Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health: Volume 17

Contents
Phytochemicals Against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Biofilms and Use of Green Extraction Solvents to Increase Their Bioactivity
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytochemicals - Biological Functions and Chemical Diversity
	3 Extraction of Phytochemicals
		3.1 NADES
	4 Antibiofilm Activity of Phytochemicals
		4.1 Inhibition of Bacterial Adhesion
		4.2 Motility Inhibition
		4.3 Inhibition of EPS Production
		4.4 Quorum Sensing Inhibition
	5 NADES against Biofilms and Planktonic Cells
	6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
In Vitro Potential Virucidal Effect Evaluation of Xibornol on Human Adenovirus Type 5, Human Rhinovirus Type 13, Human Coronav...
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Xibornol Solution
		2.2 Cell Cultures Viral Replication
		2.3 Infectivity Quantification
		2.4 Xibornol Effect on Cell Lines
		2.5 Xibornol Effect on Chosen Viruses
		2.6 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
``Man Who Won the War´´: Myth and Reality of Aldo Castellani´s Role in Preserving the Health of Troops During the Italo-Ethiop...
	1 The Latecomers of Colonialism
	2 An Old Istituto Luce Documentary
	3 A First Exploratory Mission
	4 Inspector General of Military and Civilian Health Services for East Africa
	5 The League of Nations Sanctions Italy
	6 Marie-José, the Princess-Nurse
	7 Children of a Lesser Empire
	8 The White Legend and the Black Legend
	9 Conclusions
	References
Biofilm-Associated Infections in Chronic Wounds and Their Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Clinical Evidence of Bacterial Infection and Biofilm Formation in Chronic Wounds
	3 Diagnosis and Management of Biofilms in Chronic Wounds
	4 Conclusion
	References
Relevance and Importance of Biofilms in the Resistance and Spreading of Campylobacter spp. Within the Food Chain
	1 Introduction
	2 Campylobacter Biofilms as a Stress Adaptation and Survival Mechanism
		2.1 Oxidative Stress Defense
		2.2 Antimicrobial Resistance
	3 Enhanced Survival of Campylobacter Within Mixed-Species Biofilms
	4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Magnitude and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in a Larg...
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Population
		2.2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			2.2.1 Screening Test for Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)
			2.2.2 Phenotypic Confirmatory Test for ESBL
			2.2.3 DNA Extraction
			2.2.4 Molecular Characterization of ESBL Genes
		2.3 Data Quality Assurance
		2.4 Data Entry and Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Magnitude of ESB-Producing K. pneumoniae Isolates
		3.2 Association of Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristics with ESBL Production
		3.3 Specimen-Wise Distribution of ESBL-Producing K. pneumoniae Isolates
		3.4 Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of ESBL-Producing and Non-producing K. pneumoniae Isolates
		3.5 Frequency of ESBL Genes Among K. pneumoniae Isolates
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Seasonal Variation Analysis for Weekly Cases, Deaths, and Hospitalizations of COVID-19 in the United States
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Trends of Antimicrobial Consumption in Hospital: Tackling the Hidden Part of the Iceberg with an Electronic Personalised Presc...
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Design and Data Collection
		2.2 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Microbiota and Thyroid Disease: An Updated Systematic Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Material
		2.1 Review Conduction
		2.2 Search Strategy and Inclusion Criteria
		2.3 Data Extraction
		2.4 Study Quality Assessment
	3 Results
		3.1 Articles Retrieved
		3.2 Findings of the Articles Included
			3.2.1 Thyroid Nodules and Cancer
			3.2.2 Tumoral Microenvironment in Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma
			3.2.3 Probiotics Used in Complications of Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal
			3.2.4 Graves´ Disease
			3.2.5 Effect of Antithyroid Drugs
			3.2.6 Leaky Gut in Patients with Graves´ Disease
			3.2.7 Microbiome Modulation in Graves´ Disease Patients
			3.2.8 Hashimoto´s Thyroiditis and Hypothyroid Patients
			3.2.9 Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Hypothyroid Patients
			3.2.10 Microbiota Composition in ``Special Hypothyroid Populations´´
			3.2.11 Microbiota and Levothyroxine Treatment
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. (Himalayan Yew): A Medicinal Plant Exhibiting Antibacterial Properties
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Plant Material Collection
		2.2 Preparation of the Extracts
		2.3 Chemicals
		2.4 Test Organisms
		2.5 Methodology for the Detection of Antibacterial Activity
			2.5.1 Inoculums Preparation
			2.5.2 Agar Well Diffusion Assay
		2.6 Phytochemical Analysis
		2.7 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Antibacterial Activity of T. wallichiana Extracts Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria
		3.2 Phytochemical Screening of Taxus wallichiana (Leaves and Fruit)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Different Efflux Pump Systems in Acinetobacter baumannii and Their Role in Multidrug Resistance
	1 Introduction
	2 Bacterial Efflux Pumps
		2.1 Role and Importance of Efflux Pumps in Various Bacteria
		2.2 General Mechanism of the Efflux Pump in Bacteria
	3 Efflux Pumps in Multidrug Resistance of A. baumannii
		3.1 AdeABC Efflux Pump
		3.2 MFS (Major Facilitator Superfamily) Selective Transporter
		3.3 SMR (Small Multidrug Resistance) Transporter
		3.4 MATE (Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion) Transporter
		3.5 RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Division) Family
	4 Strategies Targeting Efflux Pumps in A. baumannii
		4.1 Efflux Pump Inhibitors
		4.2 The Link Between Biofilm and Efflux Pump
	5 Conclusion
	6 Future Prospects
	References
Index