Advances in Geoethics and Groundwater Management : Theory and Practice for a Sustainable Development: Proceedings of the 1st Congress on Geoethics and ... in Science, Technology & Innovation)

Committees
	Scientific Committee
	Honour Committee
	Organizing Committee
	The Conference Logo: Creation, Design and Symbolic
	Side-Event Winning Video: Before the Last Drop—Viva la Geoethics!
Foreword by Giuseppe Di Capua
	References
Foreword by Nabil Khélifi
Preface
	References
Preamble by John Cherry
Contents
About the Editors
Fundamentals of Hydrogeoethics: Cultures, Principles and Geoethical Values on Groundwater Science and Engineering
1 Relational Value as an Argument to Protect Geological and Hydrogeologic Goods
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Value of Non-living Goods
	3 Anthropometric and Relational Values
	4 Geosystem Services
	5 Relational Values and Cultural Geosystem Services
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
2 Ethical and Moral Issues Relative to Groundwater
	Abstract
	1 Introductory Background
	2 Groundwater Characteristics and Ethics
	3 Are Groundwater Resources a Univocally Defined Concept?
	4 Aquifers as Natural Infrastructures
	5 Which Are the Subjects, the Humans or the Environment and Nature?
	6 Other Groundwater Related Issues
	Acknowledgements
	Reference
3 Some Basic Considerations on the Applied Ethics to Water Resources Management
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods: Some Basic Considerations on Ethics in Hydrogeology
	3 Discussion
		3.1 Water for People. Urban Uses: Supply and Sanitation
		3.2 Water for Agriculture: Agricultural Uses
		3.3 Industrial Uses
		3.4 Land Planning Uses
		3.5 Water for Natural and Ecological Uses
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Groundwater Contamination Science and the Precautionary Principle
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 The Uncertainties Systems Complexity, Time, and Space in Groundwater Science
		3.2 The Case of PFAS
		3.3 The Case of Hydraulic Fracturing of Natural Gas
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Geoethics for Operating in the Human Niche
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geoethics: A Tool for Sense-Making
		2.1 Complex-Adaptive Social–Ecological Systems
		2.2 Sense-Making in the Human Niche
		2.3 Geoethical Thinking, Geo-endowments and the Human Niche
	3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Cross-Cutting Role of Groundwater in Achieving the SDGs and an Ethical Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Cross-Cutting Role of Groundwater in Achieving the SDGs
		3.2 Some SDG Indicators Related to Water in Latin America
	4 Towards a Groundwater Ethics in the Context of the SDGs
	References
7 Inclusion of Indigenous Communities in Water Resources Management in the Middle West of Brazil: A Proposal
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Settings
	3 Results
		3.1 Surface Water
		3.2 Hydrogeological Units
		3.3 Indigenous Communities
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
9 Evaluating Public Opinion on Groundwater Extraction from Public Comment Submissions and Google Trends
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Sources and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Analysis of Comments Submitted to the Government Regulator (MECP)
		3.2 Analysis of Google Trends Data
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
10 Public Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Groundwater and Climate Change: The Case of the Barbate River Basin
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Ethical Issues of Intensive Use of Groundwater in Stressed Spanish Aquifers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results of Intensive Groundwater Development in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Spain
	4 Ethical Issues and Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Public Geospatial Data for Groundwater Governance: The Brazilian Case
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Relevant Databases for Groundwater Governance in Brazil
		2.1 Requirements for Data in Groundwater Governance
		2.2 Rural Environmental Registry (CAR)
		2.3 Groundwater Information System (SIAGAS)
	3 Applicability, Gaps and Potential Geoethical Discussions
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
13 An Initiative for Protection of the Transnational Guarani Aquifer System Based on Geoethics
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Changing Attitudes Toward Water Use and Conservation
	3 Geoethics
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
14 Geoecological Mapping to Identify Groundwater Ecosystem Services Conflicts in a Brazilian Municipality
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
15 Current Status and Future of Groundwater Management in Japan
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Examination of Guidelines for Groundwater in Japan
		2.1 Background of the Study
	3 Outline of Basic Water Cycle Plan: a Conceptual Law Approach
	4 Survey on Measures and Activities Related to the Watershed Plan in the Basin
	5 Survey on Measures and Activities Related to Groundwater Management
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
16 How im(Moral) is the “Nimby” stand? Elements to the Ethics of “environmental” Conflicts
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 An Inquiry into a Flawed Concept
	3 “Common Good”, “General Interest” and Private Profits
	4 Trust, Power and Legitimacy
	5 Concluding Remarks: Positive Collective Outcomes of Apparently “nimbyist” Resistance
	References
17 Recharging Groundwater Security by Ensuring Polycentric Governance and Social Learning Strategies
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Urban Sprawl and the “Tyranny of Small Decisions”
	3 Groundwater Use and Jevon Paradox
	4 Climate Change and Intergenerational Justice
	5 Collective Actions to an Improved Groundwater Governance
	6 Final Remarks
	References
18 Sharing Knowledge and Data About Groundwater in EU: The EIGR Metadata Inventory of the KINDRA Project
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
19 Groundwater Conjunctive Use
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water
		2.1 Alternate Conjunctive Use and Artificial Recharge
		2.2 Relief of Drainage and Salinization Problems in Irrigation Areas in Arid and Semiarid Zones
	3 Analysis of Conjunctive Use Systems
		3.1 General Issues
		3.2 Models as Water Planning and Decision-Making Tools
		3.3 The Eigenvalue Solution
	4 Related Ethical Issues and Final Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
20 Enforcement of Groundwater Drilling and Abstraction Sites: Beyond the Backyard
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Inspection Results and Adaptation of Legislation
	3 The Backyard Principles
	4 A Double Way Forward
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Reference
21 On the Relevance of Environmental Law Evolution as a Fundamental Pillar of the European Union
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
22 Geoethics in the Design and Implementation of Temporary Groundwater Control Systems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Issues of Geoethics in Temporary Groundwater Control
		2.1 Abstraction Well Design and Installation
		2.2 Pumping System Design
		2.3 Discharge and Recharge of Abstracted Groundwater
		2.4 Decommissioning
	3 Design Risk Assessment and Inspection, Testing and Monitoring
		3.1 Design Risk Assessment (DRA)
		3.2 Inspection, Testing and Monitoring (ITM) Plan
	4 Case Study—Aquatics Centre, UK
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
23 Remote Sensing for Irrigation Water Use Control: The Case of the Benalup Aquifer (Spain)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
24 Considerations About Wastewater Reuse in Areas Subjected to Strong Pressures in the South of Spain
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Reclaimed Water in Spain
	3 A Pilot Project to Reuse Water in the South of Spain
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
25 Stakeholder View of Efficient Risk Communication in Contaminated Sites
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Participant Profile
		3.2 Factors Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
26 Urban Planning and Aquifer Management Using Recession Curves Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area Characterization
	3 Materials and Methods
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
Lessons for a Resilient and Sustainable Future with Hydrogeoethics: Case Studies of Geoethics in Groundwater Science‐Engineering, Profession, and Management
27 Ethical Aspects of Water Use in the Campo de Cartagena and the Associated Impacts on the Mar Menor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Connection Between the Lack of Groundwater Management in the Campo de Cartagena Aquifer and the Associated Effect on the Deterioration of the Mar Menor
		2.1 Agricultural Activities
		2.2 Touristic Activities
	3 Ethical Aspects of the Use of Water Resources in the Campo de Cartagena and the Mar Menor
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
28 Water Resources Management Under Climate Change Pressure in Limpopo National Park Buffer Zone
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Water Quantity
		3.2 Water Quality
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
29 Spatiality of Ethical Challenges in Use and Management of Groundwater in Coastal Regions, Sri Lanka
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ethical Challenges in Coastal Groundwater Use and Management in Sri Lanka
		3.2 Mitigatory Measures to Overcome Challenges
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
30 Rural Water Supplies in Galicia
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Water Supply Systems in Abegondo
	3 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
31 Assessment of Groundwater Balance and Importance of Geoethical Approach for Upper Kabul Sub-basin, Afghanistan
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
	3 Results
		3.1 Groundwater Balance and Potential
		3.2 Importance of Geoethical Approach
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
32 Water-Level Dynamic and Hydro-Ecological Effects of Typical Karst Wetland in Southwest China
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Introduction of the Study Area
		2.2 Station Layout and Data Acquisition
		2.3 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Dynamic Characteristics of Wetland Surface Water Level
		3.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Wetland Groundwater Level
		3.3 Characteristics of Wetland Surface Water and Groundwater-Level Transformation
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
33 The Role of Temporary Groundwater Control Recharge Systems in Water Conservation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Principle of Utilizing Groundwater Control Recharge Systems as a Means of Water Conservation
		1.2 Advantages of Utilizing Groundwater Control Recharge Systems as a Means of Water Conservation
		1.3 Disadvantages of Utilizing Groundwater Control Recharge Systems as a Means of Water Conservation
	2 Case Study—Tunnel Boring Machine Drive Pit, England
	3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
34 Groundwater Contribution to Alpine Ponds Recharge in Serra Da Estrela Natural Park, Portugal
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Results and Discussion
		2.1 Groundwater Systems
		2.2 Alpine Ponds
	3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
35 An Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Variability of Precipitation and Contours of Water Management in the Upper Teesta River Basin of Sikkim Himalaya, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
36 Analysis of Phreatic Levels in Riparian Forest and Pasture in an Agricultural Watershed, Santa Catarina, Brazil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
37 Evaluation of Protective Capacity of Unconfined Aquifers Using Geoelectric Techniques: A Case Study from North India for Supporting Sound Geoethics
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Risk of Groundwater Pollution and Vulnerability
	3 Evaluation of Protective Capacity of the Vadose Zone
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
38 Geoethics from Geophysical Exploration to a Glass of Mineral Water, Including Iberian Thermal Medicine
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Geographic and Geological Localization
	4 Geoethics and the Importance of Geophysical Exploration for Water Resources
		4.1 Non-destructive Geophysical Exploration
		4.2 Geoethics in Exploration and Surveys of Geological Resources
	5 The Importance of the Information Contained in the Labeling
	6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
39 Variation of Salinity Levels in Water Bodies in and Around Weligama Bay Due to Effect of Hydrological Processes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Variation of the Salinity Levels in the Study Area During the Study Period
		3.2 Variation of Depth to Groundwater Level during the Study Period
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
40 Variation of Victoria Reservoir Water Level and Its Effect on Fluctuation of Groundwater Level Closer to the Reservoir
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Measurements of Closest Distance to Each Well From the Reservoir and the Elevation Difference Between the Reservoir and Each Well Location
		3.2 Fluctuation of the Water Level at the Victoria Reservoir
		3.3 Measuring of Depths to Well Water Level from the Ground Surface and Fluctuation of Well Water Levels
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
41 Modeling Short-Term Groundwater-Level Fluctuations Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Description of ANFIS-GP
		2.2 Description of MARS
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
42 For a Better Understanding of Recharge and Salinization Mechanism of a Cenomanian–Turonian Aquifer
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Piezometry
		3.2 Hydrochemistry
		3.3 Spatiotemporal Evolution of Electrical Conductivity
			3.3.1 Environmental Isotopes (2H and 18O)
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
43 Salinization as Groundwater Contamination in Estarreja Shallow Aquifer, Aveiro (Portugal)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Components of Salinization
		3.2 δ2H and δ18O Isotopes in the H2O
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
44 How to Control Groundwater Quality Degradation in Coastal Zones Using Mar Optimized by GALDIT Vulnerability Assessment to Saltwater Intrusion and GABA-IFI Models
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials, Methods, and Results
		2.1 Groundwater Recharge Assessment Under Climate Change Conditions
		2.2 GALDIT Method
		2.3 Managed Aquifer Recharge Response Strategy
		2.4 GABA-IFI Index for Optimizing MAR Facilities Location
	3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
45 Driving Factors of Karst Wetland Degradation from the Perspective of Hydrogeology: A Case Study in SW China
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Site Description and Water Table Monitoring
		2.2 Remote Sensing Data
	3 Results
		3.1 Wetland Area Evolution
		3.2 Variation of Water Level
		3.3 Rocky Desertification in Wetland Catchment
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Karst Development and Wetland Hydrological Characteristic
		4.2 Pipe Blockage and Water Supply
		4.3 Rock Desertification and the Regulation Capacity
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
46 Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment in the Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark, Portugal
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
47 Concentration of Chemical Species in Piezometers in an Agricultural Watershed, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
48 Effect of Subsurface Geological Conditions on Variation of Groundwater Quality in Part of Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Groundwater Quality Distribution in the Southwestern Part of Kurunegala District
		3.2 Analysis of Borehole Log Data
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
49 Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater of the Ouazi Basin: Case of Essaouira (Southwestern Morocco)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Quality and Evolution of Groundwater
		3.2 Piezometric Surface Evolution
		3.3 Potential Sources of Nitrate
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
50 Hydrochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Ouazi Basin (Essaouira, Morocco)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Hydrochemical Characterization and Water Type
		3.2 Cluster Analysis
		3.3 Irrigation Water Quality
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
51 Use of WQI and Isotopes to Assess Groundwater Quality of Coastal Aquifers (Essaouira, Morocco)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Groundwater Quality for Domestic Purposes
		3.2 Estimation of the Water Quality Index
		3.3 Isotope Hydrology (δ2H and δ18O)
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
52 Tritium and Carbon-14 Content as a Diagnostic Approach in Groundwater Resources Management and Protection
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Melgaço–Messegães Case Study (NW Portugal)
	3 Moura-Ficalho Case Study (SE Portugal)
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
53 Impacts of Irrigated Cultures (Paddy-Rice) in Groundwater Quality in Tejo Alluvial River Basin, Portugal
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Sampling and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
54 Sustainability Resource of the Hydrogeosphere to Anthropogenic Impacts with Urbanization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 General Framework
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
55 Tiber Middle Valley: Hydraulic Risk Management and Urban Development of the Areas
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Tiber Middle Valley
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
56 Risk Assessment for Groundwater: A Case Study from a Municipal Landfill in Southern Poland
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Settings
	3 Methods
	4 Results
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
57 Effects of Nanoplastics, Lithium, and Their Mixtures on Corbicula fluminea: Preliminary Findings
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
58 Reuse of Treated Effluents in a Food-Processing Industry
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Data
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
59 Diagnosis of a Conventional Water Treatment Station: Qualitative Analysis of Treatment Capacity
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Potability Standard: Water Quality Index
		2.2 Facility Treatment Capacity: Flow Rate
		2.3 Flocculation Evaluation: Detention Time
		2.4 Decanter Evaluation
		2.5 Slow Filter Evaluation
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
60 Combination of Adsorption in Natural Clays and Photo-Catalytic Processes for Winery Wastewater Treatment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Reagents and Winery Wastewater Sampling
		2.2 Catalyst Preparation
	3 Results
		3.1 Structural Characterization of the Heterogeneous Catalyst
		3.2 Adsorption Optimization
		3.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Optimization
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
Scientific and Humanistic Components of Hydrogeoethics in Groundwater Education and Professional Training
61 Over Fifty Years of Hydrogeological Practice and Geoethics: An Intergenerational View of a Changing World
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Turning Back 50 years in Selected Scenarios in a Changing World
		2.1 Groundwater Supply to Military Forces in the Context of Guerrilla Warfare at Cabo Delgado, Northern Mozambique (1968–1970)
		2.2 Hydrogeological Survey at Aozou Strip, Libyan/Chad Border (1981)
		2.3 Groundwater Exploration and Exploitation for the Bottled Water Industry in Namaacha, Southern Mozambique (2011–2020)
	3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
62 Ethical Issues on the Use of Citizen Science Approaches
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
63 Expedition Piracicaba: For a Resilient and Sustainable Hydro-future of a Watershed
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
64 Exploring Groundwater Management in La Galera and Tortosa Aquifers: A Geoethics Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
65 During and Post-COVID-19: Challenges in Water Sector and Ethical Issues
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Impact of COVID-19 on Water Resources
	3 Suggested Measures: Toward a Hydrogeoethical Approach
		3.1 A Holistic Approach is Needed
		3.2 Augmentation of Water Resources
		3.3 Water Quality Testing
		3.4 Control of Industrial Effluent During Post-COVID-19 Lockdown
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
66 Engaging Communities and Extending the Lives of Water Systems with Technology
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Settings
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
67 A Regional Initiative for the Efficient Transfer of Groundwater Knowledge Between Experts and Stakeholders
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Regional Context Regarding Hydrogeological Knowledge and Land-Use Planning
		2.1 A Pilot Project on Hydrogeological Knowledge Transfer to Stakeholders
	3 Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
68 Groundwater Contamination and Extreme Weather Events: Perception-Based Clusters of Irish Well Users
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Results
		3.2 Cluster Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
69 Environmental Isotopes as Tools in Sustainable Groundwater Management: Essential or Dispensable?
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 The Case Study of Caldas da Rainha Thermal Waters
		3.2 The Case Study of Santa Margarida Military Camp
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
70 The Role of International Cooperation in Sustainable Groundwater Development
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 (Ground)Water, WASH and the SDGs—Background and Development
	3 Groundwater Development and Scientific Knowledge in International Cooperation
	4 Technical Challenges
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
71 Training in Groundwater Science and Technology in Portuguese Higher Education (2018–2019)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
72 Geoethics in Higher Education of Hydrogeology
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Scientific Accuracy and Appropriated Methodologies
	3 Students’ Scientific Background and Local, Regional or National Socioeconomic Reality
	4 National and Supranational Water Legislation
	5 Earth and Ecosystems Respect
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
73 And if the Spring that Provides the Farm with Water Should Run Dry?—A Geoethical Case Applied in Higher Education
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
74 Teaching Groundwater Resources and Geoethics in Portuguese Secondary Schools
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	Reference
75 Geoethics Calls for Action: An Interactive Module to Communicate Geosciences
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 An Interactive Module on Geoethics Communication—“Geoethics Calls for Action”
	3 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
76 Teaching Geoethics and Groundwater Sustainability Through a Project-Based Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Video
		3.2 Diagnostic Test and Students’ Interviews
		3.3 Teachers’ and School Principal Interviews
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Socio-hydrogeology and Ethical Groundwater Management
77 Socio-hydrogeology and Geoethics—State of the Art and Future Challenges
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Understanding the Reciprocity Between People and Groundwater
	3 Ethical, Cultural, and Social Implications of Hydrogeology
	4 Social Responsibilities of Hydrogeologists and Groundwater Scientists
	5 Future Challenges
	Acknowledgements
	References
78 Responsible Water Scientists: Bringing Socio-hydrogeology in Our Daily Life
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Social Responsibilities of Water Scientists
	3 The Scientific Nexus
	4 Walk the Talk
	Acknowledgements
	References
79 Gender-Responsive Indicators to Close the Sex-Disaggregated Water Data Gap
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
80 “Pani Check—The Sisterhood of Water”: A Transdisciplinary Documentary Film Project
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Approach and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Commitment of the Participants
		3.2 Impact and Transferability
		3.3 Insights for Hydrogeologists
			3.3.1 Expectations and Communication
			3.3.2 Visualization of the Development
			3.3.3 Social, Cultural and Ethical Implications
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
81 “Pani Doctors—Join the Sisterhood of Water”: A Participatory Film Project and an Educational Musical
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Approach and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Preparation
		3.2 Shooting
		3.3 Reflection
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
82 Transformative Art Applied to the Social Hydrogeology of the Cape Flats, South Africa
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Water, Wind and People
	3 Adaptive Management and Transformative Art: Final Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
83 Multisector Collaborative Groundwater-Surface Water Modelling Approach to Improve Resilience to Hydrological Extremes in the Limpopo River Basin
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
84 Socio-hydrological Analysis Protocol Adaptation to NW São Paulo State, Brazil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Socio-hydrology Analysis Protocol
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
85 A Comprehensive, Up-To-Date Evidence Base to Inform Public, Planning and Policy for Australia’s Great Artesian Basin
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Settings and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Hydrogeology Journal Special Issue on the GAB
		3.2 Public Engagement and Scientific Dissemination
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
86 Private Groundwater Supply Management as a Response to Flooding Events: Perceptions of Irish Well Owners
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Online Survey
		3.2 Focus Groups
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Geoethics of Decision Making Under Uncertainty and Ethical Issues in Neglecting Groundwater Functioning
87 Geoethical Issues Around Water-Security for Cape Town and Groundwater Resilience in Uncertain Circumstances
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogeological Setting
	3 Geoethical Considerations
		3.1 Professional Obligations
		3.2 Specific Groundwater-Resource Issues with Geoethical Implications
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
88 Cycles of Uncertainty: An Exploration of 40 Years of the Atlantis-Managed Aquifer Recharge Scheme Through a Geoethical Lens
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 In the Past
	3 Going Forward and Concluding Remarks
89 Geoethical Groundwater Modelling: Aligning Decision-Support Models with the Scientific Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Scientific Method and Environmental Modelling
	3 Making a Decision with an Uncertain Model
		3.1 The Need for Many Parameters
		3.2 The Need for Simple Models
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
90 Geoethics of Bulk Groundwater Abstraction in an Ecologically Sensitive Area: Steenbras Wellfield (Cape Town)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Project Implementation
	3 Geoethical Considerations
	Acknowledgements
	References
91 Long-Term Planning During Emergency Response—A No Regrets Approach and Long-Term Vision for the Development of the Cape Flats Aquifer (Cape Town)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Project Implementation
	3 Geoethical Considerations
	Acknowledgements
	References
92 The Ethics of Groundwater Governance: Evaluating a Methodology in Philippi in Cape Town
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
93 Decision-Making in Groundwater Management: Where Artificial Intelligence Can Really Lead Geoscientists?
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Santa Barbara Ecological Station Groundwater Monitoring Network
		2.2 The Fuzzy System for Groundwater Recharge
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
94 The Geoethics of Using Geospatial Big Data in Water Governance
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geoethics in Water Governance
	3 Geoethical Roadmap for Geospatial Data Assessment
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
95 Groundwater Mismanagement: Impacts on Society Due to a Response Lacking Geoethics in Mexico
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 General Setting and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 About World-Wide Resolutions
		3.2 About Local Water Users
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
96 Science and Policy: How Ethical is Groundwater Management in Mexico 	(1948–2018)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 General Setting and Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
98 What is the Way Forward to Protect the Ecological Values of Groundwater?
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Ecological Values of Groundwater
	3 How Much Water Does the Environment Need?
	4 What is a Sustainable Extraction of Groundwater?
	5 Main Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems
	6 What Do We Know About the Connection Between Wetlands and Groundwater?
	7 Concluding Remarks: Why Do We Need an Integrated View of Groundwater?
	Acknowledgements
	References
99 Ethical Dilemmas Behind Groundwater Sampling, Laboratory Testing Processes and Data Analysis Outcomes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Groundwater: Geological, Legal, Social, and Ethical Challenges of a Unique Natural Resource
100 Protection and Management of Groundwater: An Invisible Vital Resource
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluating Sustainable Groundwater
	3 Agriculture, Groundwater Overexploitation and Impacts on the Quality
		3.1 Agriculture and Groundwater Overexploitation
		3.2 Agriculture and Impacts on Water Quality
		3.3 Karst Aquifers
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
101 Groundwater-Fed Plot-and-Berm Agroecosystems in Aeolian Sand in the Mediterranean Basin
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Early Islamic P&B Agroecosystems in Israel
		3.2 Mediterranean Distribution of Partially Active P&B Agroecosystems
	4 Discussion
		4.1 P&B Agroecosystems Origins and Tempo-spatial Distribution Pattern
		4.2 Groundwater Character, Utilization and Current Geoethical Significance
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
102 Music Inspired in Groundwater and Other Components of the Hydrological Cycle
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Sea
	3 Clouds
	4 Rain
	5 River
	6 Groundwater
	7 Concluding Remarks
	References
103 Revisiting Ancestral Groundwater Techniques as Nature Based Solutions for Managing Water
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 To Sow Water
	3 To Retain Water
	4 To Collect Water
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
104 Ancestral Techniques of Water Sowing and Harvesting in Ibero-America: Examples of Hydrogeoethical Systems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Main WS&H Systems in Ibero-America
		3.2 WS&H as a Hydrogeoethical System
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
105 Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping and Ancestral Systems of Water Galleries (Porto Urban Area, NW Portugal): A Design on Nature-Based Solutions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Porto Urban Area: Historical and Hydrogeological Setting
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
106 Rethinking the Role of Science in Society? Groundwater Science, Critical Reflections and Learnt Lessons
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Settings of Reflection
		2.1 The Chemical Industry and the Study Area
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 From Field Work to Data Interpretation
		3.2 From Analytical Data to End-Users
		3.3 Consultancy and Research Work
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
107 The International Agreement of the Guarani Aquifer System: A Transboundary Aquifer
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
108 Role of Groundwater as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in Dry Zone Farming Systems, Sri Lanka
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
109 Safeguarding of Groundwater Abstractions by Enforcement of Source Protection Zones
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Source Protection Zones
	3 Cretaceous Chalk Aquifer
	4 Case Study
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
110 Sustainability and Management of the Menzel Habib Aquifer System, Southeastern Tunisia
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological and Hydrogeological Settings
	3 Results
		3.1 Geochemical Data
		3.2 Spatial Correlations
	4 Discussion
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References