Advances in Polyolefin Nanocomposites

Advances in Polyolefin Nanocomposites......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Editor......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
1.1 Introduction......Page 13
1.2 Polyolefins......Page 14
1.3 Layered Silicates......Page 15
1.4 Polyolefin?Layered Silicate Nanocomposites......Page 18
References......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2 Filler Localization......Page 39
2.2.1 Thermodynamic Effects......Page 40
2.2.2 Kinetic Effects......Page 45
2.3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Droplet-Matrix Morphology......Page 47
2.3.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Co-Continuous Morphologies......Page 49
2.4.1 Effects of Filler Localization on Mechanical Properties......Page 51
2.4.1.1 Polyamide PA-Based Nanocomposite Blends......Page 52
2.4.1.2 Polyolefin-Based Nanocomposite Blends......Page 53
2.4.1.3 Implications in Rubber-Toughened Systems......Page 54
2.4.2.1 Filler Treatment......Page 55
2.4.2.2 Matrix and Elastomer Functionaliation......Page 56
2.4.2.3 Addition of Compatibilizers and Coupling Agents......Page 57
References......Page 58
3.1 Introduction......Page 63
3.2 The Solution-Blending Method......Page 64
3.2.2 Clay Dispersion......Page 65
3.2.3 Mixing of Polymer Solution and Clay Dispersion......Page 66
3.2.5 Thermal After-Treatments......Page 67
3.3.1 Polyethylene Nanocomposites......Page 68
3.3.2 Polypropylene Nanocomposites......Page 73
3.3.3 Nanocomposites from Olefin Copolymers......Page 77
3.4 Conclusions......Page 93
References......Page 94
4.1 Introduction......Page 99
4.2.1 Grafting in Melt by Reactive Extrusion......Page 102
4.3 Polyolefin Reactive Blends and In Situ Processing......Page 104
4.3.1 Polyolefin/Polyamide Reactive Blends......Page 105
4.3.3 Polyolefin/Natural Polymers Reactive Blends......Page 106
4.4 Polyolefin/Organo-Silicate Nanocomposites......Page 107
4.4.2 Polypropylene Nanocomposites......Page 108
4.4.3 One-Step Method of Preparation......Page 111
4.4.4.1 PolyEthylene-co-Propylene......Page 116
4.4.4.3 PolyEthylene-co-Propylene-co-Diene......Page 117
4.5 Polyolefin/Silica Hybrids......Page 119
Acknowledgments......Page 121
References......Page 122
5.1.1 The Evolution of Polyolefins: From Commodities to Specialties......Page 140
5.1.2 “Homogeneous? Polyolefin-Clay Composites by Polymerization Filling......Page 142
5.1.3 Toward Polyolefin-Clay Nanocomposites by In Situ Polyermization......Page 145
5.2.1.1 Phillips’ Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization......Page 150
5.2.1.2 Ziegler?Natta Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization......Page 151
5.2.1.3 Metallocene Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization......Page 158
5.2.1.4 Early Transition Metal?Based Post-Metallocene Catalysts......Page 166
5.2.1.5 Late Transition Metal?Based Post-Metallocene Catalysts......Page 167
5.2.2.1 Ziegler?Natta Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization......Page 175
5.2.2.2 Metallocene Catalysts for Propylene Polyermization......Page 179
5.3.1.1 By Comonomer Addition......Page 181
5.3.1.2 By Tandem Concurrent Catalysis......Page 183
5.3.2 Ethylene/Polar Monomer Copolymerization......Page 185
5.4 Future Research Directions......Page 186
References......Page 187
6.1 Introduction......Page 196
6.2 Effect of Aluminoxane Pretreatment of Clays on the In Situ Generation of Polyolefin Nanocomposites by Metallocenes......Page 199
6.3 Effect of Aluminoxane Pretreatment of Clays on the In Situ Generation of Polyolefin Nanocomposites by Late-Transition Metal Catalysts......Page 204
6.4 Effect of Modification or Functionalization of Clays on the In Situ Generation of Polyolefin Nanocomposites......Page 209
6.5 Conclusions......Page 212
References......Page 213
7.1.1 Inorganic Fillers and Interfacial Properties......Page 216
7.1.2 Theoretical and Computational Methods......Page 218
7.2.1 Thermodynamic Model for Dispersion......Page 220
7.2.2 Structure of Organically Modified Layered Silicates......Page 221
7.2.3 Cleavage Energy and Potential for Exfoliation......Page 223
7.3 Modification of Carbon Nanotubes and Interfacial Properties in Polyolefin Nanocomposites......Page 226
7.4 Modification of Spherical Particles and Interfacial Properties in Polyolefin Nanocomposites......Page 230
References......Page 231
8.1 Introduction......Page 235
8.2.1 Synthesis and Modification......Page 236
8.2.2 Characterization for LDH......Page 237
8.3.1 Preparation and Characterization......Page 241
8.3.2.1 Fire Retardancy......Page 245
8.3.2.2 Electric Properties......Page 247
References......Page 253
9.2 Fabrication of Nanocomposites......Page 256
9.3 Microstructure of Nanocomposites......Page 257
9.4.1 Flame Retardancy......Page 259
9.4.3 Electircal Properties......Page 260
9.4.4 Mechanical Properties......Page 263
References......Page 270
10.1 Introduction......Page 274
10.2 Imidazolium Salt and Thermal Stability......Page 275
10.3 Nanocomposites Morphology......Page 277
10.4 Oxygen Barrier Properties......Page 278
10.5 Tensile Properties......Page 279
10.6 Calorimetric and Thermal Properties......Page 280
10.7 Mechanical Modeling of Nanocomposites......Page 281
10.8 Role of Compatibilizer......Page 284
10.9 Conclusions......Page 290
References......Page 291
11.1 Introduction......Page 294
11.2 The Role of the Functional Groups on Preparation of Polyolefin Nanocomposites: Effect on Interfacial Interactions and Clay Dispersion......Page 298
11.2.1 Insight into the Nature of the Functional Group......Page 300
11.2.2 Number of Functionalities and Distribution of Functional Groups......Page 305
11.2.3 The Effect of Functional Polyolefin Molecular Weight......Page 308
11.2.4 From the Two-Step to the One-Step Process: Advantages and Drawbacks......Page 315
11.3.1 Structural Characterization by Spectroscopic Analysis......Page 316
11.3.2 Solubility and Morphological Stability......Page 322
11.3.3 Thermal Properties: Crystallization and Glass-Transition Behavior of Confined Polymer Chains......Page 325
11.3.4 Effects of Confined Polymer onto Prediction of Barrier Properties......Page 328
11.4 Conclusions......Page 330
References......Page 331
12.1 Introduction......Page 338
12.2 The Importance of Nanofiller Shape......Page 339
12.3 Needle-Like Nanoclays: Crystal Structure, Morphology, and Properties......Page 341
12.3.1 Health and Safety......Page 344
12.4.1.1 In Situ Polymerization......Page 346
12.4.1.2 Melt Compounding......Page 349
12.4.2.1 Crystallization and Crystallinity......Page 352
12.4.2.2 Rheology......Page 356
12.4.2.3 Thermal Behavior/Fire Retardancy......Page 358
12.4.2.4 Mechanical Properties......Page 362
12.4.2.5 Oriented Nanocomposites......Page 366
References......Page 369
13.1 Introduction......Page 373
13.2 Maleic Anhydride-Functionalized Polyolefins as Compatibilizers......Page 377
13.3 Other Functional Compatibilizers......Page 389
References......Page 396