Advances in Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental and Energy Harvesting Applications (Engineering Materials)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Fundamental of Nanocomposite Materials Synthesis and Production
Nanocomposites Materials and Their Applications: Current and Future Trends
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Nanocomposite Materials
	3 Applications of Nanocomposite Materials
	4 Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Energy Harvesting
	5 Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Environmental Pollution Control
	6 Outlook and Future Trends
	References
Versatile Production of New Multi-functional and Composite Nanomaterials by Means of Cold Plasma - Liquid Interactions
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthetic Routes for Obtaining New Multi-functional and Composite Nanomaterials
		2.1 Stabilization of Uncoated Nanostructures
		2.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites
	3 Nanomaterials Dedicated to Increase Heat Transfer
	4 Nanocatalysts
	5 Nanomaterials Suitable for Biomedical Applications
	6 Conclusions
	7 Perspectives
	References
Carbon Nanostructure Based Composites for Environmental and Energy Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fullerenes
		1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		1.3 Graphene
	2 Synthetic Methods for Carbon Nanostructure-Based Composites
		2.1 Synthesis of Fullerene Based Nanocomposites
		2.2 Synthesis of CNT Based Nanocomposites
		2.3 Synthesis of RGO Based Nanocomposites
	3 Environmental Applications
		3.1 Environmental Applications of Fullerene Based Nanocomposites
		3.2 Environmental Applications of CNT Based Nanocomposites
		3.3 Environmental Applications of RGO Based Nanocomposites
	4 Energy Applications
		4.1 Energy Applications of Fullerene Based Nanocomposites
		4.2 Energy Applications of CNT Based Nanocomposites
		4.3 Energy Applications of RGO Based Nanocomposites
	5 Summary and Future Perspective
	References
A Novel Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles-Layered Double Hydroxides Nanocomposites Through In-situ Reductive Adsorption of Gold(III) Ion on Organic Acid-Functionalized Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxides
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of AA-, GA- and SA-Functionalized Mg/Al LDHs
	3 Characterization of the Composites
	4 Reductive Adsorption of Au(III) Ion by AA-, GA- and SA-Functionalized Mg/Al LDHs
		4.1 Effect of Initial pH
		4.2 Adsorption Kinetics
		4.3 Adsorption Isotherms
		4.4 Thermodynamic Study
	5 Characterization of Adsorbents After Adsorption
		5.1 XRD
		5.2 FTIR
	6 Reductive Adsorption Mechanism of Au(III) Ion
	7 Synthesis of Mg/Al LDH-Supported AuNPs from Au(III) Ion Obtained from Electronic Waste Solution
	8 Future Potentials and Challenges
	9 Summary
	References
Graphene and Its Nanocomposites Derivatives: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications in Water Treatment, Gas Sensor, and Solar Cell Fields
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of GO and RGO
	3 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives
		3.1 Usage of Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Derivatives in Waste Water Treatment
		3.2 Usage of Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Derivatives in Sensor
		3.3 Usage of Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Derivatives in Solar Cell Devices
		3.4 Hole Transport Layer (HTL) or Electron Transport Layer (ETL)-Based Carbon Materials
	4 The Present Challenges and Future Research in Graphene and Its Derivatives
	References
Bionanocomposites and Their Applications in Energy Harvesting and Deletion of Environmental Pollutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Biopolymers in Bionanocomposites
		2.1 Cellulose
		2.2 Starch
		2.3 Alginate
		2.4 Curcumin
		2.5 Glycogen
		2.6 Chitin
		2.7 Chitosan
		2.8 Lignin
		2.9 Pullulan
		2.10 Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)
		2.11 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
		2.12 Proteins
		2.13 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers
		2.14 Regular Polyester Filaments
	3 Nano-Scale Fillers
		3.1 Layered Silicates
		3.2 Nanocellulose
		3.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
		3.4 Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT)
		3.5 Nanoparticles
		3.6 Nanofibers
		3.7 Nanoplatelets
		3.8 Nanotubes
	4 Ex Situ Versus In Situ Synthesis of Bionanocomposites
	5 Applications
		5.1 Electronic and Sensor Applications
		5.2 Photovoltaics (PV)
		5.3 Piezo-Electric Energy Preparing
		5.4 Electronic
		5.5 Nanoremediation
	6 Perspective and Future Trends
	References
A Comparative Study of Cellulose Nanocomposite Derived from Algae and Bacteria and Its Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Cellulose
	3 Cellulose Structure and Composition
	4 Nanocellulose
	5 Cellulose Nanocrystals
	6 Cellulose Nanofibrillar (CNFs)
	7 Cellulose Nanocomposites
	8 Cellulose Nanocrystalline or Nanofiber Characterization
	9 Cellulosic Nanocomposite and Their Applications
	10 Algal Cellulose
	11 Cellulose/nanocellulose Extractions from Algae
	12 Cellulose Composites from Algae
	13 The Application of Cellulose Composites/Nanocomposites Derived from Algae
	14 Bacterial Cellulose
	15 Characterizations of Bacterial Cellulose
	16 The Application of Cellulose Composites/Nanocomposites Derived from Bacteria
	17 Conclusions
	18 Future Prospective
	References
Advances in Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Applications
Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Remediation: From Classic Approaches to 3D Printing
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymers as a Matrix for Hybrid Nanocomposite Membranes
	3 Hybrid Inorganic-Polymeric Based Membranes for Water Remediation
		3.1 Polymeric Membranes with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
		3.2 Polymeric Membranes with Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.3 Polymeric Membranes with Clay Nanoparticles
		3.4 Polymeric Membranes with Silver Nanoparticles
		3.5 Polymeric Membranes with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.6 Polymeric Membranes with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.7 Polymeric Membranes with Carbon Nanotubes
		3.8 Polymeric Membranes with Metal-organic Frameworks
	4 Membrane Preparation Methods
		4.1 Classic Preparation Methods of Nanocomposite Membranes
		4.2 Electrospnining
		4.3 3D Printing Technology
	5 Applications
		5.1 Desalination
		5.2 Membrane Distillation
		5.3 Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration
		5.4 Oil/Water Separation
		5.5 Ion Exchange
		5.6 Adsorption of Pollutants
		5.7 Other Applications and Secondary Functionalities
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocomposites for Wastewater Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanocomposites
	3 Removal of Dyes
	4 Removal of Metals
	5 Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants
		5.1 Removal of Phenols
		5.2 Removal of Antibiotics
		5.3 Removal of Pesticides
		5.4 Removal of Humic Acid
		5.5 Removal of Oil Pollutions
	6 Bacteria Removal
	7 Conclusions
	8 Future Perspective
	References
Functionality-Structure Relationship into Functional Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Removal and Monitoring of Pollutants in Fluid Phases
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes (PNCMS)
	3 Separation Mechanism of PNCMs
		3.1 Effect on Size Exclusion Mechanism
		3.2 Effect on Dissolution-Diffusion Mechanism
	4 Effect of Nanocomponent on the Membrane Functionality
		4.1 Effect on Mechanical and Thermal Properties
		4.2 Effect on Permeability
		4.3 Effect on Anti-fouling and Biofouling Properties
		4.4 Effect on Other Functional Properties
	5 Applications of PNCMs
		5.1 PNCMs for Treatment of Aqueous Effluents
		5.2 PNCMs for Removal of Organic Compounds
		5.3 PNCMs as Adsorption Surface
		5.4 PNCMs for Separation and Sensing
	6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Removal of Pollutants from Different Environment Using Catalytic Degradation
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanomaterials and Polymers Used for Removal of Pollutants from Different Environment Using Catalytic Degradation
		2.1 Available Nano Materials
		2.2 Hosting Polymers
	3 Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposites
		3.1 Direct Compounding/Blending/Mixing
		3.2 In-situ Synthesis
		3.3 Other Methods
	4 Catalytic Degradation Techniques for Environmental Remediation
		4.1 Ozone/UV Radiation/H2O2 Oxidation
		4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation
		4.3 Supercritical Water Oxidation
		4.4 The Fenton Method
		4.5 Sonochemical Degradation
		4.6 The Electrochemical Method
		4.7 The Electron Beam Process
		4.8 Solvated Electron Reduction
		4.9 Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) of Iron and Other Zero-Valent Metals
		4.10 Enzymatic Treatment Methods
	5 Need for Polymer Nanocomposite for Environmental Remediation
	6 Conclusion and Perspective
	References
Role of Graphene Oxide Based Nanocomposites in Arsenic Purification from Ground Water
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Arsenic Contamination and Toxicity
		1.2 Graphene Oxide
		1.3 Adsorption Technology
	2 Preparation of GO
	3 Characterization of GO
	4 GO as Adsorbent for Arsenic
	5 Effects of Wastewater Parameters
		5.1 Effect of pH
		5.2 Effect of Ionic Strength
		5.3 Effect of Temperature
		5.4 Effect of Contact Time
	6 Interaction Mechanism
	7 Desorption and Reusability
	8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		8.1 Limitations
	References
Green Nanocomposites: Magical Solution for Environmental Pollution Problems
	1 Introduction
	2 Harmful Material
	3 Physical Aging Degradation Factors (Weather- Uv- Ir- Water-Chemical)
	4 The COVID-19 Pandemic and the New Challenges in Waste Management
	5 Golden Solution After Detection of Pollution
	6 Nanotechnology for Pollution Prevention
	7 Detection of Heavy Metals by Means of GNC Sensors
	8 Water Remediation Using Green Polymer Nanocomposites
	9 Application of GNC for Water Pureness
	10 Nanotechnology(GNC) for the Adsorption of Venomous Gases
	11 GNC for Sensors and Detectors of Pollution
	12 GNC as Ultrasensitive Resistive Gas Sensor for Compound Responses Contemplates
	13 GNC and CNTs as (Gases) Dioxin and Green House Capture
	14 NOx Adsorption
	15 Earth Benevolent Materials (Ecologically Agreeable Materials)
	16 Conclusions
	17 Summary and Future View
	References
Recent Developments in Wastewater Treatment Using Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview in Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites
	3 Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
		3.1 Membrane
		3.2 Adsorbents
		3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation
	4 Regenerating of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites
	5 Scaling up the Processes
	6 Conclusions
	7 Future Prospectives
	References
Applications of Nanocomposites in Environmental Remediation
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer Nanocomposites for Water Treatments
	3 Polymer Nanocomposites for Fertilizers Delivery in Soil
	4 Recent Advances in Nanofibrous Composite Air Filters
	5 Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation
	6 Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications
	7 Fire Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposites
	8 Conclusion
	References
Removal of Radioactive Waste from Water Using Polymer Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanocomposites
		1.2 Polymer Nanocomposites (PNCs)
	2 Radioactive Waste Removal
		2.1 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites (PNCs)
		2.2 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
		2.3 Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites
	3 Conclusion
	4 Future Perspective
	References
Advances in Nanocomposite Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications
Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on Polymer Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of MIECs
		2.1 Electronic Conducting Agent
		2.2 Dopants and Additives
		2.3 Ionic-Electronic Transport
	3 Characterization
		3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
		3.2 Electronic Conductivity Measurements
	4 Applications
		4.1 Thermoelectric
		4.2 Batteries
		4.3 Transistors, Sensors and Other Devices
	5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Storage Devices
		2.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems
		2.2 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems
	3 Nanocomposites for Battery Systems
		3.1 Micro and Nanocomposites for Electrodes
		3.2 Micro and Nanocomposites in Battery Separators
	4 Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
		4.1 Micro and Nanocomposites for the Electrodes
		4.2 Micro and Nanocomposites for Separator/Electrolytes
	5 Final Remarks
	References
Metal Sulfide Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Composition of Nanostructured Composites
	3 Synthesis Procedures of NPs
		3.1 Ex Situ Synthesis
		3.2 In Situ Synthesis
		3.3 Emerging Synthesis Methods
	4 Characterization Techniques for NPCs
		4.1 UV–Vis Spectroscopy
		4.2 FTIR Spectroscopy
		4.3 X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy
		4.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		4.5 SEM Analysis
		4.6 TEM Analysis
		4.7 Cyclic Voltammetry
		4.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		4.9 BET Analysis
	5 Applications of Nanoparticles
		5.1 Photo/Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
		5.2 Semiconductor Solar Cells
		5.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
		5.4 Electrochemical Capacitors
		5.5 Hybrid Solar Cells with Enhanced Photocurrent
		5.6 Solar Energy Harvesting
	6 Summary and Future Outlook
	References
Advanced Neutron and Synchrotron Characterization Techniques for Nanocomposite Perovskite Materials Toward Solar Cells Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Hybrid Perovskite Material
		2.1 Structure
		2.2 Composition
	3 Fabrication Techniques
		3.1 Solution-Based Methods
		3.2 Evaporation Methods
		3.3 Large Scale Methods
	4 Device Configuration
		4.1 Planar
		4.2 Mesoporous
		4.3 Inverted
	5 Interfaces in Perovskite Solar Cell Devices
		5.1 ETM/Perovskite
		5.2 HTM/Perovskite
	6 Advanced Characterization Techniques at Large Scale Facilities
		6.1 Neutron Scattering Techniques
		6.2 Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Techniques
		6.3 Examples of Combinations of Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation Characterization Techniques
		6.4 Muon Spectroscopy
	7 New Challenges and Perspectives
	References
Development of Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Storage
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fabrication of Hierarchical Nanostructures
		1.2 Properties of Hierarchical Nanostructures
	2 Applications of Hierarchical Nanostructures
		2.1 Battery
		2.2 Super Capacitor
		2.3 Photo-Electro Chemical Cells
		2.4 Fuel Cells
	3 Conclusion
	4 Future Perspectives
	References
Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer Nanocomposite for Energy Storage Application
		2.1 PNCs Based Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery
		2.2 PNCs Based Materials for Supercapacitor
	3 Conclusion
	References
Incorporation of Nanocomposite Thin Films as Effective Electrodes for Photovoltaic Devices Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanocomposite Materials
	3 Types of Nanocomposites
		3.1 Ceramic Nanocomposites
		3.2 Metal Nanocomposites
		3.3 Polymer Nanocomposites
	4 Common Types of Nanomaterials used in Photovoltaics
		4.1 Carbon Nanomaterials
		4.2 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
	5 Development of Photovoltaic Technology
		5.1 First Generation Solar Cells
		5.2 Second Generation Solar Cells
		5.3 Third Generation Solar Cells
	6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Recent Advances of TiO2 Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Water Contaminants and Rechargeable Sodium Ion Batteries
	1 Introduction
	2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Water Contaminants
	3 TiO2 Nanocomposites for Rechargeable Sodium Ion Batteries
	4 Conclusions
	References
Major Trends and Mechanistic Insights for the Development of TiO2-Based Nanocomposites for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
	1 Introduction
	2 General Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production using Heterojunctions
	3 Metal/Nonmetal-Doped TiO2 Nanocomposites
	4 Carbon-Based TiO2 Nanocomposites
	5 Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Nanocomposites
	6 Semiconductor-Coupled TiO2 Nanocomposites
	7 Conclusion
	References
Polymer/Carbon Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties and Application in Solar Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of Polymer/Carbon Composite
		2.1 Solution Mixing Process
		2.2 Melt Blending
		2.3 In situ Polymerization
	3 Properties of Polymer/Carbon Composite
		3.1 Mechanical Properties
		3.2 Electrical Properties
	4 Carbon-Based Polymers for Solar Cell Applications
		4.1 Electrodes
		4.2 Active Layer
		4.3 Charge Transport Layer (Hole/electron-Transport Layer) (HTL and ETL)
	5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Graphene Based Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization and Energy Harvesting Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
		2.1 General Method for the Preparation of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
		2.2 Mechanical Exfoliation
		2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		2.4 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
		2.5 Electrochemical Exfoliation
		2.6 Reduction of Graphene Oxide
		2.7 Hummers Method
		2.8 Covalent Interactions
		2.9 Photochemical Reaction
	3 Characterization of Graphene Based Nanocomposites
		3.1 TEM and FESEM Images of Silver Nanoparticles on GO-Sheets
		3.2 TEM and FESEM Images of GO-Co3O4 Nanocomposites
		3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
		3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
		3.5 Raman Spectroscopy
		3.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
		3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
		3.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis
		3.9 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX)
		3.10 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)
		3.11 Amperometric Measurements
		3.12 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
		3.13 AC Impedance Spectroscopy
	4 Energy Harvesting Applications
		4.1 Graphene-Based Flexible Logic Devices
		4.2 Solar Energy Harvesting and Photocatalysis
		4.3 Supercapacitors
		4.4 Photovoltaic and Photoelectrochemical Devices
		4.5 Electrochemical Energy Devices
		4.6 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
	5 Summary and Outlook
	References
Design of New High Energy Near Field Nanophotonic Materials for Far Field Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanomaterials for Energy Transfer (ET) in the Nanoscale
		2.1 Conductive and Semiconductive Properties Based on Variable Material Constitution
	3 High Energy Electromagnetic Fields from Nano-surfaces
		3.1 Plasmonic and Enhanced Plasmonics (EP)
		3.2 Enhanced Energy Properties
	4 Nanomaterials for Enhanced Luminescence Emissions
		4.1 Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
		4.2 Plasmonic Resonators for Enhanced Energy Emissions
		4.3 Luminescent Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanomaterials
		4.4 Plasmonic Luminescent Organic Nanocomposites
	5 Enhanced Chiro Optical Activity
		5.1 Basis of Chiral Light Differentiation
		5.2 Effect of Plasmonic Electromagnetic Fields on Chiro Optical Interactions
	6 Future Perspectives in Enhanced Energy Fields
	References
Supramolecular Structures of Organic Molecules-Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Supramolecular Structures of Organic Molecules-SWNT Nanocomposites Characterized by STM Imaging Technique
		2.1 STM Studies of Porphyrin-SWNT Nanocomposites
		2.2 STM Studies of Polymer-SWNT Nanocomposites
		2.3 STM Studies of Further Organic Molecules-SWNT Nanocomposites
	3 Conclusion
	References
Structure and Properties Manipulations of Graphene: Towards Developing High Sensitivity Optical and Electrical Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Fabrication of NMG
	3 Absorption in NMG
	4 Nano Membrane Graphene as a Sensor
	5 Conclusion
	6 Graphene Nanoplatelets-Au Nanoparticles Hybrid as a pH Sensor
	7 C-MOS Fabrication Process
	8 GAH Formation
	9 Conclusion
	References
Bulk and Nanocomposite Thermoelectrics: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanocomposites and ZT Improvements
		1.2 The Basic Theory for ZT Enhancement
		1.3 Thermoelectric Nano-Structuring Methodologies
		1.4 Current Accomplishments in Bulk and Nanocomposite Thermoelectrics
	2 Conclusive Remarks
	References
Nanodiamond/Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Systems
	3 Unique Properties of Nanodiamonds
	4 Nanodiamond Growth Methods
	5 Nanodiamond Produced by CVD
	6 Nanodiamond Produced by Physical Vapor Deposition
	7 Nanodiamonds in Supercapacitors
	8 Nanodiamond/Carbon Materials
	9 Doped Nanodiamonds
	10 Conducting Polymers/Nanodiamond Composites
	11 Obstacles Towards Applicable Nanodiamond Electrodes
	12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Supercapacitors: Current Trends and Future Opportunities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 How the Story of Supercapacitors Began?
	2 Components of Supercapacitor
	3 Faradaic and Non-Faradaic Processes
	4 Supercapacitors Types
	5 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor
		5.1 Carbon Materials
		5.2 Metal-Oxide
		5.3 Conducting Polymers (CPs)
		5.4 Nano-Composite
	6 Future Prospects Should Be Considered for Extra Development of Supercapacitors
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References