Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems: Methods and Applications

Title-page_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Systems
	Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Copyright_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Systems
	Copyright
Contents_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Systems
	Contents
List-of-Contributors_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Systems
	List of Contributors
1---Introduction-to-thermal-energy-stor_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Stor
	1 Introduction to thermal energy storage systems
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Basic thermodynamics of energy storage
			1.2.1 Sensible heat storage
			1.2.2 Latent heat storage
			1.2.3 Thermochemical energy storage
			1.2.4 Comparison of thermal energy storage types
		1.3 Overview of system types
			1.3.1 Sensible storage
				1.3.1.1 Underground thermal energy storage
				1.3.1.2 Water storage
				1.3.1.3 Molten salts
			1.3.2 Latent heat storage with phase change materials
			1.3.3 Thermochemical storage
				1.3.3.1 Heating
				1.3.3.2 Cooling
				1.3.3.3 Seasonal storage
				1.3.3.4 Thermochemical energy storage for concentrating solar power
		1.4 Environmental impact and energy savings produced
			1.4.1 Refrigeration applications
			1.4.2 Solar power plants
			1.4.3 Mobile heat storage for industrial waste heat recovery
			1.4.4 Buildings
			1.4.5 Aquifer thermal energy storage in a supermarket
		1.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
			Acknowledgments 1st edition
			Acknowledgments 2nd edition
		References
2---Advances-in-thermal-energy-storage-system_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energ
	2 Advances in thermal energy storage systems: methods and applications
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Principles of sensible heat storage systems involving water
			2.1.2 Advances in the use of water for heat storage
				2.1.2.1 Hot water stores for solar domestic hot water systems
				2.1.2.2 Hot water stores for solar heating systems for space heating and domestic hot water supply
			2.1.3 Future trends
			2.1.4 Sources of further information and advice
		References
3---Advances-in-molten-salt-storage-systems-using-_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-
	3 Advances in molten salt storage systems using other liquid sensible storage media for heat storage
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Principles of heat storage systems using molten salts and other liquid sensible storage media
			3.2.1 Thermal storage media used for large scale
			3.2.2 Direct heating with molten salt
			3.2.3 Two-tank indirect storage system
		3.3 Advances in molten salt storage
			3.3.1 Low melting–point formulations
			3.3.2 Heat capacity improvements
			3.3.3 Progress in thermal stability enhancement
		3.4 Advanced concepts for other liquid-media based systems
			3.4.1 Liquid metals and alloys
				3.4.1.1 Alkali metals
				3.4.1.2 Heavy metals
				3.4.1.3 Fusible metals
			3.4.2 Ionic liquids
		3.5 Molten salts for advanced solar thermal energy power
			3.5.1 Carbonate molten salts
			3.5.2 Chloride molten salts
		3.6 Additional future trends
		References
		Sources of further information and advice
4---Using-concrete-and-other-solid-storage-medi_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Ene
	4 Using concrete and other solid storage media in thermal energy storage systems
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Principles of heat storage in solid media
			4.2.1 Materials
			4.2.2 Storage configurations
		4.3 State-of-the-art regenerator-type storage
		4.4 Advances in the use of solid storage media for heat storage
			4.4.1 Concrete storage
				4.4.1.1 Concrete storage design
			4.4.2 Regenerator storage
				4.4.2.1 Applications
				4.4.2.2 Design aspects
			4.4.3 The CellFlux concept
			4.4.4 Particulate storage
		References
5---The-use-of-aquifers-as-thermal-energy_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-St
	5 The use of aquifers as thermal energy storage systems
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Background
			5.1.2 Current status
		5.2 Thermal sources
			5.2.1 Cold sources
			5.2.2 Hot or warm sources
		5.3 Aquifer thermal energy storage
			5.3.1 Thermal loads
			5.3.2 Delivery system
			5.3.3 Aquifer thermal energy storage store
			5.3.4 Optimum systems
		5.4 Thermal and geophysical aspects
			5.4.1 Modeling and calculating thermal effects in aquifer thermal energy storage systems
			5.4.2 Geochemical aspects
		5.5 Aquifer thermal energy storage design
			5.5.1 Well design
			5.5.2 Well field layout
				5.5.2.1 Clustering strategies
				5.5.2.2 Distance between warm and cold well
				5.5.2.3 Angle with respect to regional flow
		5.6 Aquifer thermal energy storage cooling only case study: Richard Stockton College of New Jersey (currently Stockton Univ...
			5.6.1 Aquifer storage system
			5.6.2 Cost-effectiveness
				5.6.2.1 Fuel costs
				5.6.2.2 Maintenance
				5.6.2.3 Replacement
				5.6.2.4 Avoided costs
				5.6.2.5 Installation costs
				5.6.2.6 Financial analysis
		5.7 Aquifer thermal energy storage district heating and cooling with heat pumps case study: Eindhoven University of Technology
			5.7.1 Project description
			5.7.2 Environmental impacts
			5.7.3 Evolution of the project
		5.8 Aquifer thermal energy storage heating and cooling with deicing case study: aquifer thermal energy storage plant at Sto...
			5.8.1 Aquifer thermal energy storage plant
			5.8.2 Cost-effectiveness
		5.9 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
		Further reading
6---The-use-of-borehole-thermal-energy-s_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Sto
	6 The use of borehole thermal energy storage systems
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Historical development
			6.1.2 Specifics of borehole thermal energy storage
			6.1.3 Principles of borehole thermal energy storage
			6.1.4 Underground thermal conditions
			6.1.5 Applications of borehole thermal energy storage
			6.1.6 Environmental aspects of borehole thermal energy storage
		6.2 System integration of borehole thermal energy storage
			6.2.1 Energy balance (ordered annual performance curve)
			6.2.2 Temperature levels
			6.2.3 Borehole thermal energy storage for heating, cooling, and combined heating and cooling
		6.3 Investigation and design of borehole thermal energy storage construction sites
			6.3.1 Site investigation: thermal response test
			6.3.2 Geometry: the arrangement of compact hexagonal or quadratic borehole heat exchangers, distance and depth of borehole ...
			6.3.3 Design procedure, geological and hydrogeological survey, system simulation, and numerical simulation
		6.4 Construction of borehole heat exchangers and borehole thermal energy storage
			6.4.1 Construction of single-U, double-U, and coaxial borehole heat exchangers
			6.4.2 Drilling
			6.4.3 Materials for borehole heat exchangers
			6.4.4 Installation and grouting
			6.4.5 Heat transfer fluid (water or water/antifreeze mixture)
			6.4.6 Layout of the hydraulic circuit
		6.5 Examples of borehole thermal energy storage
			6.5.1 Solar district heating in Neckarsulm, Germany
			6.5.2 Solar district heating at Okotoks, Canada
			6.5.3 Solar district heating with hybrid storage in Attenkirchen, Germany
		6.6 Conclusion and future trends
		References
7---Analysis--modeling--and-simulation-of-under_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Ene
	7 Analysis, modeling, and simulation of underground thermal energy storage systems
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Aquifer thermal energy storage system
			7.2.1 Scope
			7.2.2 Basic equations and modeling approach
		7.3 Borehole thermal energy storage system
			7.3.1 Conceptualization of borehole heat exchanger
			7.3.2 Implementation of borehole heat exchangers
				7.3.2.1 Analytical borehole heat exchanger solution
				7.3.2.2 Numerical borehole heat exchanger solution
		7.4 FEFLOW as a tool for simulating underground thermal energy storage
		7.5 Applications
			7.5.1 Model verification
				7.5.1.1 Verification against moving line source theory
				7.5.1.2 Verification against Neckarsulm experimental borehole thermal energy storage
			7.5.2 Groundwater influence
				7.5.2.1 Modeling
				7.5.2.2 Simulation
				7.5.2.3 Impact on the temperature distribution of the underground
				7.5.2.4 Impact on the storage efficiency
		References
8---Using-ice-and-snow-in-thermal-energy_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Sto
	8 Using ice and snow in thermal energy storage systems
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Snow and ice properties
		8.2 Principles of thermal energy storage systems using snow and ice
			8.2.1 Snow storage in thermally insulated buildings
			8.2.2 Snow storage in thermally insulated pits
			8.2.3 Underground snow storage
		8.3 Design and implementation of thermal energy storage using snow
		8.4 Full-scale applications
			8.4.1 The Sundsvall snow storage plant
			8.4.2 The Sapporo Airport snow storage plant
		8.5 Future trends
		References
9---Solid-liquid-phase-change-materials-for_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-
	9 Solid-liquid phase change materials for thermal energy storage
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Principles of solid-liquid phase change materials
			9.2.1 Classification of phase change materials
			9.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of organic and inorganic phase change materials
			9.2.3 Shortcomings of phase change materials
				9.2.3.1 Extended heat exchanger surface and addition of highly conductive materials (static method)
				9.2.3.2 Dynamic phase change material system
		9.3 Methods to determine physical and technical properties of phase change materials
			9.3.1 Latent heat capacity measurement
			9.3.2 Thermal conductivity measurement
			9.3.3 Viscosity measurement
			9.3.4 Density and thermal expansion measurement
			9.3.5 Thermophysical properties of building materials incorporating phase change materials
		9.4 Comparison of physical and technical properties of key phase change materials
		9.5 Future trends
		References
10---Microencapsulation-of-phase-change-materia_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Ene
	10 Microencapsulation of phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Morphology of the capsules
		10.2 Microencapsulation of organic phase change materials
			10.2.1 Microencapsulation of phase change materials with polymer shell
				10.2.1.1 Interfacial polymerization
				10.2.1.2 In situ polymerization
				10.2.1.3 Suspension polymerization
				10.2.1.4 Coacervation-phase separation method
				10.2.1.5 Spray drying and other methods of phase change material microencapsulation
				10.2.1.6 Microencapsulation of phase change materials with other methods
			10.2.2 Microencapsulation of phase change materials with inorganic shell
				10.2.2.1 Sol–gel method
				10.2.2.2 Self-assembly method
			10.2.3 Microencapsulation of phase change materials with organic–inorganic hybrid shell
		10.3 Microencapsulation of inorganic salt hydrate phase change materials
		10.4 Shape-stabilized phase change materials
			10.4.1 Polymer-based shape-stabilized phase change materials
			10.4.2 Electrospun form-stable phase change materials
			10.4.3 Expanded material-based intercalation composite phase change material
				10.4.3.1 Graphite and activated carbon-based intercalation composite phase change material
				10.4.3.2 Clay-based intercalation composite phase change material
		10.5 Conclusions and perspectives
		References
11---Design-of-latent-heat-energy-storage-syst_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Ener
	11 Design of latent heat energy storage systems using phase change materials
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Phase change material requirements and considerations
			11.2.1 Temperature and enthalpy
			11.2.2 Compatibility and stability
			11.2.3 Thermal conductivity
		11.3 Heat exchange systems
			11.3.1 Storage with heat transfer on internal heat transfer surfaces
				11.3.1.1 Heat exchanger type
				11.3.1.2 Direct contact type
				11.3.1.3 Module type
			11.3.2 Storage with heat transfer by exchanging the heat storage medium
		11.4 Design methodologies
			11.4.1 Comparison metrics
			11.4.2 Effectiveness
			11.4.3 UA value
			11.4.4 Log mean temperature difference
			11.4.5 Numerical approaches
			11.4.6 Conduction transfer functions and building simulations
		11.5 Future trends
		References
12---Modeling-of-heat-transfer-in-phase-change-m_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-En
	12 Modeling of heat transfer in phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Inherent physical phenomena in phase change materials
			12.2.1 Moving solid–liquid interface
			12.2.2 Buoyancy effects in the melt
			12.2.3 Volume change at phase change
			12.2.4 Phase change over an extended temperature range
			12.2.5 Enthalpy hysteresis
		12.3 Modeling methods and approaches for the simulation of heat transfer in phase change materials for thermal energy storage
			12.3.1 Basic formulation
			12.3.2 Motion in the liquid phase
			12.3.3 Enthalpy-porosity approach
			12.3.4 Density/volume change
			12.3.5 Solid motion in the liquid
			12.3.6 Enhanced systems
			12.3.7 Close-contact melting
		12.4 Examples of modeling applications
			12.4.1 Melting in a vertical circular tube
			12.4.2 Melting in a spherical enclosure
			12.4.3 Solidification in a vertical cylindrical enclosure
			12.4.4 Melting in a typical storage unit
			12.4.5 Close-contact melting in a rectangular cavity and in a typical storage unit
		12.5 Future trends
			12.5.1 Computational constraints
			12.5.2 Use of commercial codes
			12.5.3 Material properties
			12.5.4 Hysteresis and subcooling
		References
		Sources of further information and advice
			Sources that give a general perspective on latent-heat thermal energy storage systems
			Sources that give a mathematical background on the basic Stefan problem and its extensions
			Sources that deal with mathematical modeling of melting and solidification problems
			Sources that deal with general approaches to modeling of heat transfer in phase-change materials
			Sources that deal with enthalpy and enthalpy-porosity methods of modeling
			Sources that deal with volume-of-fluid method of modeling for multiphase systems
			Sources that deal with close-contact melting in common geometries
13---Integrating-phase-change-materials-in-therm_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-En
	13 Integrating phase change materials in thermal energy storage systems for buildings
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Integration of phase change materials into the building envelope: physical considerations and heuristic arguments
			13.2.1 Physical considerations
			13.2.2 Heuristic arguments
		13.3 Organic and inorganic phase change materials used in building walls
			13.3.1 Organic phase change materials
			13.3.2 Inorganic phase change materials
		13.4 Phase change material containment
			13.4.1 Impregnation of building materials with phase change materials
			13.4.2 Micro-encapsulation of phase change material
			13.4.3 Shape-stabilized phase change material
			13.4.4 Other containers
		13.5 Measurement of the thermal properties of PCM and PCM integrated in building walls
			13.5.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
			13.5.2 The T-history method
			13.5.3 The guarded hot-plate setup
		13.6 Experimental studies
		13.7 Numerical studies
		13.8 Conclusion
		References
14---Sorption-systems-for-thermal-ener_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Stora
	14 Sorption systems for thermal energy storage
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Principles of sorption reactions
			14.2.1 Generalities
			14.2.2 Closed versus open sorption storage systems
			14.2.3 Basic thermodynamics of sorption storage
			14.2.4 Classification of sorbent materials
				14.2.4.1 Zeolites
				14.2.4.2 Zeotypes
				14.2.4.3 Composite sorbents
		14.3 Main characterization techniques of sorbent materials
			14.3.1 Equilibrium curves
			14.3.2 Heat of sorption
			14.3.3 Sorption kinetic
		14.4 Sorption storage prototypes
			14.4.1 Closed cycles
			14.4.2 Open cycles
		14.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
		References
15---Modeling-of-sorption-systems-for-ther_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-S
	15 Modeling of sorption systems for thermal energy storage
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Reactor level (continuum approach)
			15.2.1 Sorption equilibrium and sorption heat
				15.2.1.1 Langmuir
				15.2.1.2 Dubinin-Astakhov and Dubinin-Radushkevich
				15.2.1.3 Toth
				15.2.1.4 Dual-site sips
			15.2.2 Heat and mass transfer in a closed sorption system
				15.2.2.1 Implementation and numerical methods for the solution
			15.2.3 Heat and mass transfer in an open sorption system
				15.2.3.1 Implementation and numerical methods for the solution
		15.3 Reactor level (noncontinuum lumped parameter approach)
		15.4 System level (black-box models)
		15.5 Applications
			15.5.1 Thermodynamic models: selection of optimal adsorbent pairs for different applications
			15.5.2 Heat and mass transfer in a closed reactor: evaluation of achievable specific cooling power
			15.5.3 Lumped parameter approach: dynamic optimization of adsorbers design
			15.5.4 Black-box models: evaluation of the integration of a sorption system in different climates
		15.6 Conclusion
		References
16---Using-thermochemical-reactions-in-therm_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy
	16 Using thermochemical reactions in thermal energy storage systems
		16.1 Introduction
			16.1.1 Operation principle
			16.1.2 Storage temperature
			16.1.3 Storage integration
		16.2 Applications of reversible gas-gas reactions
			16.2.1 Chemical heat pipe
			16.2.2 Thermochemical storage
		16.3 Applications of reversible gas-solid reactions
			16.3.1 Closed system
				16.3.1.1 Heat transformation/thermal upgrade
				16.3.1.2 Thermochemical heat storage based on Ca(OH)2
			16.3.2 Open system: utilizing pressure or concentration differences
				16.3.2.1 Systems based on (waste) steam
				16.3.2.2 Systems based on pressurized hydrogen
		16.4 Conclusion
		References
17---Modeling-thermochemical-reactions-in-the_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energ
	17 Modeling thermochemical reactions in thermal energy storage systems
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Thermochemical heat storage
			17.1.2 The sorption and desorption processes on the nano/microscale
				17.1.2.1 Heat and mass transfer in the grains
				17.1.2.2 Heat and mass transfer in the pores
			17.1.3 Range of modeling scales for a complete solid sorption heat storage system
				17.1.3.1 Molecular level
				17.1.3.2 Grain level
				17.1.3.3 Powdery level
				17.1.3.4 Reactor level
				17.1.3.5 System level
			17.1.4 Outline of the chapter
		17.2 Grain model technique (Mampel’s approach)
			17.2.1 Introduction
			17.2.2 Mampel’s model
			17.2.3 Numerical implementation
			17.2.4 Conclusion
		17.3 Reactor model technique (continuum approach)
			17.3.1 Mass and heat balances
			17.3.2 Kinetics and equilibrium models
			17.3.3 Example hydration zeolite
		17.4 Molecular simulation methods: quantum chemical simulations (DFT)
			17.4.1 Hohenberg–Kohn theorems
			17.4.2 Kohn–Sham equations
		17.5 Molecular simulation methods: statistical mechanics
			17.5.1 Ensembles
				17.5.1.1 Microcanonical (NVE) ensemble
				17.5.1.2 Canonical (NVT) ensemble
				17.5.1.3 Other ensembles
		17.6 Molecular simulation methods: molecular dynamics
			17.6.1 Reactive force field method
			17.6.2 Force field optimization
		17.7 Properties estimation from molecular dynamics simulation
			17.7.1 Estimating the density and temperature
			17.7.2 Radial distribution function
			17.7.3 Estimating the diffusivity
			17.7.4 Estimating thermal conductivity
		17.8 Examples
			17.8.1 Water binding energy of MgSO4 crystal
			17.8.2 Equations of state for hydrated crystals of MgSO4
			17.8.3 Diffusivities: molecular dynamics simulations using developed reactive force fields
			17.8.4 Thermal stability of salt hydrates
			17.8.5 Composite and doped materials based on salt hydrates
			17.8.6 Thermal conductivity of salt hydrates
		17.9 Conclusion and future trends
			17.9.1 Limitations of molecular modeling
			17.9.2 Coarse graining and the development of design rules for future materials
			17.9.3 Methods and techniques
		Acknowledgments
		References
18---Monitoring-and-control-of-thermal-ene_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-S
	18 Monitoring and control of thermal energy storage systems
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Overview of state-of-the-art monitoring and control of thermal energy storage systems
		18.3 Stand-alone control and monitoring of heating devices
		18.4 Data logging and heat metering of heating devices
			18.4.1 Heat meters
			18.4.2 Wireless technologies
		18.5 Future trends in the monitoring and control of thermal storage systems
			18.5.1 Fully integrated control and monitoring of heating devices
			18.5.2 Controls for the optimization of thermal loading
			18.5.3 Efficient use of thermal energy (thermal unloading)
			18.5.4 Development of building management systems
			18.5.5 Mini-BeMS
			18.5.6 Weather monitoring/prediction technologies
			18.5.7 Web-enabled control and monitoring systems
		18.6 Sources of further information and advice
		References
19---Thermal-energy-storage-for-space-heating-and-_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-
	19 Thermal energy storage for space heating and domestic hot water in individual residential buildings
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Requirements for thermal energy storage in individual residential buildings
			19.2.1 Space heating
			19.2.2 Domestic hot water
		19.3 Thermal energy storage for space heating in individual residential buildings
			19.3.1 Sensible heat storage
				19.3.1.1 Individual storage
					19.3.1.1.1 The building as heat store
					19.3.1.1.2 Hot water store
					19.3.1.1.3 Night storage
				19.3.1.2 Shared storage
					19.3.1.2.1 Artificial underground storage
					19.3.1.2.2 Geothermal storage
					19.3.1.2.3 Aquifer storage
			19.3.2 Latent heat storage
			19.3.3 Sorption heat storage and thermochemical heat storage
		19.4 Conclusion and outlook
		References
20---Thermal-energy-storage-systems-for-cooli_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energ
	20 Thermal energy storage systems for cooling in residential buildings
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Sustainable cooling through passive systems in building envelopes
		20.3 Sustainable cooling through phase change material in active systems
		20.4 Sustainable cooling through sorption systems
		20.5 Sustainable cooling through seasonal storage
			20.5.1 Underground thermal energy storage
			20.5.2 Water pits and solar ponds
			20.5.3 Thermochemical storage
		20.6 Other options of sustainable cooling with thermal energy storage
			20.6.1 Integration of thermal energy storage in building energy systems
			20.6.2 Integration of thermal energy storage in district cooling systems
		20.7 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
			Acknowledgments 1st edition
			Acknowledgments 2nd edition
		References
21---Thermal-energy-storage-systems-for-dist_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy
	21 Thermal energy storage systems for district heating and cooling
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 District heating and cooling overview
		21.3 Advances in applications
			21.3.1 Typical cash flows from thermal storages
			21.3.2 A variation assessment method
			21.3.3 Distributed heat storages
			21.3.4 Hourly heat storage in distribution networks
			21.3.5 Daily heat storages in district heating systems
			21.3.6 Weekly heat storages in district heating systems
			21.3.7 Seasonal heat storages in district heating systems
			21.3.8 Daily cold storages in district cooling systems
		21.4 Investment costs
		21.5 Future trends
			21.5.1 Seasonal heat storage in district heating systems
			21.5.2 Exchanging balancing power with electric grids
		21.6 Information sources
		References
22---Waste-heat-recovery-using-thermal-e_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Sto
	22 Waste heat recovery using thermal energy storage
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Generation of waste process heat in different industries
		22.3 Application of thermal energy storage for valorization of waste process heat
			22.3.1 Manufacturing industry
			22.3.2 Other industrial activities
		22.4 Conclusion
		References
23---Thermal-energy-storage-systems-for-cogene_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Ener
	23 Thermal energy storage systems for cogeneration and trigeneration systems
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Overview of cogeneration and trigeneration systems
		23.3 Design of thermal energy storage for cogeneration and trigeneration systems
		23.4 Implementation of thermal energy storage in cogeneration and trigeneration systems
		23.5 Future trends
		23.6 Conclusion
			23.6.1 International associations
			23.6.2 Research groups
		References
		Sources of further information and advice Books and handbooks
24---Thermal-storage-for-concentrating-so_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-St
	24 Thermal storage for concentrating solar power plants
		24.1 Thermal energy storage and concentrating solar power
		24.2 Basic storage concept for concentrating solar power
			24.2.1 Direct storage of liquid heat transfer medium
			24.2.2 Steam accumulators
			24.2.3 Dual-media concepts (thermocline)
			24.2.4 Floating barrier concepts
			24.2.5 Solid media storage concepts
			24.2.6 Latent heat storage concepts
			24.2.7 Thermochemical energy storage
		24.3 Thermal energy storage in commercial solar thermal power plants
			24.3.1 Indirect two-tank molten salt storage
			24.3.2 Steam accumulators
			24.3.3 Direct storage of liquid heat transfer medium
		24.4 Conclusion and future trends
		References
25---Thermal-energy-storage-systems-for-gr_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-S
	25 Thermal energy storage systems for greenhouse technology
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Greenhouse heating and cooling
			25.2.1 Heating systems in greenhouses
			25.2.2 Cooling systems in greenhouses
			25.2.3 Humidity control in greenhouses
		25.3 Thermal energy storage technologies for greenhouse systems
			25.3.1 Underground thermal energy storage systems for greenhouses
				25.3.1.1 Aquifer thermal energy storage
				25.3.1.2 Borehole thermal energy storage
				25.3.1.3 Cavern thermal energy storage
			25.3.2 Phase change material
			25.3.3 Water tanks
		25.4 Case studies for thermal energy storage in greenhouses
			25.4.1 Underground thermal energy storage
				25.4.1.1 The Netherlands
				25.4.1.2 Turkey
				25.4.1.3 Norway
				25.4.1.4 Switzerland
				25.4.1.5 United States
				25.4.1.6 Canada
				25.4.1.7 Belgium
			25.4.2 Phase change material
				25.4.2.1 Turkey
				25.4.2.2 Germany
				25.4.2.3 China
		25.5 Conclusion and future trends
		References
26---Thermal-energy-storage-in-the-tran_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Stor
	26 Thermal energy storage in the transport sector
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Applications of thermal energy storage in the transport sector
			26.2.1 Latent heat storage applications
			26.2.2 Adsorption heat storage applications
			26.2.3 Thermochemical energy storage applications
		References
27---Thermal-energy-storage-for-temperature-_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy
	27 Thermal energy storage for temperature management of electronics
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Thermal storage for thermal management: concept
		27.3 Hybrid heat sink
		27.4 Portable electronics
		27.5 Pulsed power electronics
		27.6 Batteries
		27.7 Photovoltaic panels
		27.8 Future trends
		References
Index_2021_Advances-in-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Systems
	Index