Advances in Nanofluid Heat Transfer

Advances in Nanofluid Heat Transfer
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Acknowledgment
1 Experimental correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor of nanofluids
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Preparation of nanofluids
		1.2.1 One- step method
		1.2.2 Two-step method
	1.3 Experimental methods
		1.3.1 Nusselt number
		1.3.2 Friction factor
		1.3.3 Nondimensional numbers
	1.4 Nusselt number correlations for single-phase fluid
		1.4.1 Laminar flow
		1.4.2 Turbulent flow
	1.5 Friction factor correlations for single-phase fluids
		1.5.1 Laminar flow
		1.5.2 Turbulent flow
	1.6 Factors influencing the development of correlations
		1.6.1 Nusselt number
		1.6.2 Friction factor
	1.7 Developed corrections for nanofliuids
		1.7.1 Nusselt number
		1.7.2 Friction factor
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2 Preparation and evaluation of stable nanofluids for heat transfer application
	Nomenclature
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Preparation
		2.2.1 Two-step method
		2.2.2 One-step method
	2.3 Evaluation of nanofluid stability
		2.3.1 Zeta potential analysis
		2.3.2 Sedimentation and centrifugation methods
		2.3.3 Spectral analysis method
		2.3.4 3ω method
		2.3.5 Electron microscopy and light scattering
		2.3.6 pH measurement
	2.4 Stabilization techniques
		2.4.1 Physical method
			2.4.1.1 Mechanical stirring
			2.4.1.2 Ultrasonic vibration
			2.4.1.3 Ball milling
		2.4.2 Chemical stabilization
			2.4.2.1 Surfactant
			2.4.2.2 Surface modification
			2.4.2.3 pH control of nanofluids
	2.5 Stability mechanisms
		2.5.1 Electrostatic stabilization
		2.5.2 Steric stabilization
		2.5.3 Electrosteric stabilization
	2.6 Impact of nanofluid stability on thermophysical properties
		2.6.1 Effects of stability on density
		2.6.2 Effects of stability on viscosity
		2.6.3 Effects of stability on specific heat capacity of nanofluids
		2.6.4 Effects of stability on thermal conductivity
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3 Synthesis, characterization, and measurement techniques for the thermophysical properties of nanofluids
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Synthesis of nanofluid
		3.2.1 One-step method
			3.2.1.1 Vapor deposition
			3.2.1.2 Submerged arc method
			3.2.1.3 Laser ablation method
			3.2.1.4 Chemical method
		3.2.2 Two-step method
			3.2.2.1 Nanoparticles preparations
				3.2.2.1.1 Milling process
				3.2.2.1.2 Precipitation processes
				3.2.2.1.3 Sol–gel method
			3.2.2.2 Nanofluid preparation
				3.2.2.2.1 Ultrasonication method
				3.2.2.2.2 Magnetic stirring
	3.3 Characterization of nanofluid
		3.3.1 Zeta potential
		3.3.2 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
		3.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy
		3.3.4 X-ray crystallography
		3.3.5 UV–Vis technique
	3.4 Thermophysical properties measurement techniques of nanofluid
		3.4.1 Thermal conductivity
			3.4.1.1 Transient hot-wire method
			3.4.1.2 3ω method
			3.4.1.3 Thermal constants analyzer technique
		3.4.2 Viscosity of nanofluids
		3.4.3 Specific heat
		3.4.4 Density
	3.5 Conclusion
	Nomenclature
	References
4 Thermophysical and rheological properties of unitary and hybrid nanofluids
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Thermophysical properties
		4.2.1 Thermal conductivity
		4.2.2 Specific heat capacity
		4.2.3 Density
		4.2.4 Viscosity
	4.3 Conclusion
	Nomenclature
	References
5 Comparison of physical properties enhancement in various heat transfer nanofluids by MXene
	Nomenclature
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methodology
		5.2.1 Preparation of MXene nanomaterial as an additive to heat transfer nanofluids
		5.2.2 Preparation of various heat transfer nanofluids by MXene
			5.2.2.1 MXene-based new class of silicone oil heat transfer nanofluid
			5.2.2.2 Olein palm oil with MXene as new class of heat transfer nanofluid
			5.2.2.3 Soybean oil/MXene heat transfer nanofluid
			5.2.2.4 Aqueous poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG)-based MXene nanofluid
			5.2.2.5 Aqueous ionic liquid/MXene nanofluid
			5.2.2.6 Palm oil methyl ester-based MXene heat transfer nanofluid
			5.2.2.7 Water-based MXene nanofluid
			5.2.2.8 Diethylene glycol and ionic liquid mixture-based MXene nanofluid
			5.2.2.9 Ethylene glycol (EG)-based MXene heat transfer nanofluid
		5.2.3 Physical properties
			5.2.3.1 Thermal conductivity measurement
			5.2.3.2 Viscosity measurement of various heat transfer nanofluids by MXene
			5.2.3.3 Thermal stability test using thermal stability analysis
	5.3 Results and discussion
		5.3.1 Thermal conductivity of various heat transfer nanofluids by MXene
		5.3.2 Viscosity analysis of various heat transfer nanofluids by MXene
		5.3.3 Thermal Stability of various heat transfer nanofluids by MXene
	5.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
6 Numerical modeling of nanofluids’ flow and heat transfer
	Nomenclature
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Heat transfer enhancement mechanism of nanofluid
		6.2.1 Particle–particle interactions
		6.2.2 Particle–liquid interactions
		6.2.3 External forces on particles
	6.3 Thermophysical properties of nanofluids
		6.3.1 Thermal conductivity
		6.3.2 Viscosity
		6.3.3 Specific heat
		6.3.4 Density
	6.4 Mathematical models to simulate nanofluids
		6.4.1 Single-phase model
			6.4.1.1 Homogenous model
			6.4.1.2 Thermal dispersion model
			6.4.1.3 Buongiorno model
		6.4.2 Multiphase Eulerian–Eulerian model
			6.4.2.1 Mixture model
		6.4.3 Eulerian model
		6.4.4 Volume of fluid model
		6.4.5 Multiphase Eulerian–Lagrangian model
	6.5 Numerical techniques to simulate nanofluid
		6.5.1 Macroscale techniques
			6.5.1.1 Finite difference method
			6.5.1.2 Finite volume method
			6.5.1.3 Finite element method
			6.5.1.4 Control volume finite element method
		6.5.2 Microscale techniques
		6.5.3 Mesoscale techniques
			6.5.3.1 Lattice Boltzmann method
			6.5.3.2 Dissipative particle dynamics
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7 Recent advances in machine learning research for nanofluid heat transfer in renewable energy
	Nomenclature
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Data collection and representation
		7.1.2 Model selection and validation
		7.1.3 Model optimization
	7.2 Machine learning techniques
		7.2.1 Multilayer perception artificial neural network
		7.2.2 Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
		7.2.3 Radial basis function network
		7.2.4 Least square support vector machine
	7.3 Nanofluid heat transfer and machine learning
	7.4 Machine learning of nanofluids’ thermophysical properties and thermal performance
	7.5 Challenges and future opportunities
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids in automotive
	8.1 Historical background
		8.1.1 Applications of computational fluid dynamics in nanofluids studies
		8.1.2 Applications of nanofluid in automotive system
	8.2 Physical properties
		8.2.1 Thermal conductivity of nanofluids
		8.2.2 Viscosity of nanofluids
	8.3 The fundamental relation for computational fluid dynamics model
		8.3.1 Macroscopic models
			8.3.1.1 Single-phase models
			8.3.1.2 Two-phase models
			8.3.1.3 Control equation
		8.3.2 Lattice Boltzmann method
	8.4 Heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids in automotive
		8.4.1 Utilization in engine coolant
			8.4.1.1 Determination of nanofluid parameters
				8.4.1.1.1 Thermal conductivity
				8.4.1.1.2 Density, specific heat capacity, and viscosity
			8.4.1.2 Computational fluid dynamics of water jackets
				8.4.1.2.1 Geometric model and mesh generation
				8.4.1.2.2 Computational models and boundary conditions
				8.4.1.2.3 Computational fluid dynamics calculation and result analysis
		8.4.2 Utilization in refrigerant of automotive air conditioning
			8.4.2.1 Determination of nanofluid parameters
				8.4.2.1.1 Thermal conductivity
				8.4.2.1.2 Viscosity
				8.4.2.1.3 Density and specific heat capacity
			8.4.2.2 The Boltzmann model of nanofluid
			8.4.2.3 Computational fluid dynamics of nanorefrigerant based on lattice Boltzmann method
				8.4.2.3.1 The physical model
				8.4.2.3.2 Numerical simulation results
	Nomenclature
	Problems
	References
9 The use of nanofluids in solar desalination of saline water resources as antibacterial agents
	Nomenclature
	9.1 Harvesting solar energy by nanofluids
		9.1.1 Introduction
		9.1.2 Solar steam generation experiments by the nanofluids
		9.1.3 Effective parameters on light harvesting capability of the nanofluids
			9.1.3.1 Concentration of NFs
			9.1.3.2 Stability and optical properties of NFs
			9.1.3.3 Effect of solar illumination intensity
			9.1.3.4 The effect of size of NPs
		9.1.4 Effect of NFs on heat localization
		9.1.5 Comparison of economic performance of NFs
		9.1.6 Photocatalytic experiments by NFs
			9.1.6.1 Kinetic of photocatalytic activity of NFs
			9.1.6.2 The photocatalytic mineralization by NFs
	9.2 Antibacterial activity of some NFs
		9.2.1 Introduction
		9.2.2 Effect of NFs on prevention of Escherichia coli proliferation
		9.2.3 Mechanisms of antibacterial activity of NFs
		9.2.4 Effective parameters on antibacterial activity of NFs
			9.2.4.1 Effect of concentration of NPs
			9.2.4.2 Effect of size of NPs
			9.2.4.3 Effect of the presence of a stabilizer
			9.2.4.4 Effect of pH, temperature, and pressure
		9.2.5 Rate of antibacterial activity of NPs
		9.2.6 The effect of NFs on the bacteria morphology
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
10 Application of nanofluids in combustion engines with focusing on improving heat transfer process
	Nomenclature
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 History of heat transfer in combustion engines
	10.2 Parameters affecting the heat transfer of combustion engines
		10.2.1 Engine size and dimension
		10.2.2 Engine speed
		10.2.3 Engine load
		10.2.4 Inlet air temperature
		10.2.5 Coolant temperature
		10.2.6 Engine materials
		10.2.7 Friction coefficient
		10.2.8 Heat transfer coefficient
		10.2.9 Conduction heat transfer coefficient
	10.3 Type of lubricants
		10.3.1 Lubrication of combustion engines
			10.3.1.1 Single-grade engine oils
			10.3.1.2 Multigrade engine oils
		10.3.2 Basic engine oils and challenges
			10.3.2.1 Engine oils additives to improve lubrication process
	10.4 Using nanoparticles in internal combustion engines
		10.4.1 Adding nanoparticles to engine oils (nano oil)
		10.4.2 Adding nanoparticles to fuel (nanofuel)
		10.4.3 Effects of nanoparticles additives on friction
		10.4.4 Effects of nanoparticles additives on engines power
		10.4.5 Effects of nanoparticle additives on the cooling cycle of combustion engines
	10.5 Conclusion on threats and opportunities of applying nanoscience in combustion engines
	References
11 Applications of nanofluids in solar energy collectors focusing on solar stills
	Nomenclature
		Abbreviation
		Latin letters
	11.1 History of solar energy collectors
	11.2 Classification of Solar energy collectors
		11.2.1 Classification based on solar energy application
		11.2.2 Classification based on concentration level ability
		11.2.3 Classification based on tracking or nontracking solar collectors
		11.2.4 Passive and active solar systems
			11.2.4.1 Benefits and drawbacks of active solar systems
			11.2.4.2 Benefits and drawbacks of passive solar systems
		11.2.5 Main types of solar collectors
			11.2.5.1 Flat plate solar collectors
			11.2.5.2 Evacuated tube collectors
			11.2.5.3 Concentrating collectors
	11.3 Effective parameters on solar still performance
		11.3.1 Various design parameters
		11.3.2 Climatic parameters
	11.4 Application of nanofluids in solar stills
		11.4.1 Solar stills without nanofluids
		11.4.2 Solar stills with nanofluids
	11.5 Most applied nanoparticles in solar stills
	11.6 Challenges of nanofluid application in solar collectors
	References
12 Utilization of nanofluids (mono and hybrid) in parabolic trough solar collector: a comparative analysis
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 System description and thermodynamic modeling
		12.2.1 Energy and exergy analysis of parabolic trough collector
		12.2.2 Heat transfer analysis
		12.2.3 Hybrid and mono nanofluids specifications
		12.2.4 Performance evaluation criteria
		12.2.5 Validation of parabolic trough collector model
	12.3 Results and discussion
	12.4 Conclusion
	Nomenclature
		Greek Letters
		Subscripts and superscripts
		Abbreviations
	Acknowledgment
	References
13 Electronics thermal management applying heat pipes and pulsating heat pipes
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Design parameters
	13.3 Heat pipes
		13.3.1 Heat pipe designs
		13.3.2 Application of heat pipes
	13.4 Pulsating heat pipes
		13.4.1 Application of pulsating heat pipes
	13.5 Nanofluids capabilities and models
	13.6 Nanofluids in heat transfer systems: pros and cons
		13.6.1 Types of nanoparticles used in nanofluids
		13.6.2 Nanofluid preparation
		13.6.3 Nanofluid stability strategies
		13.6.4 Nanofluid stability mechanisms
		13.6.5 Nanofluid stability evaluation
		13.6.6 Nanofluids after operation cycles
		13.6.7 Nanofluids applications
	13.7 Concluding remarks
	Nomenclature
	References
14 Role of nanofluids in microchannel heat sinks
	Nomenclature
		Greek Letters
		Subscripts
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Key characteristics of nanofluids
		14.2.1 Thermophysical properties
		14.2.2 Effect of nanoparticle concentration
		14.2.3 Effect of nanoparticle size
		14.2.4 Effect of nanoparticle shape
		14.2.5 Effect of nanoparticle thermal conductivity
		14.2.6 Effect of base fluid
		14.2.7 Effect of nanofluid temperature
		14.2.8 Effect of preparation technique
		14.2.9 Summary
	14.3 Flow of nanofluids in microchannels
	14.4 Thermal performance of nanofluids in microchannels
	14.5 Entropy analysis of nanofluid-based microchannel heat sinks
	14.6 Geometry effect of microchannels
		14.6.1 Changing shape of channels
		14.6.2 Adding geometrical inclusions/exclusions in the cross section
		14.6.3 Varying path of the fluid
	14.7 Future advances and challenges
	14.8 Conclusions
	References
15 Nanofluids for enhanced performance of building thermal energy systems
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Overview of domain knowledge related to nanofluids
	15.3 Role of nanofluids in efficiency enhancement of building energy systems
		15.3.1 Nanofluids for performance enhancement of photovoltaic thermal systems
		15.3.2 Nanofluids for performance enhancement of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems
		15.3.3 Nanofluids for performance enhancement of thermal storage systems
	15.4 Barriers
	15.5 Conclusions
	References
16 Ionic nanofluids: preparation, characteristics, heat transfer mechanism, and thermal applications
	Abbreviations
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Preparation methods
	16.3 Characteristics
		16.3.1 Thermal conductivity
		16.3.2 Viscosity
		16.3.3 Specific heat
		16.3.4 Density
	16.4 Heat transfer mechanism
	16.5 Thermal applications
	16.6 Future prospects and challenges
	16.7 Conclusions
	References
17 Hybrid nanofluids towards advancement in nanofluids for heat sink
	Nomenclature
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Preparation of hybrid nanofluids
		17.2.1 Two-step method
		17.2.2 One-step method
	17.3 Various hybrid nanofluids used in different heat sinks
		17.3.1 Thermal management of electronics using other fluids
	17.4 Conclusion
	References
Index