoring of Urban Climate Using Geospatial Techniques
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Urban Heat Island Studies Using Remote Sensing
		25.2.1 Surface Urban Heat Island Studies in Gangetic Plains
	25.3 Urbanisation and Satellite-Based Aerosol Studies
		25.3.1 Satellite-Based Aerosol Studies in the Gangetic Plains
	25.4 The Seasonal Trends of SUHIs and Satellite-Derived AOD over the Gangetic Plains
		25.4.1 Study Area, Data, and Methods
			25.4.1.1 Study Area
			25.4.1.2 Data Sources
			25.4.1.3 Methods
		25.4.2 Results and Discussions
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
Index