Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications, Volume 1: Syngas Production and Preparation

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications
Contributors
Copyright
Preface
Reviewer Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Syngas characteristics: Physical and chemical properties
	Introduction
	Production of syngas
		The reaction of methane reforming
		Gasification of biomass/coal for the production of fuels and chemicals
			Gasification
	The properties of a synthesis gas
		A brief description of synthesis gas physical and chemical properties
		Syngas basic combustion properties
			Limits on the flammability of syngas
			The velocities of syngas laminar flames
			Syngas ignition delay times
		Composition of syngas and its calorific value
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Syngas production by gasification processes
	Introduction
	State of the art of gasification
	Gasification process
		Gasification fuel
		Gasifying agent
		Syngas composition
			Tar content
		Operating and performance process parameters
			Operating parameters
				Equivalence ratio and temperature
				Pressure
				Throughput
				Inlet temperature of the gasifying agent
				Additives and bed materials
				Others
			Performance parameters
				Cold gas efficiency
				Hot gas efficiency
				Carbon conversion efficiency
				Other process performance parameters
	Gasification technologies
		Fluidized bed gasifier
		Fixed bed gasifiers
		Other types of gasifiers
	Cleaning and upgrading of syngas
		Gas cleaning
			Low-temperature gas cleaning
			High-temperature gas cleaning
		Gas upgrading
	Syngas applications
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Pyrolysis process for syngas production
	Introduction
	Synthesis gas and its properties
	Pathways of syngas production from reforming processes
	Biomass pathways to produce syngas (biosyngas)
		Biomass gasification
		Biomass pyrolysis
	Effect of biomass composition on syngas production
	Influence of operating conditions
		Heating requirement
		Feedstock preparation and size of the particles
		Effect of pyrolysis temperature on syngas production
		Reactor for fast pyrolysis
	Catalytic biomass pyrolysis for syngas production
		Effect of the catalyst
			Zeolites
			Metal oxides
		Effect of temperature on catalytic pyrolysis
	Conclusion
	References
Steam reforming process for syngas production
	Introduction
	Principles of steam methane reforming
	Ni-based catalysts
	Noble metal catalysts
	Promoted Ni-based catalysts
	Ni-Co-based catalysts
	Conclusion
	References
Dry reforming for syngas production
	Introduction
	Ni-based catalyst
		The role of Ni content
		The role of supporting material
		The role of promoters
	Co-based catalyst
		The role of Co content
		The role of support
		The role of promoter
	Bimetallic catalysts
	Conclusion
	References
Autothermal reforming and trireforming for syngas production
	Introduction
	Reaction mechanism
	Catalyst modifications
		Size and dispersion
			Preparation method
			Metal-support interaction
			Architecture design
		Surface basicity
		Oxygen effect
		Interface engineering
	Advanced reactor development
	Operation parameters
		Feed ratio
		Temperature
		Pressure
		Velocity/Reynolds number (Re)
	Sustainability evaluations
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Chemical looping reforming (CLR) for syngas production
	Introduction
	Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics
	Chemical looping reforming processes
		Gaseous fuels
		Liquid fuels
		Solid fuels
		Nonconventional chemical looping reforming systems
			Renewable energy + CLR
			Carbide chemical looping reforming
			Membrane-assisted chemical looping reforming (MA-CLR)
	Oxygen carriers for chemical looping reforming
		Main characteristics of oxygen carriers
		Support materials for oxygen carriers
	Process integration, modeling, and economic analyses
		Process integration
			Upstream units
			Downstream units
		Process modeling and techno-economic analyses
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Microwave-assisted reforming for syngas production
	Introduction to microwave-assisted reactors in chemicals synthesis
		Technology evolvement
		Microwave technologies and reactor design
		Materials for microwave-assisted reactors
		Reaction parameters in microwave reactors
	Dry methane reforming (DMR) in microwave-assisted reactors
		The effect of the microwave system on DMR mechanism and parameters
	Methane reforming catalyst design for MW-assisted reactors
		Conventional supported metallic catalyst structures
		Carbon-based catalysts
		Metal-carbon catalysts
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Partial oxidation process for syngas production
	Introduction
	Process technology
		Noncatalytic partial oxidation process
		Catalytic partial oxidation process
			Fixed-bed reactors
			Monolith reactors
			Fluidized-bed reactors
			Membrane reactors
	Catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
		Light hydrocarbons
		Heavy hydrocarbons
		Oxygenated hydrocarbons
			Alcohols
			Dimethyl ether (DME)
		Biofuels
	Catalyst development history
		Noble catalysts
		Nonnoble catalysts
	Reaction mechanisms and kinetic
		Reaction mechanisms
			Direct partial oxidation mechanism
			Combustion and reforming reactions mechanism
		Reaction kinetic
			Kinetic model for catalytic partial oxidation of methane
			Kinetic model for catalytic partial oxidation of other hydrocarbons
	Conclusion
	References
Co-electrolysis process for syngas production
	Introduction
	Water electrolysis technologies
		Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE)
		Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC)
		PEM water electrolysis
		Solid oxide electrolysis (SOE)
	Process description for SOCE
		Operating principle
		Thermodynamics
		Nernst potential
	Materials for SOCEs
		Ni-based cathode
		Ceramic cathode
			Sr-doped LaVO3 (LSV)
			LaCrO3-based materials
			Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 (SFM)
			LaxSr1-xTiO3+δ (LST)
	Long-term performance degradation of SOECs
	Conclusion
	References
Photocatalytic process for syngas production
	Introduction
	Shrinking the carbon cycle
	Catalysts for photocatalytic process
		Nickel
		Titanium
		Cobalt
		Silver and gold
		Cobalt with carbon nitride
	Usage of catalyst support and structural co-catalysts
	Iron and phosphorous: A development driven by cost efficacy and process scaling feasibility
		Iron-based structures
		Phosphorous-based structures
	Tailorable structures
		Nitrogenated structures
		Metal organic frameworks
		Conjugated polymers
	Novel processes
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Membrane technology for syngas production
	Introduction
	Membrane technology performance
	Membrane material selection
		Feed gas composition and flow rate
		Membrane material properties
		Process operating conditions
	Application of membrane-based processes for syngas separation/production
		Hydrogen recovery
		CO2 separation
	Conclusion
	References
Micro-channel reactor technology for syngas production
	Introduction
	Procedure of producing syngas
		Partial oxidation (POX)
		Hydrocarbon reforming
			Steam reforming
			Dry reforming
		Autothermal reforming
	Micro-channels as efficient reaction media
		Micro-channel reactors fabrication
		Materials
			Polymeric and glass substrates
			Metallic substrates
			Semiconductors, ceramics, and composites
		Arrayed micro-channel manufacturing
		Micro-channels development program
	Micro-channel applications
	Syngas production in micro-channels
		Reforming
		Gasification
	Conclusion
	References
Plasma technology for syngas production
	Introduction
	Different NTP reactors for DRM
		Corona discharge
		Atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD)
		Microwave (MW) plasma
		Gliding arc (GA)
		Dielectric barrier discharge
	Effect of processing parameters
		Effect of discharge power
		Effect of gas flow rate
		Effect of CO2/CH4 molar ratio
		Effect of reaction temperature
		Effect of packing materials
		Other process parameters
	Plasma catalysis for DRM
		Plasma catalysis: Configurations and plasma-catalyst interactions
		Plasma-catalytic DRM reaction
			Effect of active metals
			Effect of support materials
			Effect of promoters and dopants
	Conclusion and future outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Syngas from coal
	Introduction
	Conventional coal gasifiers
		Sasol-Lurgi dry-ash gasifier
		The Winkler gasifier
		The Koppers-Totzek gasifier
		Other gasifiers
	Underground coal gasification (UCG)
	The various uses of coal-derived syngas
	The environmental impact from syngas production from coal
		Sulfur and nitrogen compounds
		Mercury
		Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
	Conclusion
	References
Syngas from agricultural waste
	Introduction
	Biogas feedstocks
		Components of biomass
	Pretreatments for syngas production from green resources
		Physical pretreatment of agriculture wastes
			Mechanical pretreatment
			Irradiation pretreatment
		Chemical pretreatment of agriculture wastes
		Physicochemical pretreatment of agriculture wastes
		Biological pretreatment of agriculture wastes
	Agriculture wastes as an energy source
		Different types of agricultural wastes
			Rice straw and rice husk
			Wheat straw
			Corn stover and corncob
			Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
			Miscanthus giganteus
	Syngas production routes from biomass
		Biochemical process
			Anaerobic digestion
			Fermentation
		Thermochemical conversion
			Pyrolysis
			Liquefaction
			Gasification
	Factors affecting performance of biomass gasification
		Feedstock size
		Biomass moisture content
		Reactor type
		Reaction temperature and steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B)
	Catalyst used for syngas production from agriculture wastes
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Syngas production from wood and cardboard waste
	Introduction
	Availability and global supply chain of wood and cardboard for energy use
		Australia
		Asia (India and China)
		Europe
		North and South America
		Rest of the world
		Cardboard supply and demand growth
	Structure and composition of wood and cardboard
		Structural analysis
		Proximate analysis
		Ultimate analysis
	Pretreatment of biomass for syngas production
		Pretreatment methods
			Physical pretreatment of woody biomass
			Thermochemical pretreatment of wood and cardboard waste
				Torrefaction
				Steam explosion
	Syngas production and analysis
		Parametric effect on syngas production
		Catalyst used for syngas production from wood and cardboard
		Effect of wood and cardboard structure and composition on syngas yield
	Economics of syngas production from wood and cardboard
	Prospects, challenges, and future recommendations
	Conclusion
Syngas from food waste
	Introduction
	Valorization of food waste
		Biomass gasification (BG)
		Supercritical water gasification of biomass (SWGB)
		Biomass liquefaction (BL)
			Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)
				Dry feedstock
				Wet biomass
			Biomass liquefaction in the presence of a solvent
			Catalytic biomass liquefaction (CBL)
		Anaerobic digestion (AD)
		Dark fermentation (DF)
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Syngas from plastic waste
	Introduction
	Plastic waste feedstock
	Plastic waste thermal stability and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
	Plastic waste gasification
	Case study: The Gasiforming process
	Conclusion
	References
Syngas from black liquor
	Introduction
	Basic process description
		The kraft pulping process
		Black liquor drying
		Black liquor gasification
	Mathematical modeling
		Equilibrium models
		Kinetic models
		Computational fluid dynamics models
	Scientific and technological issues
		TRI process
		Chemrec gasification
	Case study
	Conclusion
	References
Syngas from microalgae
	Introduction
		Synthesis gas: Definition and applications
		Conventional syngas production routes
	H2: Main syngas ingredient
	Syngas production from fossil fuels: Benefits and risks
	Syngas from biomass feedstock: A renewable and sustainable route
	Algal materials
	Thermochemical conversion of microalgae to syngas
		Pyrolysis of microalgae to syngas
		Liquefaction of microalgae to syngas
		Gasification of microalgae to syngas
			Conventional gasification (CG)
			Supercritical-water gasification (SCWG)
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
Syngas from lignin
	Introduction
	Gasification reactor design
	Modeling approaches
		Biomass characterization
		Multistep kinetic model
		Multiphase multiscale phenomena in gasification and modeling
			Reactor scale
	Modeling examples
		Arundo Donax and Poplar
			Sensitivity analysis results
	Conclusion
	References
Index