Advances in Multiuser Detection (Wiley Series in Telecommunications and Signal Processing)

ADVANCES IN MULTIUSER DETECTION......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Matrix Channel Model......Page 27
1.4 Linear Detectors......Page 33
1.5 Reduced-Rank Estimation......Page 37
1.6 Decision-Feedback Detection......Page 47
1.7 Interference Mitigation at the Transmitter......Page 54
1.8 Overview of Remaining Chapters......Page 59
References......Page 60
2.1 Introduction......Page 68
2.1.1 System Model......Page 69
2.1.2 Multiuser Detectors......Page 71
2.1.2.1 Optimal Multiuser Detectors......Page 72
2.1.2.3 Linear Minimum Mean-Squared Error Detectors......Page 73
2.1.2.4 Per-User Linear Minimum Mean-Squared Error Detectors......Page 74
2.1.2.5 Per-User Approximate Nonlinear MMSE Detector......Page 75
2.2.1 Interference Cancellation......Page 77
2.2.1.1 Schedules for Iterative Cancellation......Page 79
2.2.1.2 Implementation via Residual Error Update......Page 80
2.2.1.3 Tentative Decision Functions......Page 84
2.2.2 Linear Methods......Page 85
2.2.2.2 Direct Solution......Page 87
2.2.2.3 Series Expansions......Page 88
2.2.2.4 Iterative Solution Methods......Page 91
2.2.2.5 Jacobi Iteration......Page 93
2.2.2.6 Gauss-Seidel Iteration......Page 95
2.2.2.7 Descent Algorithms......Page 96
2.2.3.1 Constrained Optimization......Page 101
2.2.3.2 Clipped Soft Decision......Page 105
2.2.3.4 Hard Decision......Page 107
2.2.4.1 Parallel Cancellation......Page 109
2.2.4.2 Serial Cancellation......Page 110
2.2.4.3 Gradient Methods......Page 114
2.3 Iterative Joint Decoding for Coded Data......Page 116
2.3.1 Joint Optimal Multiuser and Separate Single-User Decoders......Page 117
2.3.2 The Canonical Iterative Joint Multiuser Decoder......Page 118
2.3.3 Linear Detection in Iterative Joint Multiuser Decoding......Page 121
2.3.4 Parallel Interference Cancellation......Page 123
2.3.5 Per-User LMMSE Filters with Priors......Page 124
2.3.6 Transfer Function Convergence Analysis......Page 126
2.3.7.2 Single-User Matched Filter Parallel Interference Cancellation......Page 128
2.3.7.3 Per-User LMMSE Filtering......Page 132
2.3.7.4 Comparison of Single-User Matched-Filter PIC and LMMSE Decoders......Page 136
2.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 139
3.1 Introduction......Page 148
3.2.1 Asynchronous Multi-Antenna Multipath CDMA......Page 150
3.2.2 Synchronous Multipath CDMA......Page 155
3.2.3 Synchronous Multi-Antenna CDMA......Page 157
3.2.4 Remarks......Page 158
3.3.1 Complex Gaussian Distribution......Page 159
3.3.2 Performance of Blind Multiuser Detectors with Known Channels......Page 160
3.3.3 Performance of Blind Multiuser Detector with Blind Channel Estimation......Page 163
3.3.4 Numerical Results......Page 164
3.3.5 Adaptive Implementation......Page 165
3.3.6 Algorithm Summary......Page 167
3.4.1.1 Signal and Channel Model......Page 169
3.4.1.2 Noise Model......Page 170
3.4.1.3 Blind Bayesian Multiuser Detection......Page 171
3.4.1.4 The Gibbs Sampler......Page 172
3.4.2.1 White Gaussian Noise......Page 173
3.4.2.2 Colored Gaussian Noise......Page 176
3.4.3 Simulation Examples......Page 178
3.5.1 Channel Model and Sequential EM Algorithm......Page 182
3.5.3 Simulation Results......Page 184
3.6 Transmitter-Based Multiuser Precoding for Fading Channels......Page 186
3.6.1.2 Downlink Signal Model and Matched Filter Detection......Page 187
3.6.1.3 Transmitter Precoding for a Synchronous Multipath Downlink......Page 188
3.6.1.4 Adaptive Implementation......Page 190
3.6.1.5 Algorithm Summary......Page 191
3.6.2.2 Precoder Design for Orthogonal Spreading Codes......Page 192
3.6.2.3 Precoder Design for Non-Orthogonal Spreading Codes......Page 193
3.6.3.1 Prerake-Diversity Combining......Page 195
3.6.3.2 Precoder Design......Page 196
3.6.4.1 Performance of Transmitter Precoding with Blind Channel Estimation......Page 199
3.6.4.2 Performance and Achievable Diversity for Multi-Antenna Precoding......Page 201
3.7 Conclusion......Page 204
References......Page 205
4.1 Random Signatures and Large System Analysis......Page 210
4.2 System Models......Page 213
4.2.1 Uplink CDMA Without Multipath......Page 214
4.2.2 Downlink CDMA......Page 215
4.2.3 Multi-Cell Downlink or Multi-Signature Uplink......Page 217
4.2.4 Model Limitations......Page 218
4.3.1 SINR of Linear Filters......Page 219
4.4.2 Stieltjes Transform......Page 222
4.4.3 Examples......Page 223
4.4.4 Asymptotic Equivalence......Page 224
4.5 Incremental Matrix Expansion......Page 225
4.6.1 MMSE Receiver and SINR......Page 227
4.6.2 Large-System SINR......Page 228
4.6.3.1 Rotational Invariance of SINR......Page 229
4.6.3.2 Covariance Matrix Expansion Along Transmit Dimensions......Page 230
4.6.4 Large System SINR......Page 231
4.6.5 Numerical Example......Page 234
4.7.1 Sum Capacity......Page 236
4.7.2 Capacity Regions......Page 240
4.8.1 ALS Receiver......Page 242
4.8.2 ALS Convergence: Numerical Example......Page 244
4.8.3 Large System Limit......Page 245
4.8.4 Analysis and Results......Page 246
4.8.4.1 ALS Transient Behavior......Page 247
4.8.5 Numerical Examples......Page 249
4.8.6 Optimization of Training Overhead......Page 251
4.9 Other Models and Extensions......Page 257
4.10 Bibliographical Notes......Page 258
Appendix: Proof Sketch of Theorem 1......Page 259
Appendix: Free Probability Transforms......Page 262
4.B.1 Free Probability Transforms......Page 263
4.B.2 Sums of Unitarily Invariant Matrices......Page 264
4.B.3 Products of Unitarily Invariant Matrices......Page 266
References......Page 267
5.1.1 Generic Multiuser Detection......Page 272
5.1.2 Single-User Characterization of Multiuser Systems......Page 273
5.1.4 Statistical Inference Using Practical Algorithms......Page 275
5.1.5 Statistical Physics and Related Problems......Page 276
5.2.2 Generic Posterior Mean Estimation......Page 277
5.2.3 Specific Detectors as Posterior Mean Estimators......Page 280
5.2.3.3 Interference Cancelers......Page 281
5.3.1 Is the Decision Statistic Gaussian?......Page 282
5.3.2 The Decoupling Principle: Individually Optimal Detection......Page 283
5.3.3.1 A Companion Channel......Page 290
5.3.3.2 Main Results......Page 292
5.3.4 Justification of Results: Sparse Spreading......Page 293
5.3.5.1 Linear Detectors......Page 294
5.3.5.2 Optimal Detectors......Page 296
5.4.1.1 Spectral Efficiency and Detection Performance......Page 297
5.4.1.2 The Replica Method......Page 298
5.4.1.3 A Simple Example......Page 299
5.4.2 Free Energy......Page 302
5.4.2.1 Large Deviations and Saddle Point......Page 304
5.4.2.2 Replica Symmetry Solution......Page 306
5.4.2.3 Single-User Channel Interpretation......Page 307
5.4.2.4 Spectral Efficiency and Multiuser Efficiency......Page 309
5.4.3 Joint Moments......Page 310
5.5.1 On Replica Symmetry......Page 312
5.5.2 On Metastable Solutions......Page 313
5.6.1 A Note on Statistical Physics......Page 315
5.6.2.1 Equivalence of Multiuser Systems and Spin Glasses......Page 317
5.7.1 Conventional Parallel Interference Cancellation......Page 318
5.7.2.1 Application of Belief Propagation to Multiuser Detection......Page 319
5.7.2.2 Conventional Parallel Interference Cancellation as Approximate BP......Page 321
5.7.2.3 BP-Based Parallel Interference Cancellation Algorithm......Page 322
5.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 324
References......Page 325
6.1 Introduction......Page 332
6.2 Wireless Channels: The Multi-Antenna Realm......Page 333
6.3 Definitions and Preliminaries......Page 335
6.4 Multi-Antenna Capacity: Ergodic Regime......Page 336
6.4.1 Input Optimization and Capacity-Achieving Transceiver Architectures......Page 337
6.4.2.2 Transforms......Page 341
6.4.3 Canonical Model (IID Channel)......Page 342
6.4.3.1 Separable Correlation Model......Page 344
6.5 Multi-Antenna Capacity: Non-Ergodic Regime......Page 348
6.6.1 Linear Receivers......Page 351
6.6.1.1 Zero-Forcing Receiver......Page 352
6.6.1.2 Minimum Mean-Square Error Receiver......Page 358
6.7 Multiuser Multi-Antenna Systems......Page 366
6.7.1 Same-Cell Interference and Cooperation......Page 367
6.7.1.1 Downlink: Precoding......Page 368
6.7.2 Other-Cell Interference and Cooperation......Page 370
6.7.2.2 Base Station Cooperative Scheduling......Page 371
6.8 Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoffs and Spatial Adaptation......Page 372
6.8.1 Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff......Page 373
6.8.2 Mode Adaptation: Switching Between Diversity and Multiplexing......Page 374
References......Page 376
7.1 Introduction......Page 386
7.2 Interference Avoidance Basics......Page 388
7.2.1 Greedy Interference Avoidance: The Eigen-Algorithm......Page 391
7.2.2 MMSE Interference Avoidance......Page 393
7.2.3 Other Algorithms for Interference Avoidance......Page 397
7.3 Interference Avoidance over Time-Invariant Channels......Page 398
7.3.1 Interference Avoidance with Diagonal Channel Matrices......Page 400
7.3.2 Interference Avoidance with General Channel Matrices......Page 401
7.4 Interference Avoidance in Fading Channels......Page 405
7.4.1 Iterative Power and Sequence Optimization in Fading......Page 409
7.5 Interference Avoidance in Asynchronous Systems......Page 410
7.5.1 Interference Avoidance for User Capacity Maximization......Page 411
7.5.2 Interference Avoidance for Sum Capacity Maximization......Page 417
7.5.3 TSAC Reduction: Iterative Algorithms......Page 420
7.6.1 Codeword Tracking for Interference Avoidance......Page 422
7.6.2 Reduced-Rank Signatures......Page 423
7.7.1 Interference Avoidance and Power Control......Page 424
7.7.2 Adaptive Interference Avoidance Algorithms......Page 426
7.8 Summary and Conclusions......Page 431
References......Page 432
8.1 Introduction......Page 438
8.2 Many-to-One Multiple Access versus One-to-Many Scalar Broadcast Channels......Page 439
8.3.1 The Dirty Paper Coding Result......Page 441
8.3.3 Scalar Broadcast Using the DPC Approach......Page 442
8.4 A Simple 2 × 2 Example......Page 444
8.5.1 Vector Dirty Paper Coding: Reduction to Scalar Case......Page 449
8.5.2 DPC Rate Region......Page 451
8.6 Coding with Side Information at the Transmitter......Page 452
8.6.2 Scalar Quantization: Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding......Page 453
8.6.2.2 Losses of Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding......Page 455
8.6.2.3 MMSE Scaling......Page 457
8.6.2.4 One-Dimensional Soft-Symbol Metric......Page 458
8.6.3.2 Shaping Gain......Page 461
8.6.3.3 Communication Using Lattices......Page 462
8.6.3.4 Lattice Precoding at the Transmitter......Page 463
8.6.3.5 High-Dimensional Lattices from Linear Codes......Page 464
8.6.3.6 Sign-Bit Shaping......Page 468
8.6.3.7 Coset Decoding at the Receiver......Page 469
8.6.3.8 Mutual Information Limits......Page 471
8.6.4.1 Single User vs. Multiuser MIMO......Page 472
8.7 Summary......Page 473
References......Page 474
Index......Page 476